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MARÇAIS, William Skip to content (1872-1956)
Fransız şarkiyatçısı ve Arap dil bilimi uzmanı, koloni yöneticisi.
6 Kasım 1872’de Fransa’nın Ille-et-Vilaine bölgesindeki Rennes’de doğdu. Breton asıllıdır. Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes’in onun doğumuyla ilgili olarak verdiği 1874 tarihi yanlış olup daha sonra Marçais hakkındaki pek çok eserde bu yanlış tekrarlanmıştır (meselâ bk. Necîb el-Akīkī, I, 251; Abdurrahman Bedevî, s. 380; Abdülhamîd Sâlih Hamdân, s. 199). İlk ve orta öğrenimini doğduğu şehirde gördükten sonra hukuk tahsil etmek için Rennes Üniversitesi’ne girdi. Ancak mezuniyetinin ardından özellikle Ernest Renan’ın eserlerini okuması üzerine Sâmî dillere yöneldi. 1894’te Paris’e gitti, Hartwig Derenbourg ve Octave Houdas’ın yanında Arapça, Türkçe ve Farsça öğrendi; Arapça’nın lehçeleri özellikle ilgisini çekti. Bu dönemde Thiers Vakfı’na kabul edildi; üç yıl boyunca çalışmalarını bu vakfın desteğiyle sürdürdü. 1898’de Des parents et alliés successibles en droit musulman başlıklı teziyle doktorasını verdi. Aynı yıl Fransız işgali altındaki Cezayir’in Tilimsân şehrinde sadece müslüman çocuklarının okuduğu Tilimsân Medresesi’nin müdürlüğüne tayin edildi. Burada aynı zamanda Tilimsân Müzesi’nin organizasyonuyla ilgilendi ve 1906’da müzenin bir katalogunu hazırladı. 1904’te Cezayir Medresesi müdürlüğüne, 1909’da Cezayirliler’in eğitiminden sorumlu genel müfettişliğe getirildi. 1913’te Tunus’ta bulunan Arap Dili ve Edebiyatı Yüksek Okulu’nun müdürlüğüne tayin edildi. 1916’da Paris’e dönerek Ecole des Langues Orientales Vivantes’de halk Arapça’sı öğretti; 1920’de aynı okulun halk Arapça’sı kürsüsünün profesörlüğüne yükseldi. 1927’de College de France’da profesörlüğe tayin edildi ve Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres’e üye seçildi. 1929’da Louis Massignon ve M. Gaudefroy-Demombynes ile birlikte l’Institut des Etudes Islamiques de l’Académie de Paris’nin kuruluşunda yer aldı ve 1942 yılına kadar başkanlığını yaptı. Aynı yıl emekliye ayrılan William Marçais makale yazmaya, ilmî toplantılarda tebliğ sunmaya ve çeşitli kuruluşlarda çalışmalarına devam etti. 1 Ekim 1956’da Paris’te öldü. Ailesinde yetişen diğer şarkiyatçılar arasında kardeşi Georges Marçais (ö. 1962) ve oğlu Philippe Marçais (ö. 1984) bulunur. Talebeleri içinde Regis Blachère, Muhammed Hamîdullah, Muhammed Tayyib Okiç, Hâdî-Roger İdrîs, Marius Canard sayılabilir. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres yanında Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, Société Archéologique de Département de Constantine ve Société de Linguistique de Paris’nin üyesiydi.
l’Institut d’Etudes Islamiques de l’Université de Paris tarafından Mélanges offerts à William Marçais başlıklı bir eser hazırlanmış (Paris 1950), La Nouvelle Clio ’nun VII, VIII ve IX. ciltleri Mélanges Christian Courtois et William Marçais adıyla yayımlanmıştır (Bruxelles 1958). Institut de France’a bağlı Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres tarafından 22 Kasım 1957’de Marçais’yi anma toplantısı düzenlenmiş, bu toplantıda sunulan bildiriler kitap haline getirilmiştir (Notice sur la vie et les travaux de William Marçais , Paris 1957). 29 Eylül 1999’da UNESCO ve l’Institut du Monde Arabe iş birliğiyle Paris’te William ve Georges Marçais kardeşleri anma toplantısı yapılmış, buradaki tebliğler de Deux savants passionnés du Maghreb: William et Georges Marçais başlığıyla neşredilmiştir (Paris 1999).
Kariyerinin başında Cezayir’deki Fransız sömürge yönetiminin hizmetine giren William Marçais’nin en önemli görevi, hem Kuzey Afrika’da bulunduğu dönemde hem Fransa’ya döndükten sonra, bu yörelerde özellikle siyasal ve kültürel alanda gücü elinde tutan etkin bir aydın grubu ve sömürge seçkinlerini yetiştirmek olarak belirtilir (Perrin, s. 364, 368). Müslümanların hayatında hadislerin etkin rolünü farkeden Marçais’nin çalışmalarında bu alan önemli bir yer tutar. Buhârî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’ini hocası Houdas ile birlikte Fransızca’ya tercüme ederken müslüman Kuzey Afrika’yı Fransızca konuşan dünyanın bir parçası haline getirmek gibi bir amaç güttüğü söylenebilir. Farklı bölgelerde konuşulan Arapça’nın lehçelerini kaydederek bunları kalıcı hale getirme yönünde önemli çalışmalar yürütmüş, bu çerçevede Tilimsân, Tanca ve Tekrûne bölgelerindeki lehçeler hakkında kitaplar telif etmiştir. Ayrıca İslâm şehirlerinin yapısıyla ilgili Batı’da yürütülen çalışmaların ilk temsilcilerinden olan William ve Georges Marçais kardeşlerin eserleri bu konudaki çalışmalara uzun yıllar yön vermiştir. William Marçais, “L’islamisme et la vie urbaine” başlıklı makalesinde İslâm’ın esasen bir şehir dini olduğu ve merkezini şehrin oluşturduğu bir medeniyet ortaya koyduğu fikrini savunmuştur. Ona göre cuma namazlarının şehrin en büyük camisinde kılınması da İslâm’da şehir hayatının zorunluluğunun bir göstergesidir. William Marçais’nin 1920 ve 1930’lu yıllarda ileri sürdüğü, 1940’lı yıllarda kardeşi Georges tarafından geliştirilen fikirler daha sonra gelen bazı araştırmacılar tarafından da benimsenmiştir (Nezar Alsayyad, XXII/2 [1996], s. 91 vd.). Marçais “La diglossie arabe” başlıklı yazısında Batı’da “dialect” ve “vernacular”, Arapça’da “fusha” ve “ammî” (Kuzey Afrika’da “dâriga”/“dârice”) denilen konuşma ve yazı dili arasındaki farkı incelemiştir. Mauro Fernandez, dilde böyle ikili durumları ifade eden “diglossie” terimini Arapça için kullanan ilk Arap dil bilimcisinin Marçais olduğunu söyler.
Eserleri. Telif. 1. Des parents et alliés successibles en droit musulman (Rennes 1898). 2. Le dialecte arabe parlé à Tlemcen: grammaire, textes et glossaire (Paris 1902). 3. Les monuments arabes de Tlemcen: Ouvrage publié sous les auspices du gouvernement général de l’Algerie (Paris 1903, Georges Marçais ile birlikte). Tilimsân’da tarihî eser niteliğindeki cami, medrese ve kubbeler hakkında olup bunların plan ve tezyinatıyla ilgili çok sayıda gravür içerir. 4. La musée de Tlemcen (Paris 1906). 5. Le dialecte arabe des Ulâd Brahîm de Saîda (Département d’Oran) (Paris 1908). Vehrân (Oran) bölgesinde konuşulan Arap lehçesiyle ilgili olup daha önce basılan makalelerin gözden geçirilerek yayımlanmış şeklidir. 6. Histoire et historiens de l’Algérie (Paris 1931). Revue historique dergisinin Collection du Centenaire de l’Algérie 1830-1930 koleksiyonundan çıkan eserde William ve Georges Marçais kardeşlerin yanı sıra J. Alazard, E. Albertini, A. Bel, F. Braudel, G. Esquer, E. F. Gautier, E. Leblanc, P. Martino, M. Morand, M. Reygasse, Ch. Taillart, G. Yver ve J. Zeiller gibi şarkiyatçıların Fransa’nın Kuzey Afrika’yı işgaliyle ilgili dönemin Fransız sömürge mantığını aksettiren yazıları bulunmaktadır. 7. Comment l’Afrique du nord a été arabisée (Alger 1941). 8. Articles et conférences: Avant-propos de Georges Marçais (Paris 1961). 9. Textes arabes de Takrouna: II glossaire: contribution à l’étude du vocabulaire arabe (I-VIII, Paris 1958-1961, Abderrahman Guiga ile birlikte). William Marçais’nin vefatından sonra yayımlanmış Tekrûne bölgesinde konuşulan Arapça’nın sözlüğüdür. Marçais’nin makale ve tebliğlerinden derlenen eser Alfred Merlin, Marius Canard ve Henri Terrasse’nin editörlüğünde kardeşi Georges Marçais’nin önsözüyle birlikte neşredilmiştir.
Makale. Çok sayıda makale, konferans metni, ansiklopedi maddesi kaleme alan William Marçais’nin makalelerinden bazıları şunlardır: “Quelques observations sur le texte du ‘Kitâb el-Buḫalâʾ’ (le livre des avares) d’El-Gâhiz” (Mélanges René Basset [Paris 1925], II, 431-461); “Les origines de la prose littéraire arabe” (RAfr. , LXVIII [1927], s. 15-28); “L’islamisme et la vie urbaine” (Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres , 72/1 [1928], s. 86-100; Articles et conférences , s. 59-68); “La diglossie arabe. La langue arabe dans l’Afrique du nord. L’arabe écrit et l’arabe parlé dans l’enseignement sécondaire” (Revue pédagogique , CIV/12 [Paris 1930], s. 401-409; CV/1 [1931], s. 20-39; CV/2 [1931], s. 121-133); “Un siècle de recherches sur le passé de l’Algérie musulmane” (Histoire et historiens de l’Algérie [Paris 1931], s. 139-175); “Trois textes arabes d’El-Hâmma de Gabès” (Jellouli Farè`s ile birlikte, JA , 218 [avril-juin 1931], s. 193-247; 221 [octobre-décembre 1932], s. 193-270; 223 [juillet-septembre 1933], s. 1-88); “Comment l’Afrique du nord a été arabisée. I. L’arabisation des villes” (Annales de l’Institut d’études orientales d’Alger , IV [1938], s. 1-21); “La femme dans les mille et une nuits” (Revue de la Méditerranée , nr. 41 [1951], s. 3-17); “Nouvelles observations sur l’euphémisme dans les parlers maghrébins” (Mélanges Isidore Lévy , Bruxelles 1955, s. 331-398).
Tercüme ve Neşir. 1. Les traditions islamiques (I-II, Paris 1893-1897). Buhârî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’inin Fransızca tercümesi olan eserin ilk iki cildini müellif O. Houdas ile birlikte, III ve IV. ciltlerini O. Houdas tek başına tercüme etmiştir (Paris 1907-1914). Çok sayıda baskısı yapılan çeviri Corentin Pabiot tarafından gözden geçirilerek Arapça metinle birlikte Le Sahîh al-Bukhârî başlığıyla tekrar yayımlanmış (I-IV, Paris 2007), çevirinin bir muhtasarı Abderrazak Mahri ve Corentin Pabiot editörlüğünde L’abrégé de “L’authentique” d’al-Bukhârî başlığıyla neşredilmiştir (Paris 1911). Tercümeyi yetersiz, yer yer yanlış ve eksik bulan Muhammed Hamîdullah bir çalışmasında bunları ortaya koymuştur (el-Bokhari, les traditions islamiques [tome-5]. Introduction et notes correctives de la traduction française de Octave Houdas et William Marçais [Paris 1401/1981]). 2. Le “Taqrib” de En-Nawawi, traduit de l’arabe et annoté (Paris 1902). Nevevî’nin et-Taḳrîb ve’t-teysîr li-maʿrifeti süneni’l-beşîr adlı eserinin Fransızca tercümesi olup müellifin daha önce yayımlanmış makalelerinden derlenmiştir. 3. le Coran, choix de sourates, dont l’histoire de Joseph (Georges Marçais ile birlikte, Alger, ts. [la Maison des livres]). Yûsuf sûresinin Kazimirski tarafından Fransızca’ya tercümesinin notlarla birlikte neşridir. 4. Précis de linguistique sémitique (Paris 1910). Carl Brockelmann’a ait Semitische Sprachwissenschaften adlı eserin (Leipzig 1906) M. Cohen ile birlikte Fransızca’ya çevirisidir. 5. Textes arabes de Tanger: transcription, traduction annotée, glossaire (Paris 1911). 6. Textes arabes de Takrouna: I transcription, traduction annotée, glossaire (Paris 1925, Abderrahman Guiga ile birlikte). 7. Abdullah b. Muhammed et-Ticânî, Riḥletü’t-Ticânî (Tunus 1345/1926-27). 8. “Le Dīwān d’Aws b. Hagar: Traduction partielle” (Arabica , XXIV/2 [1977], s. 109-137). Evs b. Hacer divanının kısmî tercümesi olan çalışma Marçais’nin ölümünden sonra G. Lecomte’un girişiyle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (eserlerinin bir listesi için bk. Deverdun, s. 152-155; Mélanges , s. IX-XIII; Deux savants passionnés du Maghreb , s. 44-54).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
William Marçais, “L’islamisme et la vie urbaine”, Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres , LXXII/1 (1928), s. 86-100; a.mlf., “La diglossie arabe. La langue arabe dans l’Afrique du nord. L’arabe écrit et l’arabe parlé dans l’enseignement sécondaire”, Revue pédagogique , CIV/12 (Paris 1930), s. 401-409; CV/1 (1931), s. 20-39; CV/2 (1931), s. 121-133; Necîb el-Akīkī, el-Müsteşriḳūn , Kahire 1980, I, 251-252; Abdurrahman Bedevî, Mevsûʿatü’l-müsteşriḳīn , Beyrut 1984, s. 380; M. Fernandez, Diglossia: A Comprehensive Bibliography, 1960-1990 , Amsterdam-Philadelphia 1993, s. 254; Abdülhamîd Sâlih Hamdân, Ṭabaḳātü’l-müsteşriḳīn , [baskı yeri ve tarihi yok] (Mektebetü Medbûlî), s. 199-200; Deux savants passionnés du Maghreb: William et Georges Marçais (haz. E. Cortet v.dğr.), Paris 1999; Alain Messaoudi, “Marçais William (Rennes, 1872 – Paris, 1956)”, Dictionnaire des orientalistes de langue française (ed. F. Pouillon), Paris 2008, s. 642-643; a.mlf., “Deux savants orientalistes dans l’Algérie coloniale: William et Georges Marçais”, Histoire de l’Algérie à la période coloniale: 1830-1962 (ed. Abderrahmane Bouchène v.dğr.), Paris-Alger 2012, s. 282-286; M. Gaudefroy-Demombynes, “William Marçais (1874-1956)”, Arabica , III, Leiden 1956, s. 245-247; Charles-Edmond Perrin, “Eloge funèbre de M. William Marçais, membre ordinaire”, Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres , C/3 (1956), s. 363-368; A. Merlin, “Notice sur la vie et les travaux de M. William Marçais membre de l’Académie”, a.e. , CI/4 (1957), s. 402-411; H. Terrasse, “William Marçais (1872-1956)”, Héspéris , XLIV, Paris 1957, s. 7-20; G. Deverdun, “Travaux de William Marçais (Complément)”, a.e. , s. 152-155; M. Canard, “William Marçais (1872-1956)”, RAfr. , CI (1957), s. 427-432; Ch. P., “William Marçais (1872-1956) et Georges Marçais (1876-1962)”, Revue archéologique , II (Paris 1962), s. 81-84; Nezar Alsayyad, “The Study of Islamic Urbanism: An Historiographic Essay”, Built Environment , XXII/2 (1996), s. 91-97.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 195-196 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.