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MAHYA Skip to content Özellikle ramazan aylarında birden fazla minareli camilerin iki minaresi arasına kurulan ışıklı yazı veya resim panosu.
Farsça mâh “ay” isminden Arapça -iyye ekiyle oluşturulmuş Osmanlıca mâhiyye (aylık, aya mahsus) kelimesinin günümüz Türkçe’sindeki şeklidir. Receb, şâban, ramazan aylarının halk arasında adları verilmeden sadece “üç aylar” olarak anılması gibi mahya da yine adı verilmeden “ramazan ayına mahsus” anlamını kazanmış olsa gerektir. Çünkü bu uygulama bazı özel durumlar hariç yalnız ramazan ayında yapılmaktadır. Ancak kelimenin açıklanan anlamı kazanmasında Arapça mahyâ (Hz. Peygamber’e salâtüselâm getirilen meclis; zikir meclisi) kelimesinin de etkisi olduğu şüphesizdir. Çünkü gerek kelimeler arasındaki ses benzerliği, gerekse “leyletü’l-mahyâ” denilen mübarek gecelerde zikir meclisi kurulan camilerin alışılmışın üstünde kandillerle donatılmasının, hatta mahya tekniğine benzer usullerle süslenmesinin (bk. MAHYÂ ) bir rastlantı olması uzak bir ihtimaldir.
Mübarek gün ve gecelerde halkın ibadeti için gece boyu açık kalan camilerin kandillerle donatılması geleneği İslâmiyet’in ilk asırlarına kadar uzanmaktadır (bk. KANDİL ). Fâkihî (ö. 278/891) Mescid-i Harâm’ın 455 kandilinin olduğunu, bunlardan daha çok ışık veren bazılarının sadece ramazan ayı ile hac mevsiminde yakıldığını, bu kandillerin direkler arasına gerilmiş iplere bakır çengellerle asıldığını ve bu sayede Mescid-i Harâm’ın istenilen yerine taşınabildiğini söyler (Aḫbâru Mekke , II, 204). Yine Fâkihî, Mekke Valisi Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Mansûrî’nin ilk defa dikili direkler arasına gerilmiş iplere kandil astırdığını yazmaktadır (a.g.e. , III, 240). Fâkihî’nin ve ondan dört buçuk asır kadar sonra yaşayan İbnü’l-Hâcc’ın sözünü ettiği aynı uygulamaların (el-Medḫal , I, 308, 312) bir Osmanlı icadı olan minareler arasına ipler ve kandillerle mahya kurma geleneğine ilham verdiği düşünülebilir.
Osmanlılar’ın ilk mahyayı ne zaman kurdukları bilinmemektedir. Ancak 1578’de İstanbul’a gelen Alman seyyahı Schweigger’in seyahatnâmesinde yer alan bir tasvirde minareler arasındaki bir mahya açıkça görülmektedir (Ein newe Reyssbeschreibung , s. 193). 996 yılı Rebîülevvelinde (Şubat 1588) III. Murad’ın bir tezkire-i hümâyunla mevlid kandilinde Regaib ve Berat gecelerinde olduğu gibi minarelerin kandillerle donatılmasını emretmesi (Selânikî, s. 197-198), esasen mûtat olan mübarek gecelerde kandil yakma geleneğine mevlid gecesinin de eklenmesi ve bu geleneğe resmiyet kazandırılması şeklinde yorumlanmıştır (Danişmend, III, 106). II. Selim’in mübarek gecelerde camilerin kandillerle süslenip aydınlatılmasını istemesi (Atâ Bey, I, 135) ve III. Murad’ın anılan tezkiresi Schweigger’in çizimiyle birlikte ele alındığında cami ve minareleri kandillerle donatmanın mahya şeklinde de olabileceği ihtimali akla gelmektedir. Buna göre I. Ahmed zamanında (1603-1617) minareler arasına ilk mahyayı kurduğu rivayet edilen Fâtih Camii müezzinlerinden Hattat Hâfız Ahmed Kefevî’den önce de belki basit bir mahya geleneğinin mevcudiyeti ve minareleri bu iş için uygun olan Sultan Ahmed Camii’ne ibadete açıldığı ilk günlerden beri mahya kurulduğu düşünülebilir. Nitekim Ayvansarâyî bu caminin mahyaları için, “Mâhiyeleri kendi vakf-ı kadîmidir” demektedir (Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ , I, 165). Dolayısıyla Nevşehirli Damad İbrâhim Paşa’nın 1134 (1722) yılında verdiği, bütün selâtin camilerine mahya kurulması emrini (Mehmed Ziyâ, I, 426) bir başlangıçtan çok geleneğin tekrarı saymak gerekir. Selâtin camileri genellikle iki minareli olduğundan mahya için uygundular. Ancak aralarında Eyüp Camii gibi minareleri çok kısa olanlar da vardı. Bunlar daha sonra mahya kurulacak hâle getirilmiş, meselâ Eyüp Camii’nin minareleri Nevşehirli Damad İbrâhim Paşa’nın emriyle 1136 (1723-24) yılında yükseltilmiştir (DİA , XII, 10).
Süheyl Ünver’in verdiği bilgilere göre (bk. bibl.) mahyacı, saraydan gönderilen incilerle yeşil veya kırmızı atlas üzerine kuracağı mahyanın küçük bir örneğini çizer, bu örnek beğenilirse kendisine iade edilip aynı şekilde kurması istenirdi. Mahyanın önce kareli bir kâğıt üzerinde iki minare arasına gerilecek ipi temsil eden yatay bir doğrunun altına istenilen yazı yazılarak veya tasvir yapılarak bir modeli hazırlanır, bu model üzerinde kandillerin asılacağı noktalar ve bu noktalardan sarkıtılacak uçlarında kandil bulunan düşey iplerin boyu belirlenirdi. Mahyanın kurulması sırasında taşıyıcı ip minareler arasına gerildikten sonra birbirine olan mesafeleri ve uzunlukları önceden belirlenen ve bir uçlarına bir makara, diğer uçlarına kandil bağlanan düşey ipler uzun bir ipe tesbit edilerek taşıyıcıya bindirilir ve uzun ipin ucu diğer minaredeki bir makaradan geçirilip çekilmek suretiyle gerginleştirilirdi. Bu düzene göre hareket ettirilen kandillerin yağı her akşam tazelenir ve ortalama 5 okka zeytinyağı tüketilirdi. Osmanlı döneminin sonlarında elektrik ampulleriyle de mahya yapılmış, fakat hem eski sanatı yaşatmak amacıyla hem de yağ kandili kullanılanlar kadar güzel olmadığı gerekçesiyle bundan vazgeçilmiştir; günümüzde ise tamamı elektrik ampulleriyle yapılmaktadır.
İstanbul camilerinde kurulan mahyalarda daha ziyade Feth sûresinin ilk âyeti, “mâşallah, tebârekellah, bismillâh, leyle-i Kadir, hoş geldin yâ ramazan, on bir ayın sultanı” ve ramazanın son günlerinde “el-firâk” veya “elveda” gibi yazılar yer alırdı. Mahya için en uygun yazı türü sülüstü; resim olarak da tek veya çift boru çiçeği, gül, fulya, kız kulesi, kayık, vapur, köşk, fıskıye, köprü, cami, top arabası, tramvay, ayyıldız ve ortadaki bir yıldıza bakan çifte ay gibi motifler kullanılırdı. Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa ve Dâvud Paşa camileri gibi tek minareli büyük camilerde ise bazan şerefe ile kubbe alemi arasına gerilen iplerle hafif eğimli mahyalar yapılırdı. Bu tür mahyalarda mesafe kısa olduğundan ancak “yâ ganî, yâ Ali” gibi yazılara yer verilirdi. Bu sabit mahyalardan başka hareketli olanlar da vardı. Bunlar arasında en çok ilgi çekeni, Sultan Abdülaziz zamanında yaşayan ve mahyacılığı bir sanat haline getiren Süleymaniye Camii’nin ünlü mahyacısı Abdüllatif Efendi’nin kurduğu üç panodan oluşan mahya idi. Bu panolardan Unkapanı Köprüsü ile Azapkapı Camii’nin resmedildiği ortadaki sabit, arabaların yer aldığı üst ve balıklarla kayıkların yer aldığı alt panolar hareketli idi. Bunların ileri-geri hareket ettirilmesi mahyaya canlılık verir, seyri hoş bir görüntü oluştururdu. Bazı büyük camilerde içte kubbenin ön tarafına, mihrabın üst kısmına da mahya kurulur ve buna “iç mahya” tabir edilirdi. İstanbul’dan başka Edirne ve Bursa’da da mahya geleneği yaşatılırdı. Edirne’de Beyazıt, Üç Şerefeli ve Selimiye camilerinin minarelerine mahya kurulur, tek minareli camilerin minareleri ise külâhından küpüne kadar yukarıdan aşağıya kandillerle donatılarak buna “kaftan giydirme” denilirdi; şehrin Bulgarlar’dan geri alındığı günlerde Selimiye Camii’nin dört minaresine de kaftan giydirilmişti. Bazan İstanbul’daki selâtin camilerinin minareleri de bu şekilde süslenirdi.
Mahyalar yalnız mübarek gecelerde ve ramazan ayında kurulmazdı. Meselâ Sultan Abdülaziz Avrupa seyahatinden döndüğünde, Hidiv İsmâil Paşa, İran şahı ve Atatürk İstanbul’a geldiğinde hoş geldin mahyaları ve ayrıca I. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında, “Hilâliahmer’i unutma, hubbü’l-vatan mine’l-îman, muhacirlere yardım, muhâcirîni unutma”; İstiklâl Savaşı’ndan sonra, “Yaşasın istiklâliyet, tayyareyi unutma, yaşasın gazimiz, yaşasın mîsâk-ı millî, eytâma yardım, hâkimiyet milletindir”; harf inkılâbından sonra Latin harfleriyle, “İsraftan sakın, tayyareye yardım, yetimleri unutma, yerli malı al, himâye-i etfâle yardım, içki aile düşmanıdır, kumar insanı mahveder” gibi yazıların yer aldığı mahyalar kurulmuştur.
Mahyacılık genellikle babadan oğula intikal eden bir meslektir. Ancak Osmanlı döneminde mahyacı olabilmek için adayların Şûrâ-yı Evkaf’ta mahyacılar ve şehrin ileri gelenlerinden bir jüri önünde meslekte yeterli bilgiye sahip bulunduklarını ispatlamaları gerekiyordu. Mahyacılar, daha çok ramazan ayında bir ay çalışıp yılın geri kalan kısmını çırak yetiştirerek geçirirlerdi; Fatih’te bir sıbyan mektebinde onlar için ayrılmış odalar vardı. Süheyl Ünver 1931 yılında hayatta olan yirmi üç mahyacının ve görev yerlerinin listesini vermektedir (Mahya Hakkında Araştırmalar , s. 19).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ebû Dâvûd, “Ramażân”, 1.
Nesâî, “Ḳıyâmü’l-leyl”, 17.
Fâkihî, Aḫbâru Mekke (nşr. Abdülmelik b. Abdullah), Mekke 1407/1986-87, II, 69, 204; III, 240.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , XXII, 128-129.
İbnü’l-Hâc el-Abderî, el-Medḫal , Kahire 1401/1981, I, 308, 312.
Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli) , s. 197-198.
S. Schweigger, Ein newe Reyssbeschreibung aus Teutschland nach Constantinopel und Jerusalem , Nürnberg 1608 → Frankfurt 1995, s. 193.
Ayvansarâyî, Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ , I, 165.
Atâ Bey, Târih , İstanbul 1292, I, 135.
Mehmed Ziyâ, İstanbul ve Boğaziçi , İstanbul 1336, I, 426.
Süheyl Ünver, Mahya Hakkında Araştırmalar , İstanbul 1940, tür.yer.
Danişmend, Kronoloji2 , III, 106.
Derviş Karamanoğlu, “Minare, Mahya ve Kandilin Tarihi”, Tarih Hazinesi , I/8, İstanbul 1951, s. 406-408.
Ahmet İnan, “Bir Türk İcadı Mahyacılık”, Türk Dünyası Tarih Dergisi , VIII/99, İstanbul 1995, s. 48 vd.
SA , III, 1262-1263.
Pakalın , II, 387-391.
Semavi Eyice, “Eyüp Sultan Külliyesi”, DİA , XII, 10.
Uğur Göktaş, “Mahyacılık”, DBİst.A , V, 275-276.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 396-398 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.