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MANTRAN, Robert Skip to content (1917-1999)
Osmanlı ve İslâm tarihi uzmanı.
19 Ocak 1917 tarihinde Paris’te doğdu. Orta öğrenimini Paris’te Condercet Lisesi’nde tamamladı. Sorbonne Üniversitesi’nde tarih-coğrafya öğrenimi gördü, ayrıca Ecole des Langues Orientales Vivantes’tan diploma aldı (1945). Burada Fransız Türkologu Jean Deny’nin öğrencisi oldu. Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes’de Jean Sauvaget’nin derslerini takip etti. Onun Bizans araştırmalarından Osmanlı tarihi alanına kaymasında Jean Sauvaget’nin önemli etkisi olmuştur.
Mantran 1939 yılında silâh altına alındı ve 1940’ta yapılan savaşlarda gösterdiği başarıdan ötürü savaş madalyasıyla ödüllendirildi. Alman işgali sırasında direniş hareketi içinde Paris’in kurtarılması eylemine katıldı. II. Dünya Savaşı’nın sonlarına doğru yakın arkadaşı Nikita Elisséeff ile birlikte Şam Fransız Araştırmaları Enstitüsü’nde görevlendirildi. Burada bulunan hocası Sauvaget, Ömer Lutfi Barkan tarafından yayımlanan Kanunlar ’ın (İstanbul 1943) Suriye ile ilgili bölümlerini Fransızca’ya çevirmeye başlamıştı. Bu çalışma ortaklaşa yürütüldü ve hocasının ölümü üzerine Règlements fiscaux ottomans: Les provinces syriennes (Beyrouth 1951) adıyla kendisi tarafından bitirilerek bastırıldı. Mantran Şam’dan Beyrut’a geçti. Burada bir süre kaldıktan sonra İstanbul’a gitti. Jean Deny, öğrencisine Türkiye’de M. Fuad Köprülü ve Adnan Adıvar’ı görmesini tavsiye etmişti. Bunların dışında Selim Nüzhet Gerçek, Sabri Esat Siyavuşgil, M. Tayyip Gökbilgin, Mehmet Cavit Baysun ve Ömer Lutfi Barkan gibi Türk bilim adamlarıyla tanıştı ve dostluk kurdu. Özellikle Ömer Lutfi Barkan onun için bir yol gösterici oldu.
İstanbul Fransız Arkeoloji Enstitüsü’nde burslu olarak görevli bulunan Mantran aynı zamanda Galatasaray Lisesi’nde de öğretmenlik yapıyordu. 1946 ve 1947 yıllarında Bursa’ya yaptığı iki gezi buradaki kitâbelerin derlenmesine fırsat vermiş oldu. Önce Bursa’nın Arapça kitâbelerini derledi ve bunları açıklamalarla Fransızca’ya çevirdi. Ardından Bursa’nın Türkçe kitâbelerini topladı ve yayımladı. Mantran’ın bu çabası büyük bir anlam taşımaktadır. Çünkü alışılageldiği üzere o zamana kadar Arapça kitâbelerin derlenmesine öncelik verildiği halde Türkçe kitâbeler ihmal ediliyordu. Halbuki II. Meşrutiyet döneminde giderek güçlenen, İslâm sanatından bağımsız bir Türk sanatının var olduğu görüşü özellikle Mimar Kemâleddin Bey tarafından savunulmuş ve Albert-Louis Gabriel bu görüşü temel bir tez olarak kabul etmişti. Mantran da bu görüşü benimsemiştir.
Öte yandan Mantran, İstanbul kütüphanelerinde ve özellikle Başvekâlet Arşivi’nde (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi) çalışmalarını sürdürdü. 1949 Eylül-Ekim aylarında kısa bir süre İstanbul’da bulunan hocası Sauvaget, XVII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı İstanbul’u için paha biçilmez bir kaynak olan Evliya Çelebi seyahatnâmesinden yola çıkarak Türk ve Fransız arşivlerinin, yabancı seyahatnâmelerin ışığında yapılacak bir araştırmanın esasları üzerine öğrencisine bazı tavsiyelerde bulundu. Bu arada Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) kadrolarında görevlendirilmesi Mantran’ın kendisini tamamen bilimsel araştırmalara vermesini sağladı. 1952’de Histoire de la Turquie (1952) yayımlandı. Bunu La Turquie (1955) başlıklı kitabı izledi. 1959’da Paris’te basılan siyah-beyaz resimlerle bezenmiş Trésors de la Turquie başlıklı eserin giriş bölümünü Michel de Saint-Pierre kaleme almış, diğer bütün açıklamalar ve notlar Mantran tarafından yazılmıştır.
Mantran, 1955-1961 yılları arasında Tunus’ta görevlendirilen Mantran, Tunus Üniversitesi’nin yeniden yapılanmasında önemli rol oynadığı gibi Edebiyat Fakültesi ve Yüksek Öğretmen Okulu’nda da ders verdi. Tunuslu genç bilim adamlarının yetişmesinde önemli görevler üstlendi. Bunların Türk arşivlerinde çalışmasını destekledi. Ayrıca Osmanlı Devleti’nin Tunus’ta ve Kuzey Afrika’daki varlığını konu alan arşiv belgelerine dayalı pek çok özgün araştırmaya imza attı. Tunus’ta Darel Bey’de bulunan Türkçe belgelerin bir dökümünü hazırladı (Tunus-Paris, 1961) ve bunu doktora tezi olarak sundu. Devlet doktorasını da 1962’de tamamladı ve 9 Mart 1963’te Sorbonne’da savundu. Tez İstanbul dans la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle. Essai d’histoire institutionnelle, économique et sociale başlığını taşıyordu. Bu çalışma Fernand Braudel tarafından yönetilmiş ve üstün takdir derecesiyle kabul edilmiştir. Mantran, Evliya Çelebi seyahatnâmesiyle Osman Nuri Ergin’in Mecelle-i Umûr-ı Belediyye ’si, Türk, Fransız, Venedik arşiv kaynaklarıyla seyahatnâmelerden yola çıkarak XVII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında İstanbul’un kurumsal, ekonomik ve toplumsal tarihini ortaya koymuş oldu. Onun bu çalışması, 1970’ten sonra giderek hız kazanan şehir tarihçiliğinin gelişmesine önemli katkıda bulunmuş ve bir model işlevi görmüştür.
Mantran’ın İstanbul üzerindeki araştırmaları bu eseriyle sınırlı kalmadı. İstanbul’u değişik açılardan ele alan araştırmaları süreli yayınlarda, armağan kitaplarında ve kongre bildirilerinde yayımlandı. Bu çalışmaların bir bölümü Variorum Reprints dizisinde yer aldı (l’Empire ottoman du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle , Londra 1984). Öte yandan Mantran, Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman ve halefleri döneminde İstanbul’un günlük yaşamını ele alan daha geniş okuyucu kitlesine yönelik bir eser de hazırladı (La vie quotidienne à Constantinople au temps de Soliman le magnifique et ses successeurs , Paris 1965, 1990). Bunların yanında Fayard yayınevinin başlattığı “Dünyanın Büyük Şehirleri” dizisi bağlamında İstanbul’un tarihini bir bütün olarak işleyen eseriyle de bu konuda son sözünü söylemiş oldu (Paris 1996). Yer yer görsel malzemeyle desteklenmiş olan İstanbul’un tarihi, efsanelerle örülmüş dönemlerden başlayarak Bizans ve Osmanlı yüzyıllarını içine almakta ve şehrin tarihî gelişimi 1950 yılına kadar uzanmaktadır.
1960’tan sonra İslâm araştırmalarının önemli bir merkezi haline gelmeye başlayan Aix-en-Provence’a davet edilince Tunus’tan ayrılan Mantran burada Türk Dili ve Uygarlığı Kürsüsü’nü kurdu (1961) ve emekli oluncaya kadar (1985) bu şehirde kaldı; Paris’ten gelen çağrıları geri çevirdi; emekli olduktan sonra da Provence Üniversitesi’ndeki derslerini sürdürdü. 24 Eylül 1999’da burada öldü.
Mantran, uluslararası düzeyde birçok bilimsel kuruluşun akademik ve idarî kadrosunda görev almıştır. Aynı zamanda Türk Tarih Kurumu’nun şeref üyesiydi. 1992 yılından beri Encyclopédie de l’Islam ’ın (EI2 ) yönetim kurulunda yer alıyordu. UNESCO’nun da danışmanları arasındaydı. 1990’da Fransa Enstitüsü’ne bağlı Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres üyeliğine seçilmişti. Kendisine Légion d’Honneur ve Palmes Académiques nişanları verilmişti.
Mantran, Aix-en-Provence’da İslâm araştırmalarının yönlendirilmesinde de önemli rol oynadı. Buradaki Science Politiques’te Ortadoğu üzerine dersler verdi. Ayrıca Batı İslâm ve Akdeniz dünyasına yönelik bir derginin (Revue de l’occident musulman et de la Méditerranée ) çıkarılmasına katkıda bulundu. Öte yandan Akdeniz Afrikası’na dair araştırmalar yapan bir enstitünün (Centre de Recherche sur l’Afrique Méditerranéenne [IREMAM]) müdürlüğünü de yürütüyordu. İslâm tarihi ve dünyasını kapsayan çabaları iki önemli eserin ortaya çıkmasını sağlamıştır. Bunlardan biri Maurice Flory ile birlikte yaptıkları ortak çalışmadır ve günümüzdeki Arap ülkelerinin siyasî sistemlerini incelemektedir (Les politiques des pays arabes , Paris 1968). Diğer çalışması İslâm tarihinin başlangıcına kadar gitmekte ve VII-XI. yüzyıllardaki yayılma sürecini ele almaktadır (L’expansion musulmane, VIIe -XIe siècles , Paris 1969). Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique’in yayımladığı ortak bir çalışmanın ürünü olan L’Egypte au XIXe siècle (Paris 1982) başlıklı esere olan katkısını İslâm tarihi araştırmalarının bir uzantısı olarak değerlendirmek gerekir.
Fransız Türkologlarının ortak çabalarıyla hazırlanan Histoire de l’Empire Ottoman ’ın (Paris 1989) editörlüğünü de Mantran üstlendi. Eserin yazılış gerekçesini açıklayan önsözle XVII. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti, XVIII. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti üzerinde Avrupa baskısı ve Doğu sorununun başlangıcı (1774-1839) gibi bölümler onun tarafından yazılmıştır. Eser Türkçe’ye (Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Tarihi , I-II, İstanbul 1999) ve İtalyanca’ya çevrilmiştir. Mantran’ın belli başlı eserleri ve birçok makalesi de Türkçe’ye tercüme edilmiştir (17. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısında İstanbul , trc. Mehmet Ali Kılıçbay – Enver Özcan, I-II, Ankara 1986; Ankara 1990; XVI-XVIII. Yüzyıllarda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu , trc. Mehmet Ali Kılıçbay, İstanbul 1995).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Jean-Louis Bacqué-Grammont, “Travaux turcologiques français”, Turcica , VII, Paris 1975, s. 288-291.
Server Tanilli, “Robert Mantran’la Söyleşi”, TT , sy. 15 (1985), s. 44-45.
a.mlf., “Robert Mantran’ın Arkasından”, Cumhuriyet , İstanbul 1 Ekim 1999.
Abdülcelil Temimi, “Curriculum Vitae du Professeur Robert Mantran”, Mecelletü’t-târîḫiyyeti’l-Maġribiyye , sy. 47-48, Tunus 1987, s. 9-15.
G. Veinstein, “In memoriam Robert Mantran (1917-1999)”, Turcica , XXXII (2000), s. 5-6.
R. Deguilhem, “In memoriam Robert Mantran (1917-1999)”, TSAB , XXIV/2 (2000), s. 130-133.
A. Raymond, “Obituaire: Robert Mantran (1917-1999)”, Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée , sy. 89-90, Aix-en-Provence 2000, s. 376-382.
Zeki Arıkan, “Turkoloji Araştırmalarının Büyük Kaybı Prof. Dr. Robert Mantran (1917-1999)”, Osm.Ar. , XXI (2001), s. 11-30.
“Mantran, Robert”, ABr. , XXII, 10.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 28. cildinde, 30-31 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.