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MA‘MER b. RÂŞİD Skip to content Ebû Urve Ma‘mer b. Râşid el-Basrî es-San‘ânî (ö. 153/770)
Yemen’de hadisi ilk tedvin eden tâbiî, muhaddis ve fakih.
95 (714) veya 96 (715) yılında Basra’da doğdu. Babasının künyesi olan Ebû Amr bazı çağdaş kaynaklarda yanlışlıkla dedesinin adı gibi gösterilmiştir. Yemen’in San‘a şehrine yerleştiği ve orada uzun süre ikamet ettiği için San‘ânî nisbesiyle meşhur oldu. Ezd kabilesine mensup bir kişinin âzatlısı olduğundan Ezdî nisbesiyle de anıldı (İbn Ebû Hâtim, VIII, 256). Kardeşi Ömer b. Râşid’in de rivayetleri bulunduğu, fakat güvenilir bir râvi olmadığı ifade edilir (Zehebî, Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , III, 193-194). Ma‘mer b. Râşid, Hasan-ı Basrî’nin cenaze namazında bulunduktan sonra Katâde b. Diâme’nin yanında on dört yaşından itibaren ilim tahsiline başladığını söylemektedir. Yemenliler onun ülkelerinde kalmasını sağlamak için Yemenli bir hanımla evlenmesine gayret etmişlerdir (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , VII, 10).
Ma‘mer b. Râşid’in en önemli hocası Basra’da kendisinden ilim öğrenmeye başladığı Katâde b. Diâme’dir. Ma‘mer bu dönemde Katâde’nin söylediği her şeyin göğsüne nakşedildiğini ve bunları hiç unutmadığını belirtir. Ticaret için gittiği Medine’de görüşüp kendilerinden icâzet aldığı İbn Şihâb ez-Zührî, Amr b. Dînâr ve kendisinden istifade etmek için gittiği Yemen’de görüştüğü Hemmâm b. Münebbih onun önemli hocaları arasında yer alır. Yemâme’de Yahyâ b. Ebû Kesîr, Kûfe’de A‘meş ve Ebû İshak es-Sebîî, Zeyd b. Eslem, Abdullah b. Şübrüme, Abdullah b. Tâvûs gibi muhaddislerin yaşadığı bir çevrede bulunup onlardan faydalandı. Kendisinden Süfyân es-Sevrî, Yahyâ b. Ebû Kesîr, Ebû İshak es-Sebîî, Eyyûb es-Sahtiyânî, Amr b. Dînâr gibi bazı hocaları, ayrıca Saîd b. Ebû Arûbe, Ebân b. Yezîd, İbn Cüreyc, Hişâm ed-Destüvâî, Şu‘be b. Haccâc ve Süfyân b. Uyeyne gibi meşhur muhaddisler rivayette bulundu. Ma‘mer b. Râşid ilim tahsili için Basra’dan başka Medine, Dımaşk, Humus, Horasan, Yemâme, Kûfe ve Yemen’e de yolculuklar yaptı. Hadis rivayetindeki şöhretiyle tanınanlar yanında fakihliği, fetvaları, kadılığı, tarihçiliği, tefsir ve kıraat ilmindeki şöhreti ve zâhidliğiyle öne çıkan kimselerden faydalandı. Şiî ve Mu‘tezilî olduğu kabul edilenlerden de istifade etti. Ma‘mer’in en yakın talebeleri, kendisinden on bin hadis yazdığı rivayet edilen Abdürrezzâk b. Hemmâm es-San‘ânî ile San‘a kadısı Hişâm b. Yûsuf’tur. Yemen’e giderek Ma‘mer’den hadis rivayet edenler arasında Süfyân es-Sevrî, Süfyân b. Uyeyne, Şu‘be b. Haccâc, İbnü’l-Mübârek, Ebû İshak es-Sebîî ve Gunder de bulunmaktadır. Takvâ ehli, güvenilir, samimi, gerçeği söylemekten çekinmeyen bir kimse olduğu belirtilen Ma‘mer b. Râşid Ramazan 153’te (Eylül 770) Yemen’de vefat etti. 152 (769) veya 154 (771) yılında öldüğü de söylenir.
Ticarî tecrübesi ve gittiği bölgelerdeki âlimlerle tanışması Ma‘mer’in hadis ve fıkıh alanındaki başarısını arttırmış, efendileri adına yürüttüğü ticarî seyahatleri ilmî seyahatlere dönüştürmeyi bilmiştir. Ma‘mer’in fakihliği de dönemin yaygın tatbikatına uygun olarak büyük ölçüde rivayet ilmine dayalıydı. Fıkhî meselelerin çözümünde rivayetlere başvurur, farklı rivayetler arasında tercihler yapar ve rivayetleri anlamada aklî istidlâl yöntemini kullanmayı uygun görürdü. Bu sebeple müctehid fakih kabul edilmiş, mukallid olmayan fetva ehlinden sayılmıştır. Hadisleri tedvin etmeye büyük çaba harcayan Ma‘mer’in eserlerini yazdığı bir odasının bulunduğu, hadisleri ezberleme ve yazma işini birlikte götürdüğü belirtilmektedir. Onun, Osman el-Cezerî’den naklen aldığı megāzîye dair iki sayfalık bir cüzü ödünç verdiği kimsenin geri getirmemesi üzerine bir daha kimseye ödünç kitap vermediği kaydedilmektedir.
Hadis hâfızı olan Ma‘mer yaşadığı devrin en âlimi, Zührî’den rivayette bulunanların en güveniliri kabul edilmiştir. Ona güvenilirliğiyle ilgili bir eleştiri yöneltilmemiş, kendilerinden rivayette bulunduğu bazı hocaları dolayısıyla tenkit edilmiştir. Yahyâ b. Maîn, Ma‘mer’in, hocası Sâbit b. Eslem el-Basrî’den yaptığı rivayetlerin zayıf olduğunu söylemiş, İmam Mâlik kendisini takdir etmekle birlikte Katâde’den yaptığı tefsire dair rivayetler sebebiyle Ma‘mer’i eleştirmiş, Zehebî bu rivayetlerden bir kısmının kendisine ulaştığını ve bunların münkatı‘ yolla rivayet edilmesi dolayısıyla Mâlik’in ona eleştiri yönelttiğini (a.g.e. , VII, 9), Ma‘mer’in kendisinden daha sika kimselere muhalefetini tesbit edince de rivayetlerini delil olarak kullanmaktan vazgeçtiğini (er-Ruvât , s. 166) söylemiştir. Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî de Ma‘mer’in, annesini ziyaret maksadıyla uğradığı dönemde Basra’da yaptığı rivayetlerde kitaplarının yanında bulunmaması sebebiyle hataların bulunduğunu söylemiş, bununla beraber onun için bir ta‘dîl ifadesi olan “sâlihu’l-hadîs” terimini kullanmıştır (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , VII, 9). Ma‘mer’in Yemen’de ilk eser tasnif eden ve o bölgede hadisleri ilk tedvin eden kişi olduğu belirtilmekte, el-Câmiʿ adlı kitabı Mâlik’in el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ından daha önce yazıldığı kabul edilmektedir.
Ma‘mer b. Râşid, hadislerin erken dönemlerden itibaren yazılı olarak intikal ettiği ve bunların hadise dair eserlerin yaygınlaştığı zamana kadar değişime uğramadığı kanaatinin güçlendirilmesi açısından önem taşımaktadır. Zira Ma‘mer, bu açıdan değerli bir belge niteliğindeki Ṣaḥîfetü Hemmâm b. Münebbih ’in rivayetinde büyük rol oynamış, hadislerin önceki nesillerden değişmeden intikal ettiği fikrinin ispatında köprü vazifesi görmüştür (Sezgin, TM , XII [1955], s. 115, 121). Yazılı hadis kaynaklarına olan ilgisi dolayısıyla ileri yaşlarda bulunan Hemmâm ile görüşüp sahîfesinde yer alan 138 hadisten otuzunu semâ, geri kalanları da arz ve kıraat yoluyla almıştır. Hemmâm b. Münebbih’in Ebû Hüreyre’den bizzat yazdığı hadisleri ihtiva eden bu sahîfenin muhtevasının Ahmed b. Hanbel’in el-Müsned ’i ve Abdürrezzâk es-San‘ânî’nin el-Muṣannef ’inde aynen korunması da eserin hadislerin yazılı tarihi açısından önemini ortaya koymaktadır.
Ma‘mer b. Râşid’in, Hemmâm’ın Ṣaḥîfe ’sinden başka hocası Katâde vasıtasıyla Câbir b. Abdullah’ın hac menâsikine dair rivayetlerini içeren sahîfesini (Ma‘mer b. Râşid, XI, 183; Ali b. Ca‘d, s. 159; Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , V, 276-277), A‘meş’in sahîfesini (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , VIII, 11), oğlu vasıtasıyla Mücâhid b. Cebr’in sahîfesini (Abdürrezzâk es-San‘ânî, III, 490), Semmâk b. Fazl el-Yemânî’nin Hz. Peygamber’in Mukavkıs’a gönderdiği mektubunu ve bundaki fıkha dair hadisleri (a.g.e. , IV, 26; Ebû Dâvûd, s. 130) yazılı belgelere dayanarak rivayet ettiği kaydedilmektedir. Ma‘mer’in kendisinden önceki musanniflere ait çeşitli sahîfe ve cüzleri rivayet etmesini onun ilme ve özellikle yazılı kaynaklara olan ilgisiyle izah etmek mümkündür. Ma‘mer, rivayetlerinin büyük çoğunluğunu semâ yoluyla almış olmakla beraber rivayet icâzetini aldığı eserlerin bir kısmını arz ve kıraat yoluyla, Câbir b. Abdullah’ın sahîfesini ise muhtemelen vicâde yoluyla elde etmiştir (el-Câmiʿ , XI, 183). Onun hadis ilmine katkısı sadece yaptığı hadis rivayetleriyle sınırlı kalmamış, Zührî’den naklettiği siyer ve megāzîye dair bilgiler, Katâde’den yaptığı tefsire dair nakiller, pek çok konuda verdiği fıkhî hükümler de günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Talebesi Abdürrezzâk es-San‘ânî’nin tefsiri de esasta onun eserine dayanır (Sezgin, GAS , I, 99). Ayrıca Ma‘mer’in rihle, kitâbet, tasnif usulü, rivayet âdâbı ile muhtelif hadis ilimleri alanında ortaya koyduğu prensipler rivayet ve dirâyetü’l-hadîs ilminin temelini teşkil etmiş, sonraki çalışmalarda bunlara ve kendisinin sözlerine atıfta bulunulmuştur.
Eserleri. 1. el-Câmiʿ . Günümüze gelen hadis kitaplarının en eskisi olup eserde 1614 hadis bir araya getirilmiş, pek çok konuyla ilgili olan hadisler herhangi bir tertip gözetmeksizin çok sayıda bab altında kaydedilmiştir. el-Câmiʿ , alanında ilk olması dolayısıyla Kütüb-i Sitte ’ye malzeme temininde ve babların belirlenmesinde kaynaklık etmiştir. Abdürrezzâk es-San‘ânî, kendi eserinde de Ma‘mer’den sıkça rivayette bulunmasına rağmen hocasına olan bağlılığı sebebiyle onun el-Câmiʿ ini eserinin sonuna eklemiştir. el-Câmiʿ , Abdürrezzâk’ın el-Muṣannef ’inin sonunda yayımlanmıştır (X, 379-468; XI, 3-471).
2. Kitâbü’l-Meġāzî . Eserin günümüze ulaşıp ulaşmadığı bilinmemekle birlikte Abdürrezzâk es-San‘ânî, özellikle Hz. Peygamber’in gazveleriyle ilgili rivayetleri hocası Ma‘mer’den naklederken onun eserinden söz etmektedir (el-Muṣannef , V, 313). İbnü’n-Nedîm de Abdürrezzâk’ın siyer ve megāzî sahiplerinden Ma‘mer vasıtasıyla rivayette bulunduğunu kaydetmektedir (el-Fihrist , s. 138). Ma‘mer’in el-Câmiʿ dışındaki rivayetlerinin önemli bir kısmını Abdürrezzâk’ın ve diğer hadis imamlarının eserlerinden derlemek suretiyle ortaya koymak mümkündür.
Ma‘mer b. Râşid’in hayatı ve el-Câmiʿ adlı eseriyle ilgili olarak Fuat Sezgin bir makale yazmış (bk. bibl.), Ebuzer Bozkurt Ma‘mer b. Râşid’in Hayatı ve Kitâbü’l-Câmi‘ İsimli Eseri adlı bir doktora tezi hazırlamış (1980, AÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi), ayrıca Muhammed Re’fet Saîd bir çalışmasında Ma‘mer’i pek çok yönden değerlendirmiştir (bk. bibl.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ma‘mer b. Râşid, el-Câmiʿ (Abdürrezzâk es-San‘ânî, el-Muṣannef içinde, nşr. Habîbürrahman el-A‘zamî), Beyrut 1403/1983, X, 379; XI, 183.
Abdürrezzâk es-San‘ânî, el-Muṣannef (nşr. Habîburrahman el-A‘zamî), Beyrut 1403/1983, III, 490; IV, 26; V, 313.
Ali b. Ca‘d, el-Müsned , Beyrut 1410, s. 159.
İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , V, 546-547.
Ahmed b. Hanbel, el-ʿİlel (Vasiyyullah) , I, 132; II, 590.
Buhârî, et-Târîḫu’l-kebîr , VII, 378.
Müslim, el-Künâ ve’l-esmâʾ , Medine 1404, I, 625.
Ebû Dâvûd, el-Merâsîl (nşr. Şuayb el-Arnaût), Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 130.
İbn Ebû Hâtim, el-Cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl , VIII, 255-256.
İbn Hibbân, es̱-S̱iḳāt , VII, 484.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist , s. 138.
Bâcî, et-Taʿdîl ve’t-tecrîḥ li-men ḫarrece lehü’l-Buḫârî fi’l-Câmiʿi’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ (nşr. Ebû Lübâbe Hüseyin), Riyad 1406/1986, II, 742.
İbn Semüre el-Ca‘dî, Ṭabaḳātü fuḳahâʾi’l-Yemen (nşr. Eymen Fuâd Seyyid), Kahire 1377/1957 → Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-kalem), s. 66.
Mizzî, Tehẕîbü’l-Kemâl , XXVIII, 303-311.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , V, 276-277; VII, 5-18; VIII, 11.
a.mlf., Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ , I, 190-191.
a.mlf., Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , III, 193-194.
a.mlf., er-Ruvâtü’s̱-s̱iḳātü’l-mütekellem fîhim bimâ lâ yûcibü reddehüm (nşr. M. İbrâhim el-Mevsılî), Beyrut 1992, s. 166.
Süyûtî, Ṭabaḳātü’l-ḥuffâẓ (Lecne) , s. 88-89.
Kettânî, er-Risâletü’l-müsteṭrafe , s. 9, 41.
Muhammed Hamîdullah, Muhtasar Hadis Tarihi ve Sahifa-i Hemmam İbn Münebbih (trc. Kemal Kuşçu), İstanbul 1967, s. 54.
Sezgin, GAS , I, 99, 290-291.
a.mlf., “Hadis Musannefâtının Mebdei ve Ma‘mer b. Râşid’in Câmi‘i”, TM , XII (1955), s. 115-134.
Nisar Ahmed Faruqi, Early Muslim Historiography , Delhi 1979, s. 271-280.
M. Re’fet Saîd, Maʿmer b. Râşid eṣ-Ṣanʿânî: Meṣâdirühû ve menhecühû ve es̱erühû fî rivâyeti’l-ḥadîs̱ , Riyad 1403/1983.
Cezzâr, Medâḫilü’l-müʾellifîn , III, 1570-1572.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 552-554 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.