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MANSÛR Skip to content Ebû Ca‘fer el-Mansûr Abdullāh b. Muhammed b. Alî el-Hâşimî el-Abbâsî (ö. 158/775)
Abbâsî halifesi (754-775).
7 Zilhicce 95’te (23 Ağustos 714) Humeyme’de dünyaya geldi. Doğum tarihiyle ilgili olarak 90-101 (708-719) yılları arasında değişen başka rivayetler de vardır. Babası Muhammed b. Ali el-Abbâsî, annesi Sellâme adlı bir câriyedir. Arap geleneğine uyularak iyi Arapça öğrenmesi ve sağlıklı bir genç olarak yetişmesi için çöle gönderildi. Yedi yaşına geldiğinde kabilenin diğer çocuklarıyla birlikte küttâba gitti. Ardından hadis, fıkıh, ensâb, fesahat ve belâgat dersleri aldı. Ebû Tâlib’in soyundan gelen Abdullah b. Muâviye’nin Batı İran’da başlattığı isyana katıldı. Abdullah b. Muâviye tarafından Îzec şehrine vergi tahsil etmek üzere gönderildi. Ancak Mansûr topladığı vergileri Abdullah’a göndermeyip Basra’ya kaçınca yakalanıp hapse atıldı. Bir süre sonra hapisten kurtulup Humeyme’de görevli olan kardeşi İmam İbrâhim’in yanına gitti ve halife oluncaya kadar orada kaldı. 132 (749-50) yılında Humeyme’den Kûfe’ye gelen Abbâsî ailesi fertleri arasında Ebû Ca‘fer el-Mansûr da vardı. Burada ilk Abbâsî halifesi kardeşi Ebü’l-Abbas es-Seffâh için biat aldı ve onun bütün işleriyle ilgilendi. Ebü’l-Abbas es-Seffâh tarafından Ebû Müslim-i Horasânî’den biat almak üzere Merv’e gönderildi. Ancak burada Ebû Müslim’den ilgi görmedi ve dönüşünde halifeye onu ortadan kaldırmasını tavsiye etti.
Ebü’l-Abbas, Mansûr’u Emevîler’in son Irak valisi olan Ebû Hâlid İbn Hübeyre üzerine gönderdi. Mansûr, Hasan b. Kahtabe’ye bağlı kuvvetleri de yanına alarak İbn Hübeyre’nin bulunduğu Vâsıt’ı kuşattı. Abbâsî ordusu karşısında Vâsıt’ı savunmaya devam eden İbn Hübeyre bir süre sonra Mansûr’un barış teklifini bazı şartlarla kabul ederek teslim oldu. Ancak Mansûr, halifenin ve Ebû Müslim’in baskıları sonucu eman verdiği halde İbn Hübeyre’yi öldürttü. Ardından Harran’ı kuşatan İshak b. Müslim el-Ukaylî’ye karşı sefere memur edilen Mansûr şehirde Abbâsî hâkimiyetini tekrar tesis etti. Vâsıt’ı ele geçirdikten sonra büyük itibar kazandı, el-Cezîre ve İrmîniye valiliğine getirildi (133/750-51). Bu görevi sırasında Emevî kumandanlarını kendi safına çekmeyi başardı. Aynı yıl halifenin emriyle Bizans kuşatmasına karşı Kemah’ı tahkim etti. 136 (754) yılında hac emîri oldu.
Halife Ebü’l-Abbas es-Seffâh kardeşi Mansûr’u birinci, yeğeni Îsâ b. Mûsâ’yı ikinci veliaht tayin etmişti. Mansûr Mekke’de iken Ebü’l-Abbas es-Seffâh vefat etti (136/754). Îsâ b. Mûsâ, Mansûr’a bir mektup gönderip durumu bildirdiği gibi Enbâr’da bulunan Hâşimîler’den de biat aldı. Hemen yola çıkan Mansûr’a yolda Ebû Müslim-i Horasânî ile Hâşimîler ve diğer kumandanlar biat ettiler.
Mansûr, halifeliğinin ilk yılında Abbâsîler’in kuruluşunda önemli rol oynayan amcası Abdullah b. Ali b. Abdullah ile uğraşmak zorunda kaldı. Abdullah, Mansûr’a biat etmeyi reddederek büyük bir orduyla Harran’a gitti. Mansûr onu itaat altına alma görevini Ebû Müslim’e verdi. Abdullah b. Ali, Nusaybin yakınlarında cereyan eden savaşta mağlûp oldu ve Basra’ya kaçtı (136/754), burada hapsedildiği evde vefat etti (147/764).
Abdullah b. Ali’nin isyanını bastırdıktan sonra Ebû Müslim’in giderek itibar ve kuvvet kazanmasından rahatsız olan Mansûr onu ortadan kaldırmaya karar verdi. Bir suikast düzenleyerek Ebû Müslim’i öldürttü (24 Şâban 137 / 12 Şubat 755). Bu olay üzerine Horasan’da birçok isyan ve karışıklık çıktı. Bunların başında bir Mecûsî olan Sünbâz ile İshak et-Türkî’nin isyanları gelir. Birincisi 137’de (754-55), ikincisi de 139’da (756-57) bastırıldı. Halifeyi tanrı, Ebû Müslim’i de peygamber olarak kabul eden Râvendîler’in başlattığı isyan da bastırılarak bu topluluğun tamamı kılıçtan geçirildi (141/758). Peygamberlik iddiasında bulunan Üstâzsîs’in Bâdgīs’teki isyanı da bastırıldı ve Horasan’da devlet otoritesi tesis edildi (145-151/762-768).
Halife Mansûr’u meşgul eden önemli meselelerden biri de Ali evlâdının başlattığı isyanlardır. Bunlardan Muhammed b. Abdullah el-Mehdî Medine’de halifeliğini ilân ederek halktan biat aldı (1 Receb 145 / 25 Eylül 762). İmam Mâlik’in derslerinde baskı altında meydana gelen boşamanın geçersiz olduğuna dair hadisi rivayet etmesi Mansûr’un hal‘ine hükmedip Muhammed b. Abdullah’a biatı teşvik ettiği şeklinde yorumlanmış ve bu yüzden tutuklanıp kendisine dayak atılmıştır. Mansûr, Mısır ve Suriye’den Medine’ye erzak sevkiyatını engellediği gibi Îsâ b. Mûsâ kumandasındaki orduyu da onun üzerine gönderdi. Çok çetin geçen çarpışmalar sırasında Muhammed b. Abdullah öldürüldü (Ramazan 145 / Aralık 762). Onun ölümünden kısa bir süre önce kardeşi İbrâhim Basra’da isyan edip Kûfe üzerine yürüdü. Îsâ b. Mûsâ, İbrâhim’i Bâhamrâ denilen yerde bozguna uğrattı; böylece İbrâhim de bertaraf edildi. Ermeni asıllı Bizans ordusu kumandanı Kusan’ın Erzurum’u yağmalaması üzerine Mansûr bir ordu gönderip şehri kurtardı (139/756). Diğer taraftan Mansûr, V. Konstantinos’un tahta geçmesiyle başlayan Bizans saldırılarına karşı asker sayısını arttırdı; Kafkaslar’da İslâm topraklarına giren Hazarlar’a karşı tedbir alıp müstahkem kaleler yaptırdı.
Mansûr, Endülüs’e geçerek orada bir devlet kuran (138/755-56) Abdurrahman b. Muâviye b. Hişâm’ı ortadan kaldırmak için çok uğraştıysa da başarılı olamadı ve sonunda onunla anlaşma yoluna gitti, elçiler gönderip gönlünü aldı. Kuzey Afrika’da Hâricîler isyan edip karışıklıklar çıkarınca 155 (772) yılında Yezîd b. Hâtim el-Mühellebî isyanları bastırıp Abbâsî hâkimiyetini tesis etti.
140 (758), 147 (765), 148 (766) ve 152 (769) yıllarında hacca giden Halife Mansûr 158’de (775) tekrar hacca giderken yolda rahatsızlandı ve Bi’rimeymûn denilen yerde vefat etti (6 Zilhicce 158 / 7 Ekim 775). Kabrinin belli olmaması için 100 ayrı mezar yeri kazıldı. Daha sonra Bi’rimeymûn’e yakın bir yerde veya Cennetü’l-muallâ’da defnedildi. Yerine veliaht ilân ettiği oğlu Muhammed el-Mehdî geçti.
Abbâsîler’in gerçek kurucusu sayılan Ebû Ca‘fer el-Mansûr aynı zamanda çok yönlü bir âlim ve şairdi. Araştırmaya meraklı bir kişi olup edip, şair ve âlimleri himaye ederdi. Mantık, felsefe, aritmetik, geometri, astronomi, tıp ve tarihe yakın ilgi duyardı. Akıllı ve ileri görüşlü bir hükümdar olan Mansûr güzel ahlâkıyla tanınmakla birlikte cimriliği ve para biriktirmeye düşkünlüğüyle de ünlüdür. Vefat ettiğinde hazinede 600 milyon dirhem ve 4 milyon dinar vardı. Aile fertlerine ve halka karşı çok iyi muamele ederdi. İşçi ve sanatkârların ücretlerinin hesaplanmasında çok hassas davrandığından “ebü’d-devânik” (metelik babası) ve “Mansûr ed-Devânikî” lakaplarıyla tanınmıştır. Merkezî kontrolü sağlamak için devletin siyasetini bizzat kendisi takip eder, vergi memurlarına âdil davranmalarını tembihler, berîd teşkilâtına özel önem verirdi. Hiçbir zaman vezirlerinin nüfuzu altına girmemiştir.
Halife Mansûr döneminde ilmî ve kültürel faaliyetler yoğunluk kazanmış, Sanskritçe, Süryânîce, Kıptîce ve klasik Yunanca’dan çeşitli eserler tercüme edilmiştir. Yuhannâ b. Bıtrîḳ, Muhammed b. İbrâhim el-Fezârî, Abdullah b. Mukaffa‘, Curcîs b. Cibrâîl ve Patrik Sergios gibi şahsiyetler Arapça’ya çeviriler yapmışlardır. Bu dönemde hadis, fıkıh, tefsir gibi ilimler bağımsız birer bilim dalı haline gelmiş, tedvin ve tasnif faaliyetleri hız kazanmıştır. İbn İshak meşhur eserini Mansûr’un isteği üzerine yazmış, Mufaddal ed-Dâbbî de onun arzusuyla bir şiir antolojisi hazırlamıştır. Ayrıca nahiv, aruz ve Arap diline dair çeşitli eserler kaleme alınmıştır. Aklî ve naklî ilimlerde büyük bir gelişme olmuş, bu alanlarda çok sayıda âlim yetişmiştir. Mansûr imar faaliyetleriyle de yakından ilgilenmiş, Bağdat’tan başka Hâşimiyye ve Râfika adlı şehirleri kurdurmuştur. Türkler Halife Mansûr döneminden itibaren İslâm dünyasına nüfuz etmeye başlamışlardır. Sugūr ve Avâsım bölgelerinde Türk askerleri de istihdam edilmiştir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 28. cildinde, 5-6 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.