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MANASTIR Skip to content Bazı dinlerde zâhid din adamlarının cemaat halinde yaşadığı bina veya binalar topluluğu.
1/2 Müellif: SALİME LEYLA GÜRKAN Bölüme Git
Manastır kelimesi, “tek, yalnız” mânasına gelen Grekçe monostan türetilen ve münzevi hayat tarzını benimseyenlerin (monachos) yaşadığı mekânları ifade…
2/2 Müellif: LEVENT ÖZTÜRK Bölüme Git
İSLÂM TARİHİ. İslâm tarihi kaynaklarında hıristiyanların mâbedleri için kullanılan kenîse ve bîa kelimeleri şehirlerde bulunan mâbedleri ifade eder. Y…
Manastır kelimesi, “tek, yalnız” mânasına gelen Grekçe monos tan türetilen ve münzevi hayat tarzını benimseyenlerin (monachos) yaşadığı mekânları ifade eden monasterion un Türkçe’deki şeklidir. Aynı kelime monastery (İng.), monastère (Fr.) vb. biçimlerde Batı dillerine de geçmiştir. Arapça’da daha çok hıristiyan manastırlarını, bazan da keşiş hücrelerini tanımlamak için devr, deverân (dönmek, dolaşmak; yönetmek) kökünden türetilen deyr (üzerinde oturulan yer, ev) kelimesi kullanılmakta, keşişler aynı kökten gelen deyyâr ve deyrânî kelimeleriyle de ifade edilmektedir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “dvr” md.). Öte yandan müfessirler, Kur’an’daki savâmi‘ (tekili savmaa ) kelimesinin (el-Hac 22/40) “üst kısmı sivri yüksek binalar” anlamında hıristiyan rahiplerinin manastırlarını veya Sâbiî mistiklerinin zâviyelerini tanımladığını belirtmişlerdir (İbn Kesîr, X, 76; Elmalılı, V, 3409). Arapça’da bu tür mekânlar için ayrıca umr ve kullâye kelimeleri de kullanılmaktadır.
Manastır hayatı Hindu geleneğinde, özellikle de Budizm ve Jainizm’de önemli bir yere sahiptir (bk. KEŞİŞ ). Milâttan önce III. yüzyıldan itibaren ilim ve öğretim merkezleri haline gelen Budist manastırları, günümüzde Sri Lanka’dan Japonya’ya kadar geniş bir bölgeye yayılmış olup ülkelere göre farklı özelliklere sahiptir. Manastır hayatı Hindistan’da azalmış, Çin ve Tibet’te yasaklanmış, Vietnam, Laos ve Kamboçya’da savaş sebebiyle ortadan kalkmışsa da diğer Asya kültürlerinde yaşamaya devam etmektedir.
Hıristiyan geleneğinde hayattan yüz çevirme idealinin başlangıçtan beri var olduğu bilinmekle beraber manastır hayatının kökeni, Mısır’da “çöl babaları” diye anılan bazı din adamlarının tek başlarına çöllere ve dağlara çekilip münzevi hayat sürmelerine dayandırılır. Bu inzivaya çekilişin ardında, içtimaî ve siyasî sebeplerin yanı sıra gittikçe dünyevîleşen ve kozmopolitleşen kilise ortamından ve bunun getirdiği yükümlülüklerden uzaklaşmak suretiyle hıristiyan mükemmelliği idealini arama yahut ferdî kurtuluşa erme çabalarının da bulunduğu kabul edilir. Münzevi (hermitic) hayat biçimini seçmiş hıristiyan din adamlarının en meşhuru “keşişlerin babası” olarak da bilinen Aziz Antony’dir (ö. 355). Antony, yaşlı bir münzevi rehberliğinde Nil’in doğu kıyısındaki Nitria çölünde inzivaya çekilip ileri derecede zühd ve nefsi yenme tekniklerini uygulamıştır. Antony’nin etrafında onu örnek alan hıristiyanların toplanmasıyla ilk manastır cemaatinin tohumları atılmış, bu ilk zâhidler topluluğu ortak bir kurala tâbi olmaksızın çadırlarda veya hücrelerde kendi koydukları prensipler doğrultusunda yaşamıştır. Sadece pazar âyinleri için bir araya gelen bu grup arasında günlerce yemek yemeyen, uyumayan veya haftalarca hareket etmeden ayakta duranlar olmuş, bazıları ise mezarlara veya kuyulara kendilerini hapsedip yıllarca çok az bir yiyecekle hayatlarını sürdürmüşlerdir. IV. yüzyılın başlarında bu şekilde yaşayan kadın ve erkek münzevi sayısının 5000’i bulduğu nakledilir.
Bu ilk dağınık keşiş hayatını düzenli ve kilise otoritesiyle bağlantılı bir cemaat haline getiren kişi Aziz Pachomius’tur (ö. 346). Pachomius, 320’de Tabennisi’de terkedilmiş bir köyde yörenin patriği Tentyra’nın otoritesi altında kurduğu cemaatin görevleri arasına ibadetin yanı sıra toprağı işleme faaliyetini de eklemiş, koyduğu kurallar (fakirlik, bekârlık ve lidere itaat) neticesinde münzevi zâhid (anchorite/hermit) geleneğinden cemaat hayatına dayanan manastır (coenobite) geleneğine geçişi sağlamıştır. Daha sonra Pachomius modelini esas alıp mensuplarının bir liderin yönetimi altında ortak hayat sürerek iş, dua, zühd ve kutsal metinleri okuyup öğrenmeye yoğunlaştığı manastırlar kurulmuştur. Pachomius öldüğünde kendisine bağlı dokuzu erkekler, ikisi kadınlar için olmak üzere toplam on bir manastırın bulunduğu belirtilir. Bu manastırların, etrafı duvarlarla çevrili keşiş odalarından meydana gelmiş olduğu dışında fizikî özelliklerine dair bilgi bulunmamaktadır.
Manastır geleneği Mısır’dan Filistin, Suriye, Anadolu, Yunanistan ve Mezopotamya’ya yayılmış, çıkış amacını korumakla birlikte her biri bulunduğu coğrafyanın özelliklerine göre değişik şekiller almıştır. Filistin’de Antony’nin öğrencisi Azize Helena tarafından kurulan ve kilise etrafında oluşturulmuş müstakil keşiş hücreleriyle yeni katılanları eğitmek için yapılmış bir binadan oluşan külliyeler (laura) ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu manastırlarda seçilmiş bir dinî liderin (abbot) otoritesine tâbi olan keşişler sadece cumartesi ve pazar âyinleri için bir araya geliyorlardı.
Anadolu’da ise (Kapadokya) Aziz Basil (ö. 379) öncülüğünde Pachomius’a ait cemaat modeli geliştirilmiştir. Bu modelde manastırdaki keşişlerin sayısı azaltılarak liderin maiyetindeki keşişlerle tek tek ilgilenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Zühd hayatını ılımlı hale getiren ve şehir manastırlarının kurulmasını destekleyen Basil’in bu reformu Doğu keşişliğinin gelişiminde önemli rol oynamış, manastır hayatını yetimhane ve hastahaneler kurmak, çeşitli iş kollarında halka yardımcı olmak gibi faaliyetlere de açmıştır. Bu dönemden itibaren münzevi hayat cemaat hayatı lehine itibar kaybetmiş, keşişlerin kibre kapılmasını önlemek için dinî liderin koyduğu sınırların aşılmasına izin verilmemiştir. Mezopotamya ve Suriye’de gelişen manastır hayatında ise ferdî münzevi gelenek devam ettirilmiştir. Doğu manastırının önemli örnekleri arasında Mısır’daki Sohag, Suriye’deki Kulat Sem‘ân ve Sînâ dağındaki Aziz Catherine manastırları sayılabilir.
Kadıköy Konsili’nden (451) sonra Doğu manastır hayatı ikiye ayrılmış, manastırlar müslümanlar tarafından fethedilen bölgelerde zamanla gerilerken Bizans Ortodoksluğu içerisinde ilerlemesini sürdürmüştür. Bizans manastır geleneğinin en dikkate değer örneği çok sayıda manastır ve keşiş hücresinin yer aldığı, IX. yüzyıldan itibaren faaliyet gösteren Atos dağıdır (Aya Oros). Günümüzde bu bölgede faaliyetini sürdüren yaklaşık yirmi manastır mevcuttur (ERE , VIII, 789). Osmanlılar tarafından fethedilmeden önce İstanbul’da da pek çok manastır bulunuyordu. Burada ilk kurulan manastır Dalmaton’dur (IV. yüzyıl). VI. yüzyılın ilk yarısında şehirdeki manastır sayısının yetmiş civarında olduğu kaydedilmektedir. Bizans manastırları genellikle istilâlardan korunabilmek için muhkem duvarlarla çevrili, ortasında kilisenin yer aldığı bir avlunun etrafına yerleştirilmiş keşiş odaları, ahırlar, iş atölyeleri, depolar ve yemekhaneden meydana gelmektedir. Bazılarında hamam ve tedavi yeri de bulunurdu. Farklı kapasiteye sahip olan bu manastırlar hem şehir dışında hem şehirlerde kurulmuştur.
Batı’da Doğu tarzında ilk manastır Aziz Martin tarafından 360’ta Gaul’de (İtalya) kurulmuştur. Manastır hayatının Batı’ya geçişinde ve tutunmasında Athanasius (Gaul), Eusebius, Ambrose, Jerome (Filistin) ve Augustine (Kuzey Afrika) gibi önemli şahsiyetler etkili olmakla birlikte 520’de Monte Cassino’da (İtalya) kurduğu manastır ve düzenlediği kurallarla Batı manastır geleneğine şekil veren kişi Aziz Benedict olmuştur. Fakirlik, bekârlık ve itaat kurallarına istikrar (manastır değiştirmeme) prensibini ekleyen Benedict, Basil gibi aşırılıklardan uzak bir cemaat hayatını desteklemiş, manastır dışı faaliyetlerle ve misyonerlikle ilgilenmemiştir. Daha sonra İngiltere, Almanya ve Fransa’da benimsenen ibadet, iş ve disiplin ağırlıklı Benedict düzeni, Ortaçağ’da misyoner hareketlerinde ve hıristiyan kültürünün yayılmasında aktif rol oynamıştır. 1400’lerde 15.000 manastıra sahip olan bu düzen, manastır hayatını reddeden Reform hareketi, Fransız İhtilâli ve Napolyon yönetiminin etkisiyle gerileme göstermiştir. XIX. yüzyılın başlarında manastır sayısı otuza düşmüş, fakat aynı yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren yeniden canlanmış, kolonileştirme hareketi ve misyoner faaliyetlerinin de etkisiyle Afrika, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Japonya’da manastırlar inşa edilmiştir. II. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından manastırların faaliyet alanına misyonerliğin yanı sıra hastahane ve eğitim hizmetleri de katılmıştır. 1950’lere gelindiğinde 12.000 üyeye sahip 200 civarında manastırın varlığından söz edilmektedir (Molland, s. 100).
Yerel piskoposun otoritesi altında bağımsız birer birim halinde gelişen Doğu manastırlarından farklı olarak Batı manastır geleneği içerisinde değişik düzenler ortaya çıkmış, bunlar da farklı dallara ayrılmıştır (Benedictines, Carthusians, Cistercians, Mendicants, Jesuits vb.). Yine Doğu kilisesinden farklı biçimde Roma Katolik kilisesi tamamen cemaat düzenine dayalı manastır hayatını benimsemiş ve ömür boyu fakirlik, bekârlık ve itaat prensiplerini esas alan yemin sistemini hayata geçirmiştir.
Mimari açıdan tek bir model benimsenmeyip keşişlerin ihtiyaçları ve işlevleri doğrultusunda farklı tarzda manastırlar inşa edilmekle birlikte yüksek duvarlarla çevrili ve tek girişli geniş bir avlunun etrafına yerleştirilmiş bahçe ve keşiş hücrelerinin yanı sıra daha küçük bir avluya bakan kilise, yemekhane, kütüphane, toplantı odası ve mezarlık gibi birimler pek çok manastırda yer almıştır.
Manastırlar bilinen fonksiyonları dışında yetim, yaşlı, sakat ve zihinsel özürlüler, aile içi şiddete mâruz kalan kadınlar gibi bakıma muhtaç veya toplumdan dışlanmış kesimlere sığınak olmuş, görevine son verilen imparator ve patriklerin yanı sıra isyancılar için bile kaçış veya sürgün yeri vazifesi görmüştür. Manastırların çoğu hastahane ve düzenli olarak yiyecek, giyecek ve para dağıtımı hizmetleri sunmuş, özellikle Batı’da eğitim manastırların ayrılmaz bir parçası olmuş, zengin kütüphaneleriyle dönemin entelektüel ve kültürel gelişimine, sanat hayatına katkıda bulunmuştur. Nitekim teoloji, dua literatürü ve mistisizm konularında eser veren önemli isimlerin çoğu keşişler arasından çıkmıştır. Protestanlık manastır hayatını reddetmekle birlikte XIX. yüzyılda Anglikan kilisesinin bu geleneği tekrar hayata geçirdiği görülmektedir. Aynı durum Luthercilik ve Fransız Calvinciliği için de söz konusudur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “dvr” md.
İbn Kesîr, Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Mustafa Muhammed v.dğr.), Kahire 1421/2000, X, 76.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , V, 3409.
Ph. Hughes, A History of the Church , London 1957, s. 139-143.
W. Walker, A History of the Christian Church , Edinburgh 1959, s. 125-128.
E. Molland, Christendom , London 1961, s. 35, 96-103.
N. Zernov, Eastern Christendom , London 1963, s. 77-80.
J. G. Davies, The Early Christian Church , London 1965, s. 184-185, 241-246.
J. Herrin, The Formation of Christendom , Princeton 1987, s. 57, 61-70, 113, 163.
A. M. T., “Monasticism”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (ed. A. P. Kazhdan v.dğr.), Oxford 1991, II, 1392-1394.
a.mlf. – M. J., “Monastery”, a.e. , II, 1391-1392.
D. Sourdel, “Dayr”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 194-195.
F. Cabrol, “Monasticism”, ERE , VIII, 789, 792-797.
K. Kingsley, “Monastery”, ER , X, 30-35.
B. McGinn, “Christian Monasticism”, a.e. , X, 44-50.
Aryan Qamar, “Dayr”, EIr. , VII, 169-170.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 558-560 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
İSLÂM TARİHİ. İslâm tarihi kaynaklarında hıristiyanların mâbedleri için kullanılan kenîse ve bîa kelimeleri şehirlerde bulunan mâbedleri ifade eder. Yerleşim yerleri dışında kalan manastırlar ise genellikle deyr ve savmaa olarak adlandırılmış, deyrin eş anlamlısı olmak üzere nâdiren umr kelimesi de kullanılmıştır (Şâbüştî, s. 191, 198, 258; Yâkūt, IV, 154). Bir diğer uzlet mekânı olan kullâye yi İbn Kayyim “şehir dışında bir tek rahip için inşa edilmiş mekân” diye tanımlarken (Aḥkâmü ehli’ẕ-ẕimme , II, 668-669) Yâkūt sadece manastıra benzeyen bir yapı olarak açıklar (Muʿcemü’l-büldân , IV, 386). Din adamlarının kaldığı daha küçük meskenlere ükeyrâh adı veriliyordu (a.g.e. , I, 345). Ortaçağ manastırlarında kilise bölümü de bulunduğu için bazı metinlerde manastırları ifade etmek üzere bîa kelimesinin çoğulu olan biya‘ da kullanılmaktadır (Müberred, I, 384; Şâbüştî, s. 206).
Pagan Roma’nın hâkim olduğu Filistin topraklarını terkeden ilk hıristiyanların II. yüzyıla kadar götürülebilen tarihlerde Suriye, Irak, Mısır ve Anadolu topraklarında manastır inşa ettikleri bilinmektedir. Müslüman müelliflerin verdiği bilgilere göre İslâm topraklarında yer alan manastırların büyük bir kısmı yerleşim merkezlerinin dışında dağlarda ve çöllerde yapılmış, bazıları ağaçlarla çevrili, güzel manzaralı yüksek mevkilerde veya koruluklar içinde inşa edilmiştir. Bir kısmı Dicle, Fırat, Nil gibi nehirlerin kıyısında veya buralara bakan yüksek yerlerde bulunuyordu. Etrafı surlarla çevrili olan bu manastırların bazılarında şifalı kaynak suları mevcuttu. İklim şartlarına göre ziraat yapılan manastırlar da vardı. Manastırların bir kısmı, bölgenin yiyecek ve içecek tüketimine cevap verebilecek kadar zengin üretim merkezleri durumundaydı. Özellikle şarap üretim merkezleri olarak dikkat çeken, çevresinde meyhânelerin bulunduğu manastırlar da vardı (Şâbüştî, s. 69; Yâkūt, II, 499).
Manastırlarda inzivaya çekilmiş rahiplerin sayısı bazan birkaç kişiye kadar düşse de 400 kişiyi barındıran büyük manastırlar da bulunuyordu. Sadece rahiplere veya rahibelere ait ayrı manastırların yanında Kunnâ Manastırı gibi rahip ve rahibelerin birlikte kaldığı manastırlar da mevcuttu (Şâbüştî, s. 265). Bazı manastırların sınırları dahilinde bir tek rahibin kalabileceği, etrafı bahçeli küçük mekânlar (kullâye) vardı. Bu mekânlar Ortaçağ İslâm coğrafyasında 50-200 dinar arasındaki bir kıymetle, çevredeki bahçeleri de 200-1000 dinar arasındaki bir fiyatla rahipler arasında alınıp satılabiliyordu. Manastırların bir kısmında hıristiyan azizlerin kabirleri yer alıyordu (Yâkūt, II, 538).
Bu manastırlara öncelikle Hz. Îsâ’nın, Meryem’in, meleklerin, azizlerin ve ilk şehidlerin, bazan da kurucularının hâtırasını yaşatmak amacıyla onların adları veriliyordu. Bir kısmına inşa edildikleri yerlerin (meselâ Mîmâs nehri kıyısında kurulan Mîmâs Manastırı), nâdir olarak da inşa edildiği bölgedeki meşhur bir müslümanın (meselâ Mervân b. Hakem’in torununun oğlu olan Muhammed b. Velîd’e izâfe edilen Dımaşk yakınlarındaki Muhammed Manastırı) isminin verildiği oluyordu (a.g.e. , II, 533, 538). İslâm tarihi kaynaklarında bazan manastırın ismi verilerek bölge kastedilmiştir. Emevî Halifesi Abdülmelik’e Câselik’te biat edildiği, Abbâsî Halifesi Mehdî-Billâh’ın Ganem Manastırı’nda defnedildiği şeklindeki ifadeler böyledir (Belâzürî, Ensâb , V, 350; Taberî, X, 12; Yâkūt, II, 503). Cemâcim Manastırı civarında yapılan savaş genellikle Yevmü Deyri’l-Cemâcim olarak anılmaktadır (İbn Sa‘d, V, 167; VI, 221, 229; Belâzürî, Ensâb , V, 337). Manastırların bir kısmı bir dağın tenha eteklerinde veya ırmak kenarında iken bu yerler zamanla önemli yerleşim merkezleri haline geldi ve buralarda müslümanlar da oturmaya başladı; hatta bazı âlimler buralara nisbetle anıldı (kendilerine Deyr Âkûlî nisbesi verilen bazı hadisçiler ve kadılar için bk. Sem‘ânî, V, 395-396).
Manastırların büyük bir kısmı sahip oldukları özellikler sebebiyle pek çok kişi tarafından ziyaret ediliyordu. Bunlardan bazısı sadece din adamlarına hizmet verirken bazıları halka yaptıkları hizmetleriyle tanınmıştı. Bâarbâ Manastırı gibi aşevi olarak kullanılan veya uzun yolculuklar esnasında konaklama yeri yahut tedavi merkezi hizmeti veren manastırlar da vardır. Nitekim Kelb Manastırı’nda kuduz tedavisi yapılıyordu (Yâkūt, II, 499, 530). İslâm tarihinin ilk dönemlerinde hıristiyanlarla yapılan anlaşmalar gereği yolculukları sırasında müslümanlar güzergâhları üzerinde bulunan manastırlarda kalabiliyorlardı. Halife Me’mûn A‘lâ Manastırı’nda, Halife Mütevekkil-Alellah Rusâfe Manastırı’nda, Halife Mu‘tazıd-Billah Za‘ferân Manastırı’nda konaklamış, Hârûnürreşîd Hîre’deki pek çok manastırı gezmişti. Edebî sohbetlere katılmak üzere manastırlara uğrayanlar da oluyordu. Nitekim Konya yakınlarında bulunan Eflâtun Manastırı, Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî ve müridleri tarafından ziyaret edilmişti (Eflâkī, I, 284, 551). Müslümanlar arasında manastırlara özellikle hoşça vakit geçirmek, rahip ve rahibelerle gönül eğlendirmek üzere gidenler de bulunuyordu (Öztürk, s. 136-144).
Manastırlar ve çevrelerinin güzellikleri bazı Arap şairlerine ilham kaynağı olmuş ve bu güzellikleri dile getiren şiirler yazılmıştır (Yâkūt, II, 506, 531). Manastırlarda yaşanan dinî hayatla ilgili bilgiler Arap şairleri tarafından günümüze ulaştırılmıştır. Müdrik b. Ali eş-Şeybânî, Ebû Nüvâs, Hüseyin b. Dahhâk, Cahza gibi şairler Allah’tan korkarak ağlayan rahiplerin göz yaşlarını, âyin esnasında manastırda yakılan meşaleleri, pek çok hıristiyan azizinin dualarla anılışını, tütsülerin insan ruhunda uyandırdığı saf duyguları, rahiplerin Zebûr okuyuşunu, ilâhilerle ihya edilen sabahları mısralarına aksettirmişlerdir (Şâbüştî, s. 97-98; Yâkūt, II, 526, 537).
İslâm dini, Allah’a ibadeti esas kabul eden bütün dinlerin ve mâbedlerin korunmasını emreder. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Allah’ın adının zikredildiği mâbedler sayılırken manastırlara da yer verilmekte ve buraların korunması gerektiğine işaret edilmektedir (el-Hac 22/40). Hz. Peygamber, kendileriyle barış antlaşması yaptığı gayri müslimlere mâbedlerinin yıkılmayacağı garantisini vermişti (bk. KİLİSE ). Bu sebeple İslâm fetihlerinden önce İran, Irak, Suriye, Filistin, Mısır ve Anadolu’da bulunan çok sayıdaki manastır İslâm hukukunun genel prensipleri içinde güvence altına alınmış, bir kısmı için özel şartlar konulmuştur. Genel olarak manastırlarda yaşayan rahiplerden cizye istenmiyor, ancak kaçakların barınağı haline gelen yerlerle ilgili önlemler alınıyordu.
Manastırlar ruhban hayatının merkezleriydi. İslâm’da ruhbanlığın yasaklanmasına rağmen bazı İslâm mistiklerinin manastır hayatından, sisteminden ve ruhaniyetinden etkilendiği ileri sürülmüştür. Sûfî literatüründe manastır (deyr) mecazi olarak evreni ve var oluş birliğini, bazan da maddî âlemi (âlem-i nâsût) ifade etmektedir (Yahyâ b. Ahmed el-Bâharzî, s. 244-245; Mirʾâtü’l-ʿuşşâḳ , s. 150).
İslâm ülkelerinde manastır adıyla bilinen yerler olmuştur. Osmanlı yönetiminde Selânik ve Kosova ile birlikte Makedonya’daki Manastır vilâyet-i selâseyi teşkil ediyordu. Ayrıca Tunus’ta ve Türkiye’de Manastır adıyla bilinen şehirler mevcuttur; Manastır dağı, Manastır adası gibi yerler de bulunmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Ebû Sâlih el-Ermenî, The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt (trc. B. T. A. Evetts-Butler), Oxford 1895.
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Abdülmün‘im Muhammed eş-Şeyh, “er-Ruhbâniyye ve’d-Deyriyye ve’t-taṣavvuf”, ME , XXII (1950), s. 759-762, 914-917.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 560-561 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.