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MÂNA Skip to content
Sözlükte “demek istemek, kastetmek” anlamındaki any (inâyet ) kökünden mimli masdar veya ism-i mef‘ûl (ma‘nî-ma‘nâ ) olup “denilmek istenen, kastedilen şey” mânasına gelir. Buna göre mâna lafızların tasvir ettiği, yöneldiği veya lafızlarla anlatılmak istenen, onlarla anlaşılan şeydir. Nahiv ilminde lafzın mukabili olarak kullanılan mâna “sözle anlatılmak istenen şey” (maksad, medlûl) olarak tanımlanmıştır. Mantık disiplininde ise mâna, benzer bir açıklama ile “vaz‘ yoluyla lafızdan zihne yansıyan tasavvur” şeklinde tarif edilir. Sözü edilen sûret bir lafızla ifade edilirse “müfred”, birleşik lafızla ifade edilirse “mürekkep mâna” diye anılır. Mâna ile mefhumun her biri akılda oluşan sûreti ifade etmesi açısından birbirine benzer. Ancak oluşmaları bakımından farklılık arzederler; zira sûret lafızla kastedilmesi bakımından mâna, akılda oluşması bakımından mefhum diye isimlendirilir (Tehânevî, II, 1600-1601).
Lafızlarla mânaları arasında tabii bir ilişkinin bulunduğu görüşünü ileri sürerek hangi lafızların hangi mânalar için vazedildiği konusunda bir ön bilgiye sahip olmaya gerek bulunmadığı yolundaki görüş Abbâd b. Süleyman es-Saymerî tarafından savunulmuştur. Ancak bu görüş, aynı şeylerin farklı dillerde farklı isimlerinin bulunmasını ve bir lafzın iki zıt anlama gelmesini açıklayamaz. Ayrıca bu telakkinin doğru kabul edilmesi her insanın bütün dilleri anlayabileceği sonucuna götürür. İbn Cinnî de lafızların sesleri, harfleri ve vezinleriyle mânaları arasında bir ilişkinin olduğu görüşünü savunmuş ve çeşitli lafızlarla mânaları arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklamaya çalışmıştır. Bilhassa tabiat seslerinin taklidiyle ortaya konulmuş isimlerle (savt isimleri – onomatope) mânaları arasında bir ilginin olduğu şüphesizdir.
Müfred mânalar kelimelerin karşılıkları olarak sözlük ilminin konusunu teşkil ederken bu mânaların yan yana getirilmesi nahiv ilminin alanına girer. “Nahvin mânaları” (meâni’n-nahv) kavramı bilindiği kadarıyla ilk defa Ebû Saîd es-Sîrâfî (ö. 368/979) tarafından kullanılmıştır. Sîrâfî bu kavramla kastettiği şeyin lafızların harekeli veya sâkin olması, gereken yerlerde kullanılması, kelâmın takdim veya tehir edilerek telif edilmesi, bu konuda doğrunun aranması ve hatadan kaçınılması gibi hususlar olduğunu belirtir. Mantığın mânaları, nahvin ise lafızları araştırdığını söyleyen mantıkçı Mettâ b. Yûnus’a karşı Sîrâfî, nahvin bir bakıma Arap dilinin mantığı olduğu gibi mantığın da bir anlamda Yunan nahvi sayıldığını ileri sürmüştür. Bu bakımdan ona göre nahiv sadece lafızlarla değil mânalarla da ilgili bir ilimdir. İ‘câzı kelime ve harflere kadar indirgeyen fesahatçi görüşe karşı, Kur’an’ın i‘câzının kelimelerin ve sözlerin emsalsiz dizilişi ve terkibinde (nazm) olduğu görüşünü temellendiren Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî’dir. Cürcânî’ye göre nazım ve i‘câz nahvin mânalarında ve kelimelerin anlamlarının kompozisyonundadır. Kelimelerin tek başına ve nahvin mânalarından soyutlanmış olarak ifade ettiği sözlük anlamının i‘câzla ilgisi yoktur.
Mâna konusunun nahiv ilmiyle irtibatlı olarak ele alındığı bir başka husus, söz dizimi içinde yer alan kelimelerin son harflerinde meydana gelen değişikliklerin (i‘rab) gerçekte lafza mı mânaya mı yönelik olduğudur. Bu konuda farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Sîbeveyhi, Ebû Ali el-Fârisî, Rummânî, Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî, A‘lem eş-Şentemerî, İbnü’l-Haşşâb, İbn Mu‘tî, İbn Usfûr el-İşbîlî gibi âlimler i‘rabın mâna olduğu görüşünü benimserken İbn Harûf en-Nahvî, Şelevbîn, İbnü’l-Hâcib, İbn Mâlik et-Tâî, İbn Hişâm en-Nahvî, Abdullah el-Fâkihî gibi bilginler lafız olduğu görüşündedir. Lafız olduğunu savunanlar i‘rabın mu‘reb kelimenin sonundaki hareke, harf veya hazif şeklindeki değişiklikten ibaret olduğunu söylerken mâna olduğunu savunanlara göre i‘rab kelimenin söz dizimindeki konumuna bağlı olarak değişik anlamlar ifade etmesidir. Hareke ve sükûn gibi alâmetler ise değişikliği sağlayan vasıtalar mesabesindedir.
Mâna kelimesinin nahiv ilminde çeşitli ayırımları belirleme hususunda kullanıldığı görülür. Cins ismi ayn (madde) ismi ve mâna (soyut) ismi olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Ayn ismi insan, at ve ağaç gibi bağımsız varlığı bulunan ve algılanan şeylere delâlet eder; mâna ismi ise ilim, cehalet ve cesaret gibi bağımsız bir varlığa sahip bulunmayan ve algılanamayan kavramları gösterir. Bunlara masdarlar da dahildir. Harfler de hece harfleri ve mâna harfleri olmak üzere iki kısımdır. Hece harfleri kelimeleri oluşturan alfabe harfleri iken mâna harfleri isim-fiil-harf taksimine dahil kelime kategorisi olup tek başına anlamları olmayan, ancak söz dizimi içinde isim ve fiillerle birlikte mâna ifade eden ve “edat” adı verilen kelime çeşididir.
Belâgat ilminde kelâmın mâna mı yoksa lafız mı olduğu konusundaki tartışmanın ardında itikadî mülâhazalar da vardır. Allah’ın kelâmı olan Kur’an’ı onun sıfatlarından sayan ve mahlûk olmadığı görüşünü benimseyen Ehl-i sünnet’e göre kelâm nefiste bulunan (zât-ı ilâhiyye ile kāim olan) bir mâna iken Kur’an’ı mahlûk gören Mu‘tezile’ye göre kelâm “harfler ve işitilen sesler” demek olan lafızdır.
Arap edebiyatında belâgatın kelâmın lafzında mı mânasında mı olduğu hususu başlıca tartışma konularından birini teşkil etmiştir. Özellikle şiir alanında cereyan eden bu tartışmalarda Ebû Amr eş-Şeybânî’nin mâna tarafını tuttuğu görülür. Bu teoriye karşı çıkan Câhiz’e göre mânalar Arap olan ve olmayan, köylü-şehirli herkesin bildiği şeylerdir. Bu konuda önem taşıyan husus vezni oturtmak, lafızların telaffuzu kolay ve akıcı, yapısı sağlam ve kalıbı iyi olanını seçmektir. Çünkü şiir bir sanattır, bir tür dokuma ve resim sanatıdır. İbn Kuteybe ise şiirde lafız ve mânayı birlikte mütalaa ederek bunları güzellik vasfı taşıma veya taşımama bakımından tasnife tâbi tutmuş, sözün belâgatında lafızla mânanın her birinin önemli olduğunu vurgulamıştır. Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî belâgat ve fesahatin mâna ile ilgili bir konu olduğu görüşünü benimsemiş ve Câhiz ile İbn Kuteybe gibi âlimlerin mâna ile kastettiklerinin mânanın aslı olan tema (garaz), lafız kelimesiyle kastettiklerinin ise sesler değil mânanın sûreti (anlatılma biçimi) olduğunu söylemiştir. Ancak Kādî Abdülcebbâr gibi âlimlerin fesahat ve belâgatı lafza yüklemeleri Cürcânî’ye göre önceki bilginlerin maksatlarını anlayamamalarından kaynaklanmıştır. Cürcânî, hakikat ve mecaz türü ifadelerin delâlet şekillerini tahlil ederek mânasına doğrudan delâlet eden lafızları hakikat, hakikat mânasının ikinci bir mânaya delâlet ettiği lafızları mecaz olarak nitelemiştir. Bu ikinci türden mânaları, doğrudan lafzın değil onun medlûlü olan mânanın medlûlü olduğu için “mânanın mânası” diye adlandıran Cürcânî lafzî delâletin dışında mânevî bir delâletin de varlığına dikkat çekmiştir. Daha sonra bazı belâgat âlimleri, birinci ve ikinci mânalar ayırımını mecaz türü ifadelerle sınırlamayarak hakikat türü ifadeleri de kapsayan bir ayırıma dönüştürmek suretiyle birinci mânaların kelâmın lafzının delâlet ettiği lugavî, ikincisinin ise bu ilk mânaların delâlet ettiği kastedilmiş mânalar olduğunu söylemişlerdir. Birinci mânanın ikinci mânaya delâletinin kesinlikle aklî olduğu belirtilirken lafzın birinci mânaya delâletinin bazan vaz‘î, bazan aklî olduğu ifade edilmiştir.
Mâna kavramı çerçevesinde ortaya çıkan bir başka konu aklî ve hayalî mânalar ayırımıdır. Bu ayırımın temelini İslâm düşüncesinde, gerek filozofların gerekse kelâmcıların akıl ve hayal arasında çelişki bulunduğu yolundaki görüşü teşkil etmektedir. Zira akıl hakikati ve bâtılı birbirinden ayırt etme gücüne sahiptir, hayal etme yetisinin ise böyle bir gücünün bulunmadığı ve onun hakikatle bâtılı birbirine karıştırabileceği kanaati hâkimdir. İbn Sînâ teşbih, istiare ve mecazı hayal etme ameliyesinin araçları olarak görmüştür. Zâhirîler, mecazı bir nevi yalan sayarak Kur’an’da mecaz türü ifadelerin bulunmadığı görüşünü benimserken Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî bu tür ifadelerin Kur’an’da çokça bulunduğunu söylemiş ve bunları tahyîl türünden saymayıp aklî mânalar kapsamına girdiğini savunmuştur.
Belâgat ilminde mânaların lafızlara değil lafızların mânalara tâbi olması esas kabul edildiğinden cinas ve seci gibi lafzî sanatlarda aşırıya kaçma hoş görülmemiştir. Söz tabii akışına bırakıldığı takdirde mânalar kendilerine en uygun düşecek lafızlarla cinas ve seci öğelerini bir mıknatıs gibi çekerler. Aksi takdirde sanatkârane söz söyleme gayretiyle cinas ve seci öğelerinin kullanılması mânaları boğduğu gibi sözün tabii güzelliğini de yok eder. Cinas ve seci gibi lafzî sanatlar içinde sadece mânanın gerektirdiği ölçü ve kriterlere bağlı olanlar güzel kabul edilmiştir.
Arap edebiyatı eleştirisinde mâna şiirin teması, lafız da üslûp olarak görülür. Bu gelenekte ana temalar övgü (medih), övünme (fahr), yergi (hicâ), ağıt (risâ), niteleme (vasf ve tasvir), azarlama (itâb), uyarı (îkaz), özür dileme (i‘tizâr) gibi türlerle sınırlandırılmıştır. Daha sonra bir düşüncenin farklı üslûplarla ifade edilebileceği fikrine bağlı olarak şiirde mânanın mı üslûbun mu önemli olduğu meselesi ortaya çıkmış, daha çok taraftar bulan görüş önceliğin üslûba verilmesi yönünde olmuştur. Çünkü üslûp şairin ana temaya verdiği anlatış biçimidir. Bu esasa bağlı olarak muhtelif ana tema listelerinin oluşturulması ve intihal olgusunun bunlara göre belirlenmesi girişimleri gerçekleştirilmiş, ana temaların ifade şekillerini geliştiren değişiklikler halinde ortaya çıkan intihaller genel olarak makbul görülmüştür.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 555-557 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.