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MAKDİSÎ, Mutahhar b. Tâhir Skip to content Ebû Nasr el-Mutahhar b. Tâhir (el-Mutahhar) el-Makdisî (ö. 355/966’dan sonra)
İslâm tarihçisi, filozof ve kelâmcı.
Muhtemelen III. (IX.) yüzyılın sonlarında doğdu. Nisbesinden Kudüs’ün yerlisi veya orada yerleşmiş bir aileye mensup olduğu anlaşılan Makdisî’nin tabakat ve biyografi kitaplarında adına rastlanmamaktadır. Bununla birlikte önemli eseri el-Bedʾ ve’t-târîḫ ’teki bazı ifade ve ipuçlarından hayatı ve şahsiyeti hakkında bilgi edinmek mümkündür. Mu‘tezilî görüşleriyle tanınan Meşşâî filozofu Ya‘kūb b. İshak el-Kindî’nin talebesi Ebû Zeyd el-Belhî’den ders okuyan Makdisî’nin ilgi alanının genişliğine bakılarak çeşitli sahalarda iyi bir eğitim gördüğü söylenebilir.
Eserinden onun seyahat ettiği yerlerdeki üstatlardan hadis dinleyip rivayet ettiği (I, 147, 148; II, 156, 174, 181; V, 149), bilgiyi kaynağından alma ve değerlendirme konusunda titiz olduğu, bazı din ve mezhepleri bizzat tanımak için uzun ve yorucu seyahatlere çıktığı, meselâ Ahvaz’daki bir mâbede girip Avesta’daki Tanrı kavramı hakkında Mecûsî din adamlarıyla tartıştığı (I, 62, 63), Yukarı Mısırlı Kıptîler’in Tanrı kavramını soruşturduğu (I, 64), Mâsebezân ve Mihrican Kazak’ta Hürremîler’le ilgili gözlemlerde bulunduğu (IV, 31), Fâris’te (Fars) Mecûsî bir din adamından kendi kutsal kitaplarına göre dünyanın yaşını öğrenmeye çalıştığı (II, 59-60), Basra’da bir yahudi hahamından Hz. Âdem’in yaratılışına dair bilgi edindiği (II, 81), Irâk-ı Acem sınırındaki Bilâd-ı Sâbûr’da tanrılık iddiasında bulunan bir kişiyi ve mezhebini araştırmak için sıkıntılı bir yolculuğu göze aldığı (II, 90-91), 325’te (937) Kirman’ın Şirvan şehrinde bulunduğu (II, 181) anlaşılmaktadır.
Makdisî’nin ölüm tarihi bilinmemektedir. Eserini 350 (961) yılı olaylarıyla sınırladığını söylemesine rağmen (I, 17; II, 153) Abbâsî Halifesi Mutî‘-Lillâh’ın 363’te (974) kendi arzusuyla görevinden ayrıldığını belirtmesi (VI, 126) ve 390 (1000) yılında Sicistan’ın Haşbâcî yöresinde keşfedilen altın madeninden söz etmesi (IV, 78) bu bilgilerin ona ait olduğu konusunda şüphe uyandırmaktadır. Nitekim Mutî‘-Lillâh ile ilgili tesbit el-Bedʾ ve’t-târîḫ ’in Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi nüshasında (Reîsülküttâb Mustafa Efendi, nr. 701) bulunmamaktadır. Altın madenlerine dair verdiği bilgi de başka kaynaklarca doğrulanmamaktadır. Bu durumda onun ölüm tarihi konusunda kesin bir hükme varmak mümkün görünmemektedir. Çağına göre ileri bir tarih görüşüyle dikkat çeken Makdisî tarih, coğrafya, dinler ve mezhepler tarihi, matematik, felsefe ve kelâma ilgi duyan çok yönlü bir âlimdir.
Mu‘tezile’nin kelâma dair bazı kelâmî görüşlerini benimsemesi ya da delillerini kullanmasına bakarak Makdisî’nin Mu‘tezilî olduğu öne sürülebilir. Ancak bu noktada belli bir mezhep veya düşünce grubuna mensubiyetin IV. (X.) yüzyıl müelliflerinin çoğunluğu için çözülmesi güç bir problem olduğu gözden uzak tutulmamalıdır. Makdisî’nin tarihe bakış tarzı ve bunun temeli olan kelâmî görüşlerinin oluşmasında en önemli etken Mu‘tezilî düşünce sistemi ve kültür çevresidir. O, daha çok Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Belhî (Kâ‘bî) ve Bağdat Mu‘tezile okulundan etkilenmiş görünmektedir. İki büyük Sünnî kelâm ekolünün kurucularından biri olan Mâtürîdî’den hiç söz etmemesi, Eş‘arî’yi üstü kapalı olarak eleştirmesi ve her ikisinin karşısında olan Ebû Zeyd el-Belhî’den yararlanması onun Mu‘tezilî bir kimliğe sahip olduğunu gösterir. Ancak Mâtürîdiyye ile Mu‘tezile arasında aklı öne çıkaran yaklaşım tarzı açısından yakınlık bulunduğunu da unutmamak gerekir. M. Şemsettin Günaltay’ın onu koyu bir Sünnî olarak tanımlamasının ilmî dayanağı yoktur.
III. (IX.) yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren geleneksel İslâm tarihçiliğinde isnat metodu şeklen kaynağa kısaca işaret etmekten ibaret kalmış, sonraki asırlarda da tarihçilerin çoğu tarafından terkedilmiştir. İsnadın terkedildiği yeni tarih anlayışının ilk temsilcileri arasında Dîneverî, Ya‘kūbî, Ali b. Hüseyin el-Mes‘ûdî ve Makdisî’nin önemli bir yeri vardır. Böylece İslâm dünyasında tarih ilmi bağımsız bir disiplin olmaya başlamış ve hızlı bir gelişme sürecine girmiştir. Makdisî de kendine has bakış açısıyla Bîrûnî ve İbn Miskeveyh ile birlikte İbn Haldûn’a uzanan bu süreçte özgün yerini almıştır.
İmâmiyye Şîası IV. (X.) yüzyılda Mes‘ûdî gibi bir tarihçi yetiştirmiş, Mu‘tezile mensupları arasında tarih, özellikle mezhepler tarihiyle uğraşanlar bulunmakla birlikte mezhebin bakış açısını yansıtan bir tarihçi çıkmamıştı. Makdisî’nin el-Bedʾ ve’t-târîḫ ’i, bu çerçevede ilk ve belki de günümüze gelebilen tek tarih kitabıdır. Onun İslâm tarihçiliği ve İslâm düşünce tarihindeki önemi genelde kelâmî, özelde Mu‘tezilî görüşlerin bir tarih yaklaşımı ve metodunu nasıl etkilediğini ortaya koyan tek müellif olmasından ileri gelmektedir. Tarih felsefesi ve tenkit zihniyeti bakımından Bîrûnî ve İbn Haldûn’un öncüsü olacak nitelikte bir kavrayışa ve birikime sahip olan Makdisî, Bîrûnî’den yarım ve İbn Haldûn’dan dört asır kadar önce tarihi akılcı ve tenkitçi bir zihniyetle değerlendirmeyi başarmıştır ve öncüsü Mes‘ûdî’den daha felsefî ve daha tenkitçi bir zihin yapısına sahiptir.
Makdisî, varlık ve hayatı felsefe-tarih ya da kelâm-tarih bütünleşmesine dayanan bir bakışla birbirine bağlamaya çalışmıştır. Bu bağlamda tarih filozofu kimliğiyle IV. (X.) yüzyılın en başarılı ismi, metodunu takip eden çıkmadığı için bu yaklaşımın tek temsilcisidir. Makdisî, genel çerçevede felsefe-tarih ilişkisini temellendirirken kelâm ağırlıklı bir felsefî birikime dayanmıştır. Bu da esas itibariyle Mu‘tezile kelâmıdır.
İslâm düşünce tarihinde din-felsefe (vahiy-akıl) uzlaştırmacılığının önemli temsilcilerinden biri olan Makdisî, Mu‘tezilî görüşleriyle tanınan ve bu geleneğin ilk temsilcileri olan Meşşâî filozof Kindî ile öğrencisi Ebû Zeyd el-Belhî gibi her fırsatta dinin belirleyici ve denetleyici özüne vurgu yapmış, vahiy ile sahih hadisin kendisi için bağlayıcı olduğunu belirtmiş, inkârcı şüphecilerle her şeye inanma meyli içindeki kıssacılar arasında bir orta yol takip etmiştir. Mûcizeleri dinden bağımsız bir akılcılıkla inkâr edenlere dinin emrinde gördüğü akla dayanarak cevap vermiş, mûcizeleri aklîleştirmeden akla uygun tabii örnekler vererek açıklamış ve mûcizeleri reddettiği için Ebû Bekir er-Râzî’yi eleştirmiştir (III, 110). Bununla birlikte tabiatın temel niteliklerinin daha iyi anlaşılması için Râzî’nin Kitâbü’l-Ḥavâs adlı eserini tavsiye etmesi (IV, 94) onun ön yargısız ve objektif olduğunu göstermektedir.
Âyet ve hadisleri, Câhiliye devri ve İslâmî dönem Arap ve Fars şiirini, siyer ve megāzî kitaplarını kaynak olarak kullanan Makdisî’yi farklı kılan seçmeci davranması ve tarihî malzemeyi eleştiriye tâbi tutmasıdır. Makdisî’nin İlkçağ felsefesi ve filozoflarıyla ilgili başlıca kaynağı Aristo’nun eserleriyle (I, 23-24, 41 vd.) Plutarchos’un el-Ârâʾü’ṭ-ṭabîʿîyye adlı eseridir (I, 135-140; II, 17-18 vd.). Filozofların görüşlerini aslına uygun biçimde nakletme konusunda Şehristânî ve diğer bazı müslüman müelliflerden çok ileride olan Makdisî, İran dinleri ve Hint inançlarıyla ilgili olarak müslüman müelliflerin derlediği malzemeye dayanmış, ancak kendi gözlemlerini de eklemiştir. Hint inançları hakkında temel yazılı kaynağı İbn Hurdâzbih’in Kitâbü’l-Mesâlik ve’l-memâlik adlı eseridir (IV, 19, 61, 95, 97). Bununla birlikte Bizans, Hint ve Çin tarihine dair bilgi yetersizliğinden yakınarak müslümanların bu alana ilgi göstermediğini belirtir (III, 208). İslâm dışı kaynakları arasında Tevrat’ın önemli bir yer tuttuğu, çeşitli Tevrat nüshaları ve tercümelerinden yararlandığı (II, 80, 207; III, 26, 61; V, 28), yahudiler, Hürremîler, Harrânîler hakkında anonim bazı eserleri kaynak olarak kullandığı görülmektedir. Çağının kültürünü bütün renkliliği içinde kendine özgü bir seçme ve değerlendirme mantığıyla derlemeye çalışan Makdisî yazılı kaynaklarla yetinmeyip sözlü kaynakların tanıklığına da başvurmuştur.
Eserleri. Makdisî’nin günümüze ulaşan tek eseri el-Bedʾ ve’t-târîḫ ’tir. 355’te (966) Sâmânî vezirlerinden biri adına Büst şehrinde yazılan eser (I, 6-8; II, 152) kaynaklarda Kitâbü’l-Bedʾ , Kitâbü Bedʾi’l-ḫalḳ ve’t-târîḫ , Kitâbü’l-Bedʾ ve’l-ḫilḳa , Kitâbü’l-Bedv ve’t-târîḫ , Kitâbü’l-Bedvâ ve’t-tevârîḫ , Târîḫ-i Maḳdisî şeklinde de anılmaktadır (nşr. Cl. Huart, I-VI, Paris 1899-1919 → I-III, Bağdat 1962, 1964, 1965). IV-VI. ciltleri Farsça’ya da tercüme edilen kitap (Tahran 1349 hş./1970) siyasî tarih kadar medeniyet ve dinler tarihi, kelâm ve İslâm felsefesi için de önemli bir kaynaktır. Makdisî’nin “ilimler ansiklopedisi” (câmiu’l-fünûn) olarak nitelediği eser (V, 5), eski Türkler’in dinî inançları ve âdetleri hakkında bilgi ihtiva ettiği için Türk tarihi bakımından da önemlidir. el-Bedʾ ve’t-târîḫ ’teki kayıtlardan, Makdisî’nin nazar ve cedel konularını genişçe ele alan ve yanlışlıkla Ebû Zeyd el-Belhî’ye nisbet edilen (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1440) Kitâbü’l-ʿİlm ve’t-taʿlîm (I, 19), isbât-ı vâcibe dair Kitâbü’d-Diyâne ve’l-emâne (I, 70-71), düalist dinleri ele alıp çelişkilerini ortaya koyan Kitâbü’l-Maʿdile (I, 91), Kur’an’daki kıssalara dair Kitâbü Meʿâni’l-Ḳurʾân (veya Kitâbü’l-Meʿânî ; II, 23, 93; III, 15, 78 vd.), nefis ve ruh kavramlarını inceleyen Kitâbü’n-Nefs ve’r-rûḥ (II, 115) adlı kitapları bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 153.
Ebû Mansûr es-Seâlibî, Kitâbü’l-Ġurer fî siyeri’l-mülûk ve aḫbârihim: Histoire des rois des perses (nşr. ve trc. H. Zotenberg), Paris 1900, s. XXI, 501.
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İbnü’l-Cevzî, el-Muntaẓam (Atâ) , I, 118-119.
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Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 227; II, 1440.
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a.mlf., “Mu’tazilite Historiography: Maqdisī’s Kitāb al-Bad’ wa’l-tā’rīkh”, JNES , XXXV/1 (1976), s. 1-11.
Şâkir Mustafa, et-Târîḫu’l-ʿArabî ve’l-müʾerriḫûn , Beyrut 1978, I, 327-328.
Seyyid Hüseyin Nasr, İslâm’da Düşünce ve Hayat (trc. Fatih Tatlılıoğlu), İstanbul 1988, s. 167, 170.
Süleyman Sayar, Makdîsî’nin Çeşitli Dinler ve İslâm Hakkında Verdiği Bilgiler Üzerinde Bir Araştırma (doktora tezi, 1995), UÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Camilla Adang, Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible: From Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm , Leiden 1996, s. 48-50.
Ramazan Şeşen, Müslümanlarda Tarih-Coğrafya Yazıcılığı , İstanbul 1998, s. 66-67.
I. Goldziher, “Huart’s le Livre de la Création et de l’Histoire …”, ZDMG , LVIII (1904), s. 925-930.
“al-Muṭahhar b. Ṭāhir”, EI2 (İng.) , VII, 762.
M. Morony, “al-Badʾ va’l-taʾrīl”, EIr. , III, 352-353.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 432-434 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.