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MANSÛR, İbn Ebû Âmir Skip to content Ebû Âmir Muhammed b. Abdillâh b. Muhammed b. Abdillâh b. Âmir b. Ebî Âmir el-Meâfirî (ö. 392/1002)
Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nin başveziri.
326’da (938) Turruş’ta doğdu. Hıristiyan kaynaklarında Almanzor olarak geçer. Yemen kökenli bir ulemâ ailesine mensuptur. Aileden Târık b. Ziyâd ile birlikte Endülüs’e ilk geçen kişi olan Abdülmelik b. Âmir el-Meâfirî, Cezîretülhadrâ bölgesinde kendisine iktâ edilen Turruş Kalesi’ne yerleşti. Zamanla kalabalıklaşan ve daha çok ilimle şöhret bulan aileden hadis ve fıkıh âlimleri, kâtiplik ve kadılık yapan idareciler çıktı. Mansûr’un dedesi Ebû Âmir Muhammed İşbîliye (Sevilla) kadılığı yapmış, babası Abdullah hadis ve fıkıh âlimi olarak tanınmıştır. Annesi Kurtuba’nın (Córdoba) nüfuzlu ailelerinden Benî Birtâl’e mensuptu.
Mansûr küçük yaşta gittiği Kurtuba’da edebiyat, hadis ve fıkıh tahsil etti. Hocaları arasında Ebû Ali el-Kālî, Ebû Bekir b. Muâviye, Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Kūtıyye gibi dönemin ünlü âlimleri bulunmaktaydı. Kurtuba başkadısının yanında kâtip olarak göreve başlayan Mansûr daha sonra Reyye (Regio) kadılığına tayin edildi. Zekâsı ve insanlarla kolayca anlaşabilmesi sayesinde kısa sürede tanınmaya başladı ve saraya girmeyi başardı. 356 (967) yılında Endülüs Emevî Halifesi II. Hakem’in veliaht olan oğlu Abdurrahman’ın mallarını yönetmekle görevlendirildi. Bu sırada hükümdarın İspanyol asıllı eşi Subh ile tanıştı, onun yakın ilgi ve desteğini kazanarak darphânenin başına getirildi. Çok geçmeden hazinenin teftişi de kendisine verildi. Bu şekildeki yükselişi ve saraydaki faaliyetleri görevini suistimal ettiğine dair şikâyetlere sebep olunca II. Hakem tarafından sorgulandı, ancak şikâyetleri haklı çıkaracak bir durum tesbit edilemedi. Bu olayın ardından sırasıyla İşbîliye ve Sebte (Ceuta) kadılıklarına tayin edildi. 359’da (970) veliaht Abdurrahman’ın ölümü üzerine II. Hakem’in hayatta kalan ve Subh’tan doğma tek oğlu olan Hişâm’ın mallarını yönetmekle görevlendirildi. 361’de (972) Kurtuba’nın asayiş ve güvenliğinden sorumlu olmak üzere sâhibü’ş-şurtati’l-vüstâ tayin edildi. Bu görevi sırasında, Fâtımîler’le mücadele etmek üzere Mağrib’de bulunan ordu kumandanı Gālib b. Abdurrahman’ın aşırı harcamalarda bulunduğuna dair şikâyetler sebebiyle halife tarafından teftiş için Mağrib’e gönderildi. Bu vesileyle kumandanlar, Berberî yöneticileri ve kabile reisleriyle yakın ilişkiler kurdu. 363’te (974) ordu ile birlikte Kurtuba’ya döndü. İki yıl sonra II. Hakem’in vefatından kısa bir süre önce veliaht olarak Hişâm’a biatın sağlanmasında önemli rol oynadı. Aynı şekilde II. Hakem vefat ettiğinde çoğunluğunu sakālibenin teşkil ettiği bir kesimin hilâfete halifenin amcası Mugīre b. Abdurrahman’ı çıkarma teşebbüsüne karşı Hişâm’ın halife ilân edilmesi için Vezir Ca‘fer b. Osman el-Mushafî ile birlikte büyük çaba harcadı.
II. Hişâm halife olunca Mushafî başvezir (hâcib), Mansûr da Subh’un desteğiyle vezir tayin edildi. Bu sırada Endülüs’teki anlaşmazlıklar ve Fâtımîler’le olan mücadele sebebiyle hıristiyan akınları artmış ve Kurtuba’yı tehdit eder hale gelmişti. Bu akınları durdurma görevi Mansûr’a verildi. Mansûr’un 366 (977) yılında Kastilya (Kaştâle) Krallığı topraklarına düzenlediği seferden muzaffer olarak ve bol ganimetle Kurtuba’ya dönmesi devlet içindeki konumunu güçlendirdi. Bu yükselişiyle Hâcib Mushafî’yi tedirgin etmekle birlikte ona saygıda kusur etmemeye büyük özen gösterdi. Mushafî ile Medînetüsâlim’in askerî valisi olan Gālib b. Abdurrahman arasındaki soğukluktan yararlanma yoluna gitti. Gālib’i yanına çekip Mushafî’yi saf dışı bırakmaya çalıştı. Bunun için 366 (977) yılında Gālib’e Mushafî’yi hâciblik için yeterli görmediğini söyledi. Ardından Gālib’in kızı ile evlenerek onunla akrabalık bağı kurdu. Bir yıl sonra hıristiyanlara yönelik ikinci ve kayınpederiyle birlikte çıktığı üçüncü seferden de galibiyetle ve bol miktarda ganimetle dönmesi onu daha da güçlendirdi. Kurtuba’ya sâhibü’l-medîne olarak tayin edildi. Çok geçmeden “zü’l-vizâreteyn” unvanıyla taltif edildi. Mushafî’nin azledilmesi üzerine II. Hişâm tarafından hâcibliğe getirildi.
Mansûr hâcib olduktan sonra II. Hişâm’ı tamamen kontrolü altına aldı. Onun Medînetüzzehrâ’da vaktini eğlenceyle geçirmesini sağlayarak devlet işlerine karışmasına engel oldu. Devlet işlerinde müstakil kalmak için Vâdilkebîr (Guadalquivir) nehrinin kenarında Medînetüzzâhire adıyla Medînetüzzehrâ’ya benzer yeni bir şehir kurdurdu ve bütün devlet dairelerini oraya taşıdı. Ardından vilâyetlere mektuplar yollayarak bundan böyle vergilerin yeni merkeze gönderilmesini istedi. Diğer taraftan vezirliği sırasında orduda başladığı yenileştirme çalışmalarını sürdürdü. Bu çerçevede Berberîler’den ve aralarında Leonlu, Kastilyalı ve Navarralılar’ın bulunduğu kuzeyli hıristiyanlardan müteşekkil güçlü bir ordu kurdu. Kabile sistemine göre orduda görev yapan Arap birliklerini kabile düzenini dikkate almaksızın yeni ordu içinde dağıttı. Ayrıca daha önce III. Abdurrahman tarafından oluşturulan ve yalnız sakālibeden meydana gelen saray muhafızlarının gücünü büyük ölçüde sınırladı. Askerî iktâ sisteminin bırakılıp maaşlı askerî sisteme geçildiğinden yeni ordu Endülüs’ten çok iktidara bağlı bir ordu haline geldi. Ancak bu icraatlar Kurtuba’da bazı ciddi rahatsızlıklara sebep oldu. Kurtuba’nın önde gelen ailelerinin, fakihlerin, şairlerin ve sakālibenin de içinde yer aldığı muhalefet cephesi, Emevî sarayını Mansûr’dan kurtarmak için II. Hişâm’ı öldürüp yerine III. Abdurrahman’ın torunu Abdurrahman b. Ubeydullah’ı tahta çıkarmak üzere bir suikast düzenledi, ancak başarılı olamadı. Bu arada felsefeyle ilgilenmenin halk arasında “sapıklık” olarak kabul edildiği Kurtuba’da bazı fakihler tarafından hâcibin felsefeye merak sardığı haberlerinin yayılması üzerine Mansûr, söylentilerin asılsız olduğunu ispatlamak için II. Hakem tarafından zenginleştirilen saray kütüphanesinde mevcut, fakihler tarafından zararlı kabul edilen bütün eserleri imha ettirdi.
İbn Ebû Âmir el-Mansûr’un yönetimde tek adam olmaya yönelik politikası kayın pederi Gālib’i de muhalefet safına itti. Emevî sülâlesine son derece sadık olan bu ünlü kumandan, sakālibenin gücünün azaltılması ile birlikte özellikle II. Hişâm’ın saraya kapatılarak devlet işlerinden uzaklaştırılması üzerine Emevî hânedanını yıkmaya çalışmakla suçladığı damadı Mansûr’a karşı kendisini halifenin haklarının koruyucusu ilân etti. Bu durum, iki tarafı 371 (981) yılında Şentvecent (San Vicente) Kalesi yakınında savaş alanında karşı karşıya getirdi. Daha çok sınır bölgesi birliklerinden oluşan Gālib’in ordusu, Kuzey Afrika’dan yeni getirilen Berberî birlikleriyle desteklenen Mansûr’un ordusu karşısında başlangıçta başarılı olduysa da Gālib’in atından düşerek ölmesi üzerine bozguna uğramaktan kurtulamadı. Mansûr bu olayın hemen ardından çıktığı Liyûn (Leon) seferinden de büyük bir zaferle dönünce Endülüs’te ilk defa olmak üzere “el-Mansûr-Billâh” unvanını aldı ve saray âmiri oldu (371/981). Kendi adına para bastırdığı gibi cuma hutbelerinde halifenin adıyla birlikte onun ismi de zikredilmeye başlandı. Hatta bu gelişmeler sonucunda elde ettiği fiilî hükümdarlık konumunun kendisinde halifeliğini ilân etme düşüncesini doğurduğu, ancak bunun için istişarede bulunduğu İbn Zerb, İbnü’l-Mekvî, Usaylî gibi fakihlerle İbn Ayyâş ve İbn Futays gibi vezirlerden çoğunun muhalefet etmesi üzerine bundan vazgeçtiği rivayet edilmektedir.
Mansûr’un dış politikasında ağırlık merkezini Endülüs’e yönelik olarak kuzeyde hıristiyan krallıklarından, güneyde (Mağrib’de) Şiî Fâtımîler’den kaynaklanan tehditlerin bertaraf edilmesi oluşturmuştur. Mansûr Endülüs’ün kuzeyinde bulunan Kastilya, Leon ve Navarra (Neberre) krallıklarının hükmettikleri topraklara elliden fazla sefer düzenledi ve bunların hepsinden galip çıktı. Bu seferlerle, söz konusu prensliklerin III. Abdurrahman döneminden beri Kurtuba’ya olan bağımlılıklarını pekiştirdiği gibi zaman zaman kendi politikasına uygun prenslerin tahta oturmasını sağlamak suretiyle onların iç işlerine müdahale etme gücünü de elde etti. Mağrib’de ise III. Abdurrahman ve II. Hakem’in siyasetini aynen sürdürdü. Bunun için Fâtımîler’e karşı Emevî yanlısı mahallî Berberî hânedanlarını destekledi. 381 (991) yılında oğlu Abdülmelik lehine hâciblikten feragat eden Mansûr 386’da (996) hükümdarlara mahsus “es-Seyyid el-Melikü’l-Kerîm” lakabını aldı. Bir yıl sonra da oğlu Abdülmelik b. Mansûr’un Fas’a girmesi bölgedeki Endülüs Emevî nüfuzunu daha da pekiştirdi. İbn Ebû Âmir el-Mansûr, Kastilya üzerine düzenlediği elli ikinci seferinden dönerken Medînetüsâlim’de hastalandı ve kısa süre sonra vefat etti. Torunu Abdülazîz b. Abdurrahman mülûkü’t-tavâiften biri olan Âmirîler’in kurucusudur.
Mansûr’un müstebit ve hedefine varmak için her yolu mubah gören bir kişiliğe sahip olduğu şeklinde değerlendirmeler yapılmış olmakla birlikte onun zamanında Endülüs’te III. Abdurrahman’la başlayıp II. Hakem’le devam eden istikrar ve gelişmenin sürdürüldüğü görülmektedir. Bu başarıda Ebû Mervân İbn Şüheyd, Muhammed b. Cehver, İbn Ayyâş, İbn Hudayr ve Ahmed b. Hazm gibi dönemin en yetenekli idarecileriyle birlikte çalışmasının önemli rolü vardı. Yeni bir saltanat şehri olarak Medînetüzzâhire’nin inşası, Kurtuba Ulucamii’nin genişletilmesi, Belyûneş’te bahçeler içinde bir saray ve sahilde bir kale inşası, Vâdilkebîr üzerindeki Romalılar döneminden kalma büyük köprünün restore edilmesi, yeni yollar ve köprüler yapılması onun döneminde gerçekleştirilen belli başlı imar faaliyetleridir. Sefere çıkmadığı zamanlarda düzenlediği haftalık ilim meclislerine dönemin ünlü bilginleri katılırdı. Sefere çıkarken yanında şairlerin ve tarihçilerin bulunmasına özen gösterirdi; nitekim 980 yılında çıktığı Kastilya seferi esnasında beraberinde kırk bir şair ve tarihçinin bulunduğu kaydedilmektedir. İbn Derrâc ve Ebü’l-Mugīre İbn Hazm onun himaye ettiği şairlerdendir. Felsefeye olan merakı bilinmekle birlikte fakihlerin tepkisini çekmemek için bu alandan uzak dururdu. Döneminde matematik ve astronomi öğrenimi yaygınlaşmış, Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Mecrîtî astronomi alanındaki orijinal çalışmalarını onun zamanında gerçekleştirmiştir. Özel hekimi, İbnü’l-Heysem diye tanınan Abdurrahman b. İshak müshiller ve genel tıp konuları üzerine eserler kaleme almıştır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 28. cildinde, 6-8 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.