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MÂNİ Skip to content Anonim Türk halk şiirinde bir nazım şekli.
Etimolojisi kesin olarak bilinmeyen mâni kelimesinin kökeni konusunda Arapça ma‘nâ nın (معنى ) Farsça’daki şekli olan ma‘nî den geldiği (Köprülü, Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , s. 273; Boratav, 100 Soruda Türk Halk Edebiyatı , s. 171), Türk-türki (türkü) varsak-varsağı, bayat-bayatı örneklerinden hareketle Türkçe man kökünden (man-mani) doğduğu (Eset, Mukayeseli ve Neşredilmemiş Maniler , s. 7-8) (Türkçe’de man diye bir kelime bulunmadığından bu görüş kāle alınamaz), bazı mânilerin “yar, aman, aman ey (amani)” gibi ünlemlerle başladığı ve “a” ünlüsünün zamanla düşerek mâni kelimesinin ortaya çıktığı (Pakalın, II, 406), ayrıca Türkmânî’nin kısalmış biçimi olduğu şeklinde farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Bunların içinde genel olarak kabul edilen, mâninin mâna kelimesinden geldiğini savunan ilk görüştür. Başlangıçtan günümüze kadar söyleniş sebepleri göz önünde bulundurulduğunda mâni ile mânalı söz arasında bir ilişki olduğu görülür.
Mâniye Denizli ve yöresinde “mâna”; Urfa’da kadınların söylediğine “meani”, erkeklerin söylediğine “hoyrat”; Kars, Erzurum ve Artvin yöresinde “meni”; Erzincan ve yöresinde “ficek”; İç ve Batı Anadolu’da “mâni”; Trabzon yöresinde “atma-koşma”; Irak Türkleri’nde “hoyrat-horyat”; Azerbaycan Türkleri’nde “bayatı, mahnı”; Kırım Tatarları’nda “mane”; Tatarlar’da ayrıca “çinik, çinig, cing, şın”; Kazan Türkleri ve Kırgızlar’da “ay tipa, kayım, öleng, ülenek”; Özbekler’de “koşuk, aşula” denir.
Mâni, “hece vezninin daha çok yedili veya sekizlisiyle dört mısralık bir bütün içinde kendine mahsus ezgiyle söylenen manzume” şeklinde tanımlanır (Elçin, s. 7). Mâninin sözlüklerdeki diğer tariflerinde de ezgi eşliğinde söylendiğine işaret edilmekle birlikte bu husus bazı yöreler dışında mâninin temel özelliklerinden değildir. Bu kanaati doğuran en önemli sebebin türkü nazım şeklinin bir bölümünü dört mısralık mânilerin oluşturması ve bunların bir ezgiye bağlanarak söylenmesi olduğu sanılmaktadır.
Kelimenin bugünkü anlamıyla ne zaman kullanılmaya başlandığı belli değildir. Bazı araştırmacılar mâninin Kutadgu Bilig ’de (I, 329 [3233. beyit]) geçtiğini söylerse de burada mâni kelimesinin bir nazım şeklini ifade etmediği ve “anlam” karşılığı kullanıldığı açıktır. Mâni herhalde tuyuğdan doğmuş ve bu nazım biçimi giderek önemini kaybedip muhtemelen XV-XVI. yüzyıllarda yerini mâniye bırakmıştır.
Genellikle dört mısradan oluşan mâniler 3 + 4 = 7’li veya 4 + 3 = 7’li, çok az olarak da 5 + 2 = 7’li, 2 + 5 = 7’li hece ölçüsüyle söylenir. Sekiz heceli (4 + 4 duraklı) mâniler de yaygındır. Dört, beş heceden oluşan mâniler ise oldukça azdır. Özellikle bekçi ve davulcu mânileri denen ramazan mânilerinin çoğunluğu sekiz hecelidir. Mânilerin kafiyeleniş şeması aaba şeklindedir. Bilhassa Anadolu’nun kuzeydoğu yörelerinde, Karadeniz kıyılarında ve İstanbul meydan kahvelerinde abcb olarak kafiyelenen mâniler de görülmektedir. Bazı araştırmacılar abcb kafiye örgüsündeki mânilerin daha eski olduğunu savunurken (Eset, Mukayeseli ve Neşredilmemiş Maniler , s. 16; EI , V, 245-246) aaba şeklindeki kafiyeli mânileri daha eski bulanlar da vardır (İA , VII, 286). “Artık mâni” denilen ve mısra sayısı dörtten fazla olan mâniler asıl kafiye değişmeksizin mâniye mısra eklenmesiyle oluşur. Bunlar daha çok ikiye bölünebilen mısra sayısına sahip olup aaba cada eafa … şeklinde kafiyelenir. Bu kafiyeleniş biraz da irticâlen söylenen mâniye kolayca kafiye bulma endişesinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Boratav, bazı durumlarda mânide mısra sayısının üçe indiğini ve bu mânilere “kesik mâni” adı verildiğini söyler (100 Soruda Türk Halk Edebiyatı , s. 173). Ancak Anadolu’nun hiçbir yöresinde üç mısralık mânilere rastlanmamakta, ilk mısraı hece sayısı bakımından eksik, üç ya da dört heceli ve cinasa zemin hazırlayan mânilere kesik (cinaslı) mâni denilmektedir. Bazı mânilerle kesik mânilerin ilk mısraının başına “azizem, azizim, azziyem, men aziz, balâ, balâcan, ele mi, âşık, aşık der”, daha sık olarak da “adam aman” sözleri eklenir. Karadeniz bölgesinde iki kişinin karşılıklı olarak ikişer mısra söylemesiyle dört mısraa tamamlanan mânilere bu söyleniş özelliğinden dolayı “karşı-beri” adı verilmektedir. Bu mânilerin ikinci mısraları kafiyeli olup kafiye şeması abcb şeklindedir.
Anlam bakımından kendi içinde bir bütünlük taşıyan mânilerin birinci ve ikinci mısraları daha çok dinleyeni asıl konuya hazırlamak ve kafiyeyi oluşturmak için söylenir, bunlar “doldurma mısralar” olarak adlandırılır. Asıl maksat üçüncü ve özellikle dördüncü mısralarda dile getirilir. Üçüncü mısraın kafiye bakımından serbest oluşu mâniciye duygularını daha rahat söyleme imkânı sağlar. En güzel mâniler bütün mısraları arasında anlam ilişkisi bulunan mânilerdir.
Mâniler genellikle tek kişi tarafından söylenir. Karşılıklı söylenen ve “deyiş” adı verilen mânilerde mâni söyleyenin kimliği belirtilmez. Kars yöresinde özellikle oyun oynanırken karşılıklı söylenen mânilere “akışta”, Doğu Anadolu’da dörtlükleri arasında mâni yerleştirilmiş halk hikâyesi türkülerine “peşrevî” adı verilir. Koşma dörtlükleri arasına mâni kıtalarının yerleştirilmesine “yedekli koşma” denir. Bazı türküler mâni dörtlüklerinden oluşmuştur. Nitekim İranlı ve Azerbaycanlı Türk âşıkları türkünün her dörtlüğünden sonra genellikle cinaslı bir mâni söyler. Bu tür mâniler destan ve ağıtların sonunda da bulunur.
“Adam aman” tekerlemesiyle başlamaları ve özel bir ezgiyle okunmaları İstanbul mânilerinin önemli bir özelliğidir. İlk mısradaki tekerlemenin ardından gelen sözler mâninin kafiyesini de belirler. “Adam aman kuzusu / Çay kuru çeşme kuru / Nerden içsin kuzu su / Beni yakıp bitiren / Bir ananın kuzusu” tipik bir İstanbul mânisidir.
Mânilerin doğup şekillenmesinde tabii, sosyal ve ekonomik çevrenin büyük rolü vardır. Bazan toplumsal olaylara da yer verilmekle beraber mânilerde en çok işlenen konu aşk ve sevgidir. “Katma” adı verilen cinaslı mânilerle Kerkük hoyratlarını andıran mânilerde dinî muhtevalı söyleyişlere sıkça rastlanır. Mâniler söyleniş sebeplerine göre niyet, atışma, bekçi, davulcu, satıcı mânileri, mektup ve düğün mânileri, âşık-hikâyecilerin mânileri, laf atma kabilinden veya semâi kahvehanelerinde söylenilen cinaslı mâniler gibi birçok türe ayrılır.
Anadolu’da mâni en çok köylerde ve kadınlar tarafından söylenir. Saz şairleri ve karşılıklı atışmalar dışında erkeklerin mâni söylemesine pek rastlanmaz. Mâni söylemeye halk arasında “mâni yakmak, mâni düzmek, mâni atmak”; mâni söyleyenlere de “mânici, mâni yakıcı, mâni düzücü” denir. Mâniciler, irticâlî söyleme güçleriyle tanınan ve halk hayatının çeşitli yönlerini duygulu bir biçimde dile getiren kimselerdir. Bu özellikleriyle mâniler halk hayatını doğrudan yansıtan etkili örnekler arasında yer alır. Mâni söyleme geleneği Kerkük, Kars, Erzurum ve Ardahan’da halen devam etmektedir. Irak Türkmenleri arasında çok yaygın olması türün Kerkük dolaylarında doğup geliştiği görüşünün kanıtı olarak gösterilmektedir.
Mâniler tekke ve saz şairleri arasında da ilgi görmüş, bazı tekke ve saz şairleri bu tarz manzumeler söylemiştir. Kerkük Türkleri arasında, “Güle naz / Bülbül eyler güle naz / Girdim bir dost bağına / Ağlayan çok gülen az” mânisinin Fuzûlî’ye ait olduğu kanaati yaygındır. Tekke ve saz şairleri tarafından söylenen mânilerde birinci mısrada şairin adına ya da mahlasına yer verilir (Gölpınarlı, s. 265-270). Tâhir ile Zühre , Arzu ile Kamber , Ferhad ve Şirin gibi halk hikâyelerinde koşma-türkü yerine mâni nazım biçiminin tercih edilmesi mâninin yaygınlığını göstermesi bakımından önemlidir. Millî Edebiyat döneminde yerli-millî konu ve biçimlere yönelen bazı şairler mâni yazmayı denemişlerse de anonim mânilerdeki duyuşu dile getirmede başarılı olamamışlardır.
Mâni derleme çalışmalarına diğer halk edebiyatı ürünlerinde olduğu gibi XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında başlanmış, Anadolu’nun hemen her yöresinden derlenen mânileri içeren kitaplar yayımlanmıştır (bk. bibl.). Ancak mâni üzerinde yeterli bilimsel çalışmaların yapıldığını söylemek mümkün değildir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Yusuf Has Hâcib, Kutadgu Bilig (haz. R. Rahmeti Arat), İstanbul 1947, I, 329 (3233. beyit), 346 (3448. beyit).
I. Kunoş, Halk Edebiyatı Örnekleri: I-Mâniler , İstanbul 1339.
a.mlf., Türk Halk Edebiyatı , İstanbul 1925, s. 56-58, 170-173.
M. Fuad Köprülü, Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi (İstanbul 1926), İstanbul 1981, s. 273.
a.mlf., Anadolu Türklerinin Halk Edebiyatı: I-Mâniler , İstanbul 1928, tür.yer.
Sadettin Nüzhet [Ergun] – Mehmet Ferit [Uğur], Konya Vilâyeti Halkıyât ve Harsiyâtı , Konya 1926, s. 149-207.
Kilisli Rifat [Bilge], Mâniler , İstanbul 1928.
Ahmet Talat [Onay], Halk Şiirlerinin Şekil ve Nevi , İstanbul 1928, s. 37-47.
Vasfi Mahir [Kocatürk], En Güzel Türk Manileri , İstanbul 1933, tür.yer.
Naki Tezel, Bilmeceler ve Mâniler , Ankara 1941.
Niyazi Eset, Mukayeseli ve Neşredilmemiş Maniler , Ankara 1944.
a.mlf., Mâniler Kılavuzu , Ankara 1947.
Pertev Naili Boratav, Halk Hikâyeleri ve Halk Hikâyeciliği , İstanbul 1946, s. 169-172, 239-242.
a.mlf., 100 Soruda Türk Halk Edebiyatı , İstanbul 1992, s. 170-181.
a.mlf., “Mâni”, İA , VII, 285-288.
a.mlf., “Māni”, EI2 (İng.) , VI, 420-421.
E. Susey, Türk Halk Edebiyatı (trc. İlhan Başgöz), İstanbul 1952, s. 15-16.
İlhan Başgöz, Mânilerimizden , Ankara 1959, s. 7-12.
a.mlf., “Yayınlar Üzerine”, DTCFD , III/3 (1943), s. 333-339.
Selami Münir Yurdatap, Niyetli ve İzahlı Aşk Mânileri , İstanbul 1960.
Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı, Alevî – Bektâşî Nefesleri , İstanbul 1963, s. 265-270.
Hikmet Dizdaroğlu, Halk Şiirinde Türler , Ankara 1969, s. 51-68.
L. Sami Akalın, Türk Mânilerinden Seçmeler , İstanbul 1972, I-II.
Ata Terzibaşı, Kerkük Hoyratları ve Mânileri , İstanbul 1975.
a.mlf., “Türk Edebiyatında Mâni Biçiminin Doğuşu ve Gelişmesi”, TY , III/3-4 (1961), s. 41-43.
Azerbaycan Halk Yazını Örnekleri (der. Ehliman Ahundov, trc. Semih Tezcan), Ankara 1978, s. 141-148.
Cem Dilçin, Örneklerle Türk Şiir Bilgisi , Ankara 1983, s. 279-289.
Şerif Öktürk, Türk Mânileri Antolojisi , İstanbul 1985.
Şükrü Elçin, Türkiye Türkçesinde Mâniler , Ankara 1990.
Fahrettin Kırzıoğlu, “Halk Edebiyatı Deyimlerimiz”, TDl. , XI/128 (1962), s. 659-660.
a.mlf., “Halk Edebiyatı Deyimlerimiz-V”, a.e. , XI/130 (1962), s. 786.
Rıza Filizok, “Manilerin Tasnifi Problemi ve Manilerde ‘Değişmeyen’ Unsurlar”, TDEAD , sy. 1 (1982), s. 165-175.
Nevzat Gözaydın, “Anonim Halk Şiiri Üzerine”, TDl. , LVII/445-450 (1989), s. 3-25.
Kowalski, “Mani”, EI , V, 245-246.
Pakalın , II, 405-406.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 27. cildinde, 571-573 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.