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MARAZ-ı MEVT Skip to content Kişinin edâ ehliyetini kısıtlayan ölüm hastalığı anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “ölüm hastalığı” demek olan maraz-ı mevt (marazü’l-mevt ) örfte ve fıkıh literatüründe, tıbben ve hayat tecrübelerine göre ölümcül olan ve araya sıhhat hali girmeden ölümle sonuçlanan hastalığın adıdır. Böyle bir hastalığın kişiyi diğer zamanlarda ve normal şartlarda yönelmeyeceği veya yürürlüğe koymayacağı bazı hukukî işlemleri yapmaya sevkedebileceği düşünülerek fıkıh doktrininde ölüm hastasının hukukî tasarrufları iç irade-dış irade uyuşmazlığı, akidlerde kasıt ve sâikin rolü, hacir, hakkın kötüye kullanımı, fıkıh usulünde ehliyet ve sedd-i zerâi‘ gibi açılardan ele alınmış, bunun sonucu olarak da vâris ve alacaklıların haklarına ilişen hukukî işlemler açısından edâ ehliyetine bazı kısıtlamalar getirilmesi gündeme gelmiştir.
Ölümle ilişkisi olmaksızın tek başına hastalık, kişiyi bedenen ve ruhen etkilese de iradeyi sakatlayan bir durum olmadıkça kural olarak edâ ehliyetine tesir etmez; Allah ve kul haklarını düşürmez. Ayakta namaz kılamayacak kadar hasta olan kimsenin namazını oturarak veya ima ile kılabilmesi, oruç tutmaya gücü yetmeyenin orucunu kazâya bırakabilmesi, hac ibadetinde hastalar için sağlanan kolaylıklar, kudret şartına bağlı dinî yükümlülüklerde hastalığın ruhsat sebebi sayılması sebebiyledir. Ölümle sonuçlanan hastalığın vücûb (hak) ehliyetini olmasa da edâ (fiil) ehliyetini etkilemesi ve kısıtlamanın haklı bir sebebi görülmesi ise bundan farklı bir durumdur. Burada ölüm hastalığının kişinin iradesini ve bilincini zayıflatacağı ve yaptığı işlemleri bu sebeple sakat hale getireceği noktasından değil, kişinin böyle bir durumda irade ve akid hürriyetini normal zamandakinden farklı olarak üçüncü şahıslara beklenmedik bir yarar veya zarar getirecek şekilde kullanabileceği ve bu esnadaki irade beyanının gerçek iradesini ve durumu yansıtmayabileceği tezinden hareket edilir. Ölüm hastasının ehliyetinin belli tür işlemler açısından kısıtlanması görüşünde olanlar böyle bir ihtimale ve ilgili şahısların haklarını korumaya öncelik verirken karşı görüş sahipleri, akid ve irade hürriyetiyle ilgili genel ilkeleri ve objektif ölçütleri işletmeye öncelik vermişlerdir. Fıkıh mezheplerinin akidlerde ve hukukî işlemlerde sâik ve niyete mi yoksa dışa akseden irade beyanına mı öncelik verileceği konusundaki eğilimleri de ölüm hastasının tasarruflarının hükmünü belirleyici olmuştur. Mâlikîler ve onlara yakın biçimde Hanbelîler’in birinci, belli ölçüde Hanefîler’in, bir ileri boyutta Şâfiîler’in ve İmâmiyye’nin ikinci eğilimde olduğu, Zâhirîler’in ise bu ikinci eğilimin öncüsü durumunda bulunduğu görülür.
Şartları. Bir hastalığın ölüm hastalığı sayılabilmesi için onun hastanın ölümüne sebep teşkil etmesi ve hastanın bu hastalığın sonunda ölmesi yeterli olsa da fakihler konuyu kişinin edâ ehliyeti, hastayı hukukî işlem yapmaya sevkeden sâik açısından ele aldığı için klasik fıkıh literatüründe ölüm hastalığı “ölüme yol açan” değil “ölümle sonuçlanan” hastalık şeklinde tanımlanmış ve ölüm hastalığının tanıtımında hastanın ölüm korkusu ve kanaati içinde olmasına özel bir vurgu yapılmıştır (Serahsî, VI, 168; XII, 97; XX, 84; Kâsânî, VII, 224, 371; İbn Kudâme, IV, 406; VI, 193, 202-203; X, 370; Osman b. Ali ez-Zeylaî, II, 250; VI, 196; Şemseddin er-Remlî, VI, 60-61). Ölüm hastalığının tanımında hastanın öleceği kanaat veya korkusu içinde bulunması kaydı konunun kişinin edâ ehliyeti açısından ele alınması sebebiyledir. Hastalığın galiben ölümle sonuçlanması, hastanın tek başına günlük ihtiyaçlarını gidermekten ve ibadetlerini ifadan âciz olması gibi şartlardan söz edenler hem hastalığın tanımına objektif bir ölçüt getirmeyi hem de hastanın bu ruh halini açıklamayı hedeflerler. Hastanın yatağa bağımlı olması ise genelde aranmaz (Bedreddin Simâvî, II, 238; el-Fetâva’l-Hindiyye , IV, 176, 402; İbn Âbidîn, III, 384-385; Mecelle , md. 1595). Öte yandan ölümcül ve korkutucu olmakla birlikte ölümle sonuçlanmayan, hastanın iyileştiği hastalıklar da bu gruba girmez. Fakihlerin çoğunluğu hastalık süresiyle ilgili bir kayıt ileri sürmezken bazıları hastalığın bir seneyi aşmamasını şart koşmaktadır. Bu görüş Mecelle ’de de benimsenmiştir (md. 1595).
Ölüm hastalığının ehliyeti kısıtlayan bir hal olarak görülmesinin asıl gerekçesi, hastanın irade beyanını iç iradesine ve gerçek duruma uygun biçimde kullanmama ihtimali olduğundan ölüm hastalığının tanımında hastanın galiben ölüm korkusu/kanaati içinde bulunması önemli bir unsur olarak yer alır (Kâsânî, III, 224). Buna göre hastalık cinsinden olmasa bile ölüm korkusunun yaşandığı ve ekseriyetle ölüme götüren durumlar da kıyas yoluyla ölüm hastalığı hükmünde kabul edilmiştir. Daha güçlü veya denk bir kişiyle düello veya kavga, savaşa iştirak, ölüme mahkûmiyet, yırtıcı hayvanların pençesine düşmek, gemi parçalandıktan sonra denize atılmak böyle görülmüşse de bunların hangi şartlarda ve ne tür işlemler açısından ölüm hastalığı sayılacağı fakihler arasında tartışmalı kalmıştır (a.g.e. , III, 224; İbn Kudâme, VI, 204-206; İbn Âbidîn, III, 385-386). Meselâ Zâhiriyye ve İmâmiyye fakihleri genelde buna katılmaz; çoğunluğun kanaatinin aksine Mâlikîler fırtına varken deniz yolculuğuna çıkmayı, Hanefîler de ölüm tehlikesi bulunması halinde savaşa katılmayı, esir düşmeyi ve zindana atılmayı ölüm hastalığı hükmünde kabul etmezler. Hamileliği dahi ölüm hastalığı hükmünde gören fakihler vardır. Bir hastalık veya durumun ne derece ölüm riski taşıdığı içinde bulunulan şartlarla, teknik ve tıbbî gelişmelerle de yakından alâkalı olduğundan klasik dönem fakihlerinin ölüm hastalığı hükmünde kabul ettiği birçok durum bugün aynı hükme tâbi olmazken zamanımızda ortaya çıkan bazı yeni durumlar ise ölüm hastalığı hükmünde kabul edilebilir.
Hukukî İşlemlere Etkisi. Zâhiriyye mezhebi ve bazı İmâmiyye fakihleri hariç İslâm hukukçularının çoğunluğu, ölüm hastalığında ve bu hükümde olan durumlarda kişinin alacaklı ve vârislerinin haklarını ihlâl edecek şekilde bazı işlemler yapabileceğini göz önüne alıp bu durumdaki kimsenin bir kısım tasarruflarının kısıtlanması gerektiğini bir tedbir olarak ileri sürmüşlerdir. Ancak korunması gereken hakkın mahiyetindeki değişkenlik ve hastanın bir başkasına zarar verme niyetine muttali olma imkânının zorluğu sebebiyle bu konuda genel bir kısıtlama getirmek yerine hukukî işlem türüne göre hastanın edâ ehliyetine kısıtlama getirme yolu tercih edilmiştir.
İvazlı Akidler. Ölüm hastası kural olarak ticaretten, satım, kira vb. ivazlı akidleri yapmaktan menedilemez. Çünkü ivazlı akitler, asıl itibariyle tek taraflı kâr veya zarar sağlayan değil karşılıklar arası dengenin bulunduğu akidler grubunu ifade eder. Ancak bu akidlerin geçerliliği genellikle alacaklıya ve vârise zarar vermemesi ve aldanmanın bulunmaması şartlarına bağlanmıştır. Ölüm hastasının satım akdi malını vârise veya üçüncü şahsa satması, değer bedeliyle veya düşük bedelle satması, borçlu olup olmaması gibi durumlara göre farklı hükümler alır. Borçsuz ölüm hastası malını yabancı birine değer bedelle veya az aldanma ile (gabn-i yesîr) sattığında bunda bir sakınca yoktur. Düşük bedelle satışı bir başkasına borcu bulunduğu halde yaptıysa ve borcu da bütün mallarını kapsayacak kadar çoksa hak sahibi olan alacaklıların ölüm hastasının malları üzerinde hacr hakkı doğar; satış ancak alacaklıların icâzetiyle geçerli hale gelir. Ancak borcu azsa malını değer kıymetiyle veya gabn-i yesîr ile satması geçerlidir. Çünkü ölüm hastasının da malının üçte biri kadar vasiyet ve teberruda bulunma hakkı vardır. Vârislerden birine malını değer bedeliyle satsa cumhura göre bu satış câiz, Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre ise ithama yol açacağı gerekçesiyle fâsiddir. Ancak diğer vârisler bu satışı onaylarsa câiz olacağında herkes müttefiktir. Eğer hasta değer kıymetinden daha düşük bir fiyatla vârise satış yaparsa bu akid şeklen satım akdi ise de gerçekte teberru sayıldığından geçerli olmaz. Fakat diğer vârisler bu akdi onaylarsa bu durumda haklarından vazgeçmiş ve haklarını düşürmüş olacaklarından akid geçerlilik kazanır. Hanefîler’e göre menfaatler mal sayılmadığı, dolayısıyla miras olarak bırakılmadığı ve esasen kira akdi ölümle de sona ereceği için ölüm hastası malını düşük değerle kiraya verebilir. Cumhura göre ise menfaat mal sayıldığından icâre akdi satım hükümlerine tâbidir.
Teberru Akidleri. Kişinin bir başkasına yarar sağlama veya zarar verme niyeti öncelikli olarak teberru akidleri yoluyla gerçekleşir. Bunun için de ölüm hastasının teberru grubunda yer alan veya bu mahiyette olan tasarrufları ayrı bir dikkat konusudur. Borcu mal varlığına denk veya onu aşmış olan hastanın gerek vârise gerek yabancı birine yapmış olduğu hibe, vakıf, vasiyet gibi teberru maksatlı tasarrufu geçerli olmaz ve alacaklılara bu tür tasarrufların iptalini talep hakkı tanınır (Mecelle , md. 880). Hastanın borçluyu ibrâ etmesinin veya alacaklılardan yalnız birine olan borcunun ödemesinin câiz görülmeyişi de alacaklıların hukukunu koruma düşüncesine dayanır. Hasta iken aldığı malın bedelini veya borç aldığı meblâğı ödemesi ise bu mahiyette olmadığından geçerli sayılmıştır (a.g.e. , md. 1604). Aynı şekilde vârisi bulunmayan hastanın terikenin borçtan fazla olan kısmını teberru etmesi, başka vârisi bulunmayan karı ve kocanın mallarını birbirlerine hibeleri de sahihtir (a.g.e. , md. 877, 878). Çünkü burada hakkı ihlâl edilen bir vâris ve alacaklı bulunmamaktadır. Terikenin borçtan fazla olması durumunda alacaklılar için bir zarar bahis mevzuu olmamakla beraber yabancılara teberruda bulunması vârisleri zarara uğratacağından, hastanın hibe ve vakıf gibi teberru maksatlı tasarruflarından mal varlığının üçte birini aşan kısmı vasiyete kıyas edilerek ancak mirasçılarının rızasıyla geçerli sayılmıştır. Terikenin borçtan fazla olması halinde hasta, vârislerden birine teberruda bulunursa bunun geçerliliği diğer vârislerin izin veya icâzetine bağlıdır (a.g.e. , md. 879). Hastanın vârisin borç veya alacağına kefil olması durumunda da hüküm aynıdır (a.g.e. , md. 1605).
İkrar. Hastanın, vârislerinden birine veya bir üçüncü şahsa bir mal (ayn) veya borç (deyn) ikrarında bulunması halinde Zâhiriyye, İbâzıyye mezhepleriyle bazı İmâmiyye fakihleri, hasta ile sağlıklı kişinin ikrarı arasında fark gözetmeyerek bu ikrarı geçerli sayarken fakihlerin çoğunluğu, diğer vârislerin ve alacaklıların haklarını korumaya öncelik vermek maksadıyla bazı kayıt ve kısıtlamalar getirmiştir. Meselâ borçsuz hasta yabancı bir şahıs lehine borç ikrarında bulunmuşsa İbn Ömer’den gelen bir haberi esas alan cumhur bu ikrarı onun bütün malı hakkında geçerli kabul ederken Hanbelîler kıyası işletip ikrarı sadece malının üçte biri hakkında geçerli sayarlar. Eğer hasta borçlu olduğu halde bir yabancı lehine borç ikrarında bulunmuşsa Hanefîler bu ikrarın sıhhatini kabul eder, ancak hastalık halinde ikrar edilen borcun sağlıklı iken sabit olan borçlardan sonra ödeneceğini söylerler. Şâfiîler ve İmâmiyye ödeme önceliği bakımından iki borç arasında bir fark gözetmez. Hastanın malı hem sağlıklı hem hasta iken ikrar edilen borçları karşılıyorsa Hanbelîler’in görüşü de böyledir. Mâlikîler ise böyle bir ikrarı töhmet ve şâibeden uzak olması halinde sahih sayarlar. Vârislerden biri lehine yapılan ikrarın mal (ayn) veya borç (deyn) ikrarı olmasına, vârisin mirasçılık vasfını ne zaman kazandığına, ikrar edilen borcun beyyine ile ispat edilip edilmemesine göre farklı hükümler vardır. Fakihlerin ortak amacı hastanın vârislerinden birine olan gerçek borcunu ikrar etmesine imkân tanımak, fakat bu yolla bir vârise özel bir yarar sağlamanın ve vârisler arasında ayırımcılık yapmasının da önüne geçmek olmakla birlikte yöntem ve öncelik farklılıkları bu konuda farklı görüşlere ve çözüm önerilerine yol açmıştır. Hastanın bir kadının kendi zevcesi olduğunu ikrar etmesini Hanefîler, İmâmiyye ve Hanbelîler’den bir grup sahih kabul ederken diğerleri konuyu vâris lehine ikrarda bulunma çerçevesinde değerlendirmişlerdir. Hastanın zevcesi lehine mehir ikrarını Mâlikîler töhmetle bağlantılı olarak değerlendirirken cumhur mehr-i misl sınırındaki ikrarın sahih olduğu görüşündedir.
Evlenme ve Boşanma. Ölüm hastasının evlenmesi, yabancı bir kadını mirasçı ve mehir alacaklısı yaparak vârislere zarar verme kastıyla da olabileceğinden fakihler arasında tartışma konusu olmuş, çoğunluk böyle bir ihtimali değil dışa vurulan irade beyanını esas alarak mehr-i misille yapılan böyle bir evliliği sahih görmüş, aralarında miras hükümlerinin cereyan edeceğini söylemiştir. Mehr-i misli aşan kısmın ödenmesi vârislerin rızâsına bağlıdır. İmam Mâlik’e göre ise burada artık kastın esas alınması gerekir, onun için de bu nikâh fâsiddir; aralarında miras hükümleri cereyan etmez. Ölüm hastasının boşaması gerçek boşama iradesiyle yapılmış olabileceği gibi eşini mirastan mahrum etmek maksadıyla da yapılmış olabilir. Bu ikinci durumu hayli yüksek bir ihtimal olarak gören fakihler, eşini boşayan hastanın talâkını geçerli kabul etmişse de boşama hakkını kötüye kullanmasını önleyici bazı tedbirler getirmeye çalışmışlardır. Buna göre, meselâ hasta karısını ric‘î talâkla boşar ve iddet içinde vefat ederse kadın kocasına mirasçı olur. Boşama bâin talâkla yapılmışsa cumhura göre iddeti içinde, Hanbelîler’e göre başka birisiyle evlenmedikçe, Mâlikîler’e göre ise iddeti sona ersin veya ermesin, iddet sonrasında evlensin veya evlenmesin kocasına mirasçı olur.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 28. cildinde, 39-41 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.