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MALAZGİRT MUHAREBESİ Skip to content 1071’de Bizans’la yapılan ve Türkler’e Anadolu’nun kapılarını açan meydan savaşı.
Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’nin kuruluşunu sağlayan Dandanakan Savaşı’ndan (431/1040) sonra Merv şehrinde toplanan büyük kurultayda cihan hâkimiyeti mefkûresi doğrultusunda tesbit edilen fetih planları çerçevesinde Selçuklular bilhassa batı yönünde büyük fetih hareketlerine başladılar. Anadolu’nun bir Türk yurdu haline getirilmesi uğruna yapılan bu mücadeleler sırasında Selçuklu kuvvetleri Sivas’a kadar ileri hareketlerine devam etmişler ve buradaki Bizans kaleleri ve müstahkem mevkilerini geniş çapta tahrip etmişlerdir. Anadolu’daki Selçuklu istilâ ve fetih hareketlerinin hızla devam ettiği sıralarda Bizans’ta imparator olan IV. Romanos Diogenes, gittikçe artan Türk fetihlerini durdurmak amacıyla çeşitli milletlerden meydana getirdiği bir orduyla Mart 1068’de Anadolu’da Selçuklu kuvvetlerine karşı harekâta başladı ve Maraş’a kadar gitti. Ancak kesin bir başarı kazanamadan geri döndü. Yeniden başlayan Selçuklu akınlarına karşı sevkettiği kuvvetlerin yenilmesi üzerine imparator, Sivas ve Malatya’ya iki ordu gönderdiği gibi kendisi de üçüncü bir orduyla bizzat harekete geçerek Harput yörelerine kadar ilerledi. Fakat Selçuklu kuvvetlerinin Orta Anadolu’nun merkezi durumundaki Konya başta olmak üzere birçok şehir ve kasabayı fethetmeleri karşısında hiçbir başarı elde edemeden İstanbul’a dönmek zorunda kaldı (1069). İmparatorun 1070 yılında saraydaki muhalefet sebebiyle başşehirden ayrılamadığı için en güvenilir kumandanları emrinde gönderdiği ordular da başarılı olamadı. Bunun üzerine Romanos Diogenes, doğrudan İran’a ulaşıp merkezlerini ele geçirmek suretiyle Selçuklu problemini kökünden halletmek için Ayasofya Kilisesi’nde düzenlenen büyük bir törene katıldıktan sonra 13 Mart 1071 günü öncekilerden daha güçlü bir orduyla yola çıktı. Çeşitli kaynaklarda 600.000’e varan rakamlar verilmekle birlikte 200.000 kişi civarında olduğu tahmin edilen bu ordu Balkanlar’daki Peçenek, Uz, Kıpçak ve Hazar Türkleri ile İslav, Alman, Bulgar, Frank, Ermeni ve Gürcüler’den oluşturulmuş ve en güçlü silâhlarla donatılmıştı. Öte yandan Fâtımî Veziri Nâsırüddevle el-Hamdânî’nin davetiyle, fakat aslında önceden beri tasarladığı fetih amacıyla Horasan’dan Mısır’a doğru hareket eden Selçuklu Sultanı Alparslan da Halep önlerine gelmiş bulunuyordu. Halep’i bir süre kuşattıktan (Şâban 463 / Mayıs 1071) sonra şehri elinde tutan Mirdâsî Emîri Mahmûd’un, huzura çıkıp itaat arzetmesi üzerine Alparslan Mısır’a gitmek üzere Halep’ten ayrıldı. Yolda Romanos Diogenes’in elçisi kendisine yetişip imparatorun Menbic, Ahlat ve Malazgirt’in iadesini istediğini, aksi takdirde bir orduyla harekâta başlayacağını bildirdi. O sırada başka kaynaklardan, Bizans imparatorunun çok önceden harekâta başladığını ve kalabalık bir orduyla Erzurum yönünde ilerlemekte olduğunu haber alan sultan, elçiyi sert bir cevapla geri gönderdikten sonra Mısır seferini yarıda kesip Doğu Anadolu’ya yöneldi ve yiyecek sıkıntısı sebebiyle bir kısım yaşlı askeri terhis ederek Urfa üzerinden Diyarbekir yöresine vardı. Silvan’da iken imparatorun Malazgirt Kalesi’ni zaptedip halkını kılıçtan geçirdiğini öğrenince Erzen-Bitlis Boğazı yoluyla Ahlat’a doğru yola çıktı. Aynı günlerde imparator da Gürcistan’ı yeniden ele geçirmek ve özellikle ordusuna yiyecek sağlamak için 20.000 kişilik bir kuvveti kuzeydoğuya gönderirken arkasını güven altına almak amacıyla 30.000 kişilik bir kuvveti de Ahlat üzerine sevketmişti. Alparslan Ahlat’a yaklaşırken bu ikinci kuvvet Selçuklu atlıları tarafından durduruldu ve geri çekilmek zorunda bırakıldı. Sultanın Ahlat’a geldiği haberi duyulunca imparator bunun doğruluğunu tesbit için Nikephoros Bryennios kumandasında yeni bir birlik gönderdi. Bu birlik de Ahlat Selçuklu Garnizonu kumandanı Emîr Sunduk tarafından bozguna uğratıldı. Sunduk, imparatorun Basilakes (Vasilakes) Magistros kumandasında gönderdiği kuvveti de yenilgiye uğrattı. Basilakes esir alındığı gibi beraberinde taşımakta olduğu büyük haç da Selçuklu kuvvetlerinin eline geçti. Sultan bu haçın zafer alâmeti sayılarak Bağdat’taki halifeye gönderilmesi için o sırada Hemedan’da bulunan Vezir Nizâmülmülk’e ulaştırılmasını emretti. Böylece büyük karşılaşmadan önce yapılan öncü savaşlarının tamamı Selçuklular tarafından kazanılmış oldu.
Çeşitli milletlerden oluşması sebebiyle birlikten mahrum 200.000 kişilik Bizans ordusuna karşılık Selçuklu ordusu hepsi aynı ideale hizmet eden yaklaşık 50.000 kişiden ibaretti. Alparslan’ın beraberinde Gevherâyin, Afşin, Savtegin, Sunduk ve Ay Tegin gibi Anadolu’yu ve Bizanslılar’ı iyi tanıyan tecrübeli akıncı beyleriyle Artuk, Tutak, Dânişmend, Saltuk, Mengücük, Çavlı, Çavuldur ve Porsuk gibi Selçuklu devletinin en değerli emîrleri bulunuyordu. Alparslan, öncü savaşlarından bir süre sonra Ahlat’tan ayrılarak Ahlat-Malazgirt arasındaki Rahve ovasında karargâhını kurdu ve bir kısım askerini tepelere yerleştirip ovayı kontrolü altına aldı (25 Zilkade 463 / 24 Ağustos 1071). Arkasından, Bizans ordusuna oranla kendi ordusunun küçüklüğü sebebiyle bir meydan muharebesine girişmeye henüz karar vermediğinden görünüşte barış teklifinde bulunmak, gerçekte ise düşmanın durumunu tesbit etmek maksadıyla imparatora bir elçilik heyeti gönderdi. Öncü savaşlarını kaybetmesine rağmen askerlerinin çokluğuna ve iyi donatılmış olmasına güvenen imparator Alparslan’ın bu elçilik heyetini köşeye sıkıştığı için gönderdiğini zannederek teklifini sert bir şekilde reddetti. Bunun üzerine savaşın kaçınılmaz olduğunu gören sultan ordusunu savaş düzenine soktu ve bir kısım atlı kuvvetlerini küçük bir yarma vadi boyunca pusuya yatırırken bizzat kumanda edeceği 4000 kişilik hassa askerini merkez hattına yerleştirdi. Bir süre sonra, merkez hattında Romanos Diogenes olmak üzere Nikephoros Bryennios, Aliattes ve Andronikos Dukas gibi kumandanların yer aldığı Bizans ordusunun da savaş düzenine girmesiyle iki ordu karşı karşıya geldi ve 26 Zilkade (25 Ağustos) son hazırlıklarla geçirildi. Bu arada Abbâsî Halifesi Kāim-Biemrillâh da o sıralarda bütün İslâm dünyasının yakından ilgilendiği Malazgirt Muharebesi’nin Alparslan tarafından kazanılması hususunda bir dua metni hazırlatarak cuma namazında bütün İslâm ülkelerindeki minberlerden okutulmasını emretti. 27 Zilkade 463 (26 Ağustos 1071) Cuma günü öğleye kadar orduyu denetleyen ve kumandanlarına son direktiflerini veren Alparslan, imamı ve fakihi Buharalı Ebû Nasr Muhammed’in bütün müslümanların İslâm’ın zaferi için dua ettikleri cuma günü öğle vaktinde düşmana saldırması tavsiyesine uyarak ordusuyla birlikte cuma namazını kıldıktan sonra “Ölürsem kefenim olsun” dediği beyaz bir elbiseyle askerin karşısına çıktı ve şöyle dedi: “Ben, müslümanların camilerde bizim için dua etmekte oldukları bu saatlerde düşmanın üzerine atılmak istiyorum. Galip gelirsek arzu ettiğimiz sonuç gerçekleşmiş olur, yenilirsek şehid olarak cennete gideriz. Bugün burada ne emreden bir sultan ne de emir alan bir asker var; ben de içinizden biri olarak sizinle birlikte savaşacağım; benimle gelmek isteyenler peşime düşsünler, istemeyenler serbestçe geri dönebilirler.” Alparslan bu ünlü konuşmasının ardından ilk hücumu başlattı.
Şiddetle saldırıya geçen hassa askerleri birkaç saat içerisinde, Alparslan’ın bizzat yönettiği sahte ric‘at harekâtı ile başlarında Romanos Diogenes’in bulunduğu Bizans merkez kuvvetlerini peşlerine düşürerek pusudaki birliklerin önüne çekmeyi başardılar. Pusudaki Selçuklu atlıları taarruza geçtikleri sırada Alparslan da çekilmekte olan kendi kuvvetlerini geri çevirerek hücuma kaldırdı. İmparator hatasını anladığında artık çok geç kalmıştı. Romanos Diogenes sol kanattan yardım istediyse de pusudan çıkmış bulunan Selçuklu atlıları buna engel oldular. Öte yandan sağ kanat kuvvetlerinin çoğunluğunu teşkil eden Türk kökenli askerler başlarında Tamış adlı beyleri olduğu halde Selçuklu tarafına geçtiler ve bu olay ordunun dağılmasına sebep oldu. Bu durum karşısında imparator askerlerini geriye çekip karargâhın arkasında toparlanmak istediyse de geri çekilişi kaçış şeklinde değerlendirildi ve önce ihtiyat kuvvetleri, arkasından Ermeni kıtaları savaş alanını terketti. Sonuçta öğle vaktinden geceye kadar devam eden bu meydan muharebesinde Bizanslılar ağır bir yenilgiye uğradı. Ordunun büyük bir kısmı kılıçtan geçirilmiş, imparator ve çok sayıda general esir alınmış, askerlerin ancak bir bölümü kaçarak canlarını kurtarabilmişti.
İslâm, Bizans, Ermeni ve Süryânî kaynaklarının belirttiğine göre Alparslan imparatora bir savaş esiri değil bir konuk hükümdar muamelesi yapmış, hatta onu yanına oturtmuştur. İki hükümdar arasında geçen müzakereler sonunda aşağıdaki maddeleri ihtiva eden bir barış antlaşması imzalandı: 1. İmparator kurtuluş akçesi olarak 1,5 milyon altın verecek. 2. Bizans Devleti her yıl Selçuklular’a 360.000 altın vergi ödeyecek. 3. Bizans’ın elinde bulunan bütün İslâm esirleri serbest bırakılacak. 4. Bizanslılar gerektiğinde Selçuklular’a askerî yardımda bulunacak. 5. İmparator kızlarından birini sultanın oğluna nikâhlayacak. 6. Antakya, Urfa, Menbic ve Malazgirt Selçuklular’a bırakılacak. Barış antlaşmasının imzalanmasından bir gün sonra Alparslan, maiyetine iki hâcib ve 100 hassa askeri verdiği Romanos Diogenes’i İstanbul’a doğru uğurladı. Ancak Bizans Senatosu, mağlûbiyet haberini alınca Romanos Diogenes’i tahttan indirip yerine VII. Mikhail Dukas’ı imparator ilân etmişti. Bizans kuvvetleri tarafından teslim alınan Romanos Diogenes getirildiği Kütahya’da gözlerine mil çekilerek hapse atıldı; ertesi yıl da Kınalıada zindanında öldü.
Savaştan sonra İsfahan’a giden Alparslan, başta Abbâsî halifesi olmak üzere bütün İslâm hükümdarlarına fetihnâmeler göndererek kazandığı zaferi müjdeledi. Bu haber ulaştığı her yerde büyük coşkuyla karşılandı ve bütün müslümanlar üzerinde derin bir etki meydana getirdi. Halife Kāim-Biemrillâh, Alparslan’a değerli armağanlarla birlikte özel bir mektup göndererek kazandığı zaferden dolayı onu kutladı ve ona çeşitli unvanlar verdi. Diğer İslâm memleketleri hükümdarları da Alparslan’ı özel heyetlerle değerli armağanlar ve tebriknâmeler gönderip kutladılar. Ayrıca devrin şair ve edipleri sultan hakkında kasideler, çeşitli övgü yazıları kaleme aldılar. Birçok tarihçi bu büyük zaferi, Hz. Ömer devrinde Bizans’a karşı kazanılan Yermük ve Sâsânîler’e karşı kazanılan Kādisiye zaferlerine benzetmiştir. Yalnız İslâm dünyasında değil Batı dünyasında da dikkat ve ilgiyle izlenen bu zaferden birkaç yıl sonra Anadolu ve Suriye’de hâkimiyetin müslüman Türkler’in eline geçmesi üzerine bütün Avrupa bir araya gelmiş ve Haçlı seferlerinin hazırlıklarına başlamıştır.
Malazgirt Muharebesi Türk ve dünya tarihinin dönüm noktalarından birini oluşturur. Bu zafer sonunda, Bizanslılar’ın bütün maddî imkânlarını kullanarak hazırladıkları büyük ordu dağıldığından daha sonraki yıllarda Türkler önemli bir direnişle karşılaşmadan Anadolu içlerine akarak kısa zamanda Ege ve Marmara kıyılarına kadar ilerlemişler ve bu defa istilâ ve yağma amacı taşımadan fethettikleri toprakları vatan edinip Saltuklu, Mengücüklü, Dânişmendli, Dilmaçoğulları, Ahlatşahlar, Yinaloğulları, Çubukoğulları ve Artuklu devletlerini kurmuşlardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 481-483 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.