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MÂZENDERÂNÎ Skip to content Şeyh Abdullāh b. Muhammed Nasîr Gîlânî Mâzenderânî Necefî (1840-1912)
İran Meşrutiyet Hareketi’ne büyük destek sağlayan Şiî müctehidi.
Günümüzde adı Âmül olan Barforûs’ta doğdu. İlk eğitimini İran’da aldıktan sonra erken yaşta Şiî ulemâsından öğrenim görmek üzere Irak’a gitti. Önce Kerbelâ’da Zeynelâbidîn Mâzenderânî ve Şeyh Hasan Erdekânî’den ders aldı, ardından hayatını geçireceği Necef’e yerleşti. Burada Mehdî Kâşifülgıtâ ve Molla Muhammed Îrevânî’den ders okudu, Şeyh Habîbullah Restî’nin önde gelen talebesi ve halefi oldu. Hocası hayatta iken ders vermeye başladı, onun 1895’te vefatından sonra takipçilerinin büyük bir kısmı kendisine bağlandı. Irak’ta Şiîler’in önemli dinî merkezleri olan Necef, Kerbelâ ve Kâzımeyn gibi şehirlerde Gîlânî ve Mâzenderânîler tarafından merci-i taklîd kabul edildi. Kısa süre içinde şöhrete kavuştu. Meşrutiyet hareketi başladığında Necef’in en büyük müctehidi mevkiindeydi.
Mâzenderânî Meşrutiyet’i başından beri destekledi; Ahund Molla Horasânî ve Mirza Hüseyin Halîlî Tahrânî ile birlikte Meşrutiyetçi müctehidler üçlüsünü teşkil etti. Bunların Necef’teki faaliyetleri, hareketin Tahran’daki önderleri olan Abdullah b. İsmâil Bihbehânî ile Seyyid Muhammed Tabâtabâî’nin çalışmalarını destekledi. Osmanlı topraklarında bulunmanın sağladığı nisbî bir dokunulmazlıktan faydalanan Mâzenderânî ve arkadaşları İran’a Meşrutiyetçiler’e destek olan ve onların muhaliflerini dine ihanetle suçlayan çok sayıda telgraf gönderdiler. Bu faaliyetleri Meşrutiyet’e dinî bir destek sağlamış ve halkın bu harekete katılmasında etkili olmuştur.
İran’daki bazı hadiselerde tesirli olmalarına rağmen Mâzenderânî ve arkadaşlarının Necef’teki mevkileri başlangıçta zayıftı. Rakipleri olan Seyyid Kâzım Yezdî’nin liderliğini yaptığı Meşrutiyet muhalifleri hem Osmanlı idarecileri hem Necef’teki Arap Şiîleri tarafından destekleniyordu. Bu muhalif grup kendilerine yönelik bir saldırı ihtimaliyle Mâzenderânî, Horasânî ve Tahrânî’nin cemaatle namazlara katılmakta tereddüt göstermelerine sebep olacak derecede güçlenmişti (Mehdî Melikzâde, III, 69-70; Ahmed-i Kesrevî, s. 294, 382). Buna rağmen Mâzenderânî ve meslektaşları çalışmalarını sürdürmüş, Meşrutiyet’in doğru anlamı ve uygulanması hususunda yol gösterici telgraflar göndermişlerdir (Ahmed-i Kesrevî, s. 411). Ekim 1907’de meclis, anayasa ekine yasamanın şeriata uygun olması gerektiğine dair bir madde koyduğunda Mâzenderânî ile Horasânî, dinsizliğin yayılmasını yasaklayacak bir maddenin daha eklenmesini teklif eden bir telgraf yolladılar (Mehdî Melikzâde, III, 90; Ahmed-i Kesrevî, s. 411).
1908 baharında Şeyh Fazlullah Nûrî, İslâm’a aykırı olduğu gerekçesiyle Meşrutiyet idaresine karşı açıkça muhalefet etmeye başladığında Mâzenderânî ve Ahund Molla Horasânî, Tahran’daki meslektaşlarına Nûrî’yi fesatçı olarak niteleyen bir telgraf göndermiş, onun muhalefete yapacağı katkıların dine aykırı olacağını belirtmişlerdi (Mehdî Melikzâde, III, 167; Ahmed-i Kesrevî, s. 286-287; Mehdî Kulî Han Hidâyet, s. 164). Ayrıca Fazlullah Nûrî ile aynı görüşlere sahip bir müctehid olan Mirza Hasan Tebrîzî’yi de şeriatın bütün kurallarının uygulanmasını istemesi sebebiyle eleştirdiler. Şeriatın bütün unsurları ile tatbiki için gāib imamın dönüşünün beklenmesi gerektiğini ve bir meclis kurulmasının bu sürede kaçınılmaz olarak güç kazanan kötülüğü azaltmak için zaruri olduğunu söylediler (Ahmed-i Kesrevî, s. 286-287).
Haziran 1908’de meclisin kapatılması ve anayasanın ilgasının ardından İran’daki Meşrutiyetçi ulemâ susturulunca Mâzenderânî ve Necef’teki meslektaşlarının önemi arttı. Gerçekten onların fetva ve açıklamaları ile Tebriz’deki silâhlı direniş, ilgasından bir yıl sonra anayasanın geri gelmesini sağladı. Kraliyet birliklerinin meclise saldırmak için toplandığı kendilerine haber verilince Mâzenderânî ve Horasânî biri Meşrutiyetçiler’in anayasaya desteklerinin devam etmesini, diğeri, kraliyet birliklerine hitaben anayasaya karşı her türlü faaliyetin gāib imama karşı savaş açmaya eşit olduğunu bildiren iki telgraf gönderdiler (Mehdî Melikzâde, V, 29; Ahmed-i Kesrevî, s. 645).
Muhammed Ali Şah, 19 Haziran’da meclisi kapatmasındaki asıl sebebin din ve gerçek anayasa hakkındaki endişeleri olduğunu ifade eden bir telgraf yolladığında Mâzenderânî ve arkadaşları buna cevap vererek şahın sorumluluklarını yerine getirip kendisini kanun ve anayasa ile bağlı kabul etmesini talep ettiler (Mehdî Melikzâde, III, 30-32; Yahyâ Devletâbâdî, II, 358-365; Ahmed-i Kesrevî, s. 617).
Tahran’da meclis kapatılırken İstanbul’da II. Meşrutiyet ilân edilmişti. Bu gelişme Mâzenderânî ile Necef’teki diğer Meşrutiyetçi ulemânın mevkiini güçlendirdi. Seyyid Kâzım Yezdî gözden düşerken Osmanlı Devleti ile Mâzenderânî arasında ilişkiler kuruldu. Mâzenderânî ve arkadaşlarının, İran anayasasının yeniden tesisi için Eylül 1908’de Sultan II. Abdülhamid’in müdahalede bulunması yönünde çalıştıkları anlaşılmaktadır (Abdulhadi Hairi, s. 164-165). Bu arada İngiliz diplomatik temsilcileriyle de bir sonuç vermeyen bazı irtibatları oldu (a.g.e. , s. 166). Daha önemli bir bağlantı ise Necef ile, Osmanlı başşehrindeki Meşrutiyet taraftarı İranlılar’ın bir teşkilâtı olan Encümen-i Saâdet arasında meydana geldi. Mâzenderânî ve Horasânî’nin çok sayıda basılıp dağıtılan fetva ve açıklamaları İran’a, özellikle de Tebriz’e Encümen-i Saâdet vasıtasıyla gönderildi. Necef ve İstanbul arasındaki bu ilişki, Esedullah Memekânî’nin müctehidlerin temsilcisi olarak İstanbul’a gitmesiyle daha da güçlendi (Mehdî Melikzâde, V, 105; Yahyâ Devletâbâdî, II, 369-370).
Tebriz’deki direnişi destekleyen Mâzenderânî ve arkadaşları bir defa daha Meşrutiyet’e düşmanlığı gāib imama karşı savaşa benzetmiş, Kerbelâ olayına işaret ederek Muhammed Ali Şah’a itaatin Emevî Halifesi I. Yezîd’e itaate denk olduğunu ve şah taraftarı güçlerin Tebriz’i abluka altına almasının Hz. Hüseyin’in Kerbelâ’da konakladığı yere yapılan hücumlarla aynı şey sayıldığını ilân etmişlerdi (Mehdî Melikzâde, IV, 174-175; Yahyâ Devletâbâdî, II, 367-368; Ahmed-i Kesrevî, s. 729-730). Daha sonra şahın devrilmesi için çağrıda bulunarak ve halkı vergi ödemekten menederek hedeflerini daha açık şekilde ortaya koydular (Ahmed-i Kesrevî, s. 730; Zahîrüddevle, s. 403).
Temmuz 1909’da İsfahan, Gîlân ve diğer merkezlerden ilerleyen meşrutiyetçi kuvvetler Tahran’ı ele geçirip şahı tahttan indirince Mâzenderânî ve meslektaşlarına bir teşekkür telgrafı gönderildi. Yeniden açılan meclisin ilk oturumunda da şükran duyguları dile getirildi. Ancak Mâzenderânî ve Ahund Molla Horasânî’nin ilk mecliste dikkatini çeken dine aykırı eğilimler tekrar ortaya çıktı. Bunun üzerine Haziran 1910’da Nâsır-ı Mülk’e gönderdikleri bir telgrafta ateizme ve siyasî otoritelerin dine aykırı davranışlarına karşı müdahalede bulunulmamasını protesto ettiler (Abdulhadi Hairi, s. 224).
İngiltere’nin ve özellikle Rusya’nın giderek artan saldırgan tutumları İran’ın anayasal düzenine ciddi bir tehdit oluşturmaya başlayınca Mâzenderânî ve Ahund Molla Horasânî dikkatlerini dış tehlikeye çevirdiler. Güney İran’da İngiliz idaresi altında güvenliği sağlama bahanesiyle kuvvet oluşturma niyetini açıklayan bir İngiliz muhtırasını protesto edip Rus mallarını boykota çağıran fetvalar verdiler. Osmanlılar’la İranlılar’ı birlikte harekete davet etmek ve Osmanlı sultanının önderliğinde bağımsız son iki müslüman devleti korumak için daha önce sessiz kalan ulemâ ile bir araya geldiler. Temmuz 1911’de Ruslar’ın İran’ı işgal edip Muhammed Ali Şah’ı tekrar tahta çıkarmaya çalışmaları İtalyanlar’ın Libya’ya saldırısı ile aynı zamana rastlamıştı. Mâzenderânî ve arkadaşları, her iki işgali de kınayarak Sultan Mehmed Reşad’ı cihada çağıran ve İslâm dünyasının diğer bölgelerini dayanışmaya davet eden telgraflar gönderdiler (Nizâmeddinzâde, s. 144-145, 204-205, 221-226; Abdulhadi Hairi, s. 232). Yalnız fetva vermekle yetinmeyen Mâzenderânî ve ulemâ Ruslar’a karşı bizzat cihad etmek için yola çıktı; fakat önce Ahund Molla Horasânî’nin âni vefatı, ardından Tahran ulemâsı ve İran hükümetinden geri dönmeleri hususunda gelen telgraflar üzerine Kâzımeyn’den ileri gidemediler.
Mâzenderânî 4 Zilhicce 1330 (14 Kasım 1912) tarihinde Necef’te vefat ettiğinde siyasî hedefleri büyük ölçüde gerçekleşmemiş olsa da Meşrutî yönetim (Ca‘ferî mezhebine göre çıkarılan kanunların siyasî iktidarın hâkimiyetini sınırlaması), özgürlük ve eşitlik gibi modern siyasî kavramların Şiî ulemâsı tarafından anlaşılması büyük ölçüde sağlanmıştı (Nâzımülislâm Kirmânî, s. 238-240). Mâzenderânî aynı zamanda, uzun yıllar etkisi sürecek olan Necef ulemâsının İran siyaseti üzerindeki dinî yorumlarını miras bırakmıştır.
Birçok beyannâmesinin yanı sıra Mâzenderânî, bazı temel dinî yükümlülükler üzerine Ühbetü’l-ʿibâd fî yevmi’l-meʿâd adlı Arapça bir eser (Bağdad 1327; Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, eẕ-Ẕerîʿa , II, 482) ve fıkıhla kelâm sahalarında yayımlanmamış bazı risâleler kaleme almıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
E. G. Browne, The Persian Revolution of 1905-1909 , Cambridge 1910, s. 262, 421-422.
Nizâmeddinzâde, Hücûm-i Rûs be-Îrân ve İḳdâmât-ı Rüʾesâ-yi Dîn der Ḥıfẓ-ı Îrân , Bağdad 1330/1912, s. 144-145, 204-205, 221-226.
Tebrîzî, Reyḥânetü’l-edeb , V, 146.
Mehdî Melikzâde, Târîḫ-i İnḳılâb-ı Meşrûṭiyet-i Îrân , Tahran 1330/1951, III, 30-32, 69-70, 90, 167; IV, 174-175; V, 29, 105, 111-113; VI, 95.
Yahyâ Devletâbâdî, Târîḫ-i Muʿâṣır yâ Ḥayât-ı Yaḥyâ , Tahran 1331 hş./1952, II, 358-365, 367-370; III, 32.
Ahmed-i Kesrevî, Târîḫ-i Meşrûṭâ-yi Îrân , Tahran 1340 hş., s. 286-287, 294, 382, 411, 617, 645, 729-730.
Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, Ṭabaḳātü aʿlâmi’ş-Şîʿa , Necef 1381/1962, I, 1219-1220.
a.mlf., eẕ-Ẕerîʿa ilâ teṣânîfi’ş-Şîʿa , Beyrut 1403/1983, II, 482.
Muhammed Hırzüddin, Maʿârifü’r-ricâl , Necef 1383/1964, II, 18-20.
Mehdî Kulî Han Hidâyet, Ḫâtırât ve Ḳatrât , Tahran 1344 hş./1965, s. 164.
Nâzımülislâm Kirmânî, Târîḫ-i Bîdârî-i Îrâniyân (nşr. Ali Ekber Saîdî Sîrcânî), Tahran 1346 hş./1967, s. 239-240.
İsmâil Râîn, Ḥuḳūḳ-bigîrân-i İngilîs der Îrân , Tahran 1347 hş./1968, s. 439-440.
Zahîrüddevle, Esnâd ve Ḫâtırât (nşr. Îrec Efşâr), Tahran 1351 hş./1972, s. 387-389, 403.
Hamid Algar, “The Oppositional Role of the Ulema in Twentieth Century Iran”, Scholars, Saints and Sufis (ed. N. R. Keddie), Berkeley-Los Angeles 1972, s. 233, 238.
a.mlf., “ʿAbdallāh Māzandarānī”, EIr. , I, 200-202.
Abdulhadi Hairi, Shi’ism and Constitutionalism in Iran (doktora tezi, 1973), McGill University, s. 164-166, 224, 232.
“Senedî ez ʿAbdullāh Mâzenderânî ve Muḥammed Kâẓım-i Ḫorasânî”, Vâḥid , I (1342-43/1963-64), s. 69.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 28. cildinde, 190-192 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.