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MECLİS Skip to content
Sözlükte “oturmak” anlamındaki cülûs kökünden türetilmiş bir mekân ismi olan meclis (çoğulu mecâlis ) oturumun yapıldığı yeri ifade eder, bir kelimeyle tamlama halinde kullanıldığında ise (ilim meclisi, zikir meclisi, tartışma meclisi, sohbet meclisi vb.) oturumun amacı, türü veya niteliği belirtilmiş olur. Daire şeklinde oturulduğundan meclislere halka da (halaka ) (ilim halkası, zikir halkası) denilmiştir. Meclis kelimesi, Hz. Peygamber’den itibaren daha çok mescidlerde yapılan dersler için kullanılmıştır. Bununla beraber onun mescidinde zikir ve ilim gibi farklı meclislerin bulunduğu da rivayet edilir. Öğretici olarak gönderildiğini söyleyen Resûl-i Ekrem her iki meclisi de takdir etmekle birlikte ilim halkasında oturmayı tercih etmiştir (Dârimî, “Muḳaddime”, 32; İbn Mâce, “Muḳaddime”, 17).
İlim meclisleri meclis-i Resûlillâh, meclis-i Saîd b. Müseyyeb, meclis-i Şa‘bî gibi hocanın adıyla anılmıştır. Hadis dersleri için daha çok “meclisü’l-ilim” ifadesi kullanılmış, Kur’an meclislerine “meclisü’s-seb‘”, genel olarak bir ilim dalının öğretildiği meclislere “meclisü’t-tedrîs”, camilerdeki konuşmalara “meclisü’l-va‘z”, daha çok kelâm ve felsefe konuları üzerinde tartışmaların yapıldığı meclislere “meclisü’n-nazar” (meclisü’l-münâzara) adı verilmiştir. Abbâsî halifeleri bu sonuncu meclislere özel bir önem vermişler, bazıları saraylarda yapılan münazara meclislerine katılmışlardır (C. Zeydân, V, 280-282). İlim meclislerinde öğrencilere nakledilen hadislerin veya okutulan ders ve kitapların yazdırılması usulüne “imlâ” denildiğinden bu şekilde telif edilen eserler genellikle “emâlî” diye anıldığı gibi derslerden her birine meclis denmesi sebebiyle de bu telifler “meclis, mecâlis, mücâlese” adlarıyla da anılmıştır. Ayrıca devlet ricâli veya büyük âlimlerin huzurunda düzenlenen meclislerde yapılan sohbet ve tartışmaları (muhâdara) ihtiva eden kitap türüne de “muhâdarât” (mecâlis) denilmiştir.
Saraylarda edebiyat, mûsiki ve diğer konularda meclisler kurulmuştur. İbnü’l-Cevzî eserinde Mansûr Camii’nde nahivcilerin ders meclislerinden söz eder (el-Muntaẓam , IX, 165). Âlimlerin biyografilerinde çok defa hangi camide, hangi ilim halkasında görevli olduğu belirtilir (İbn Kādî Şühbe, II, 277). Nuaymî, Cemâlü’l-eimme’den bahsederken onun camide büyük bir halkasının bulunduğunu, burada Kur’an, fıkıh ve nahiv dersleri verdiğini söyler (ed-Dâris fî târîḫi’l-medâris , I, 203). Hangi ilim dalı olursa olsun halka açık derslere “meclisü âm” adı verilmiştir. Ayrıca İsmâilî dâîlerce yapılan ve daha çok mezhebin felsefesini ortaya koyan davet konferansları ve bunların bir araya getirildiği kitaplar mecâlis olarak tanınır. Bu mezhebin filozoflarından biri olan Müeyyed-Fiddîn’in meclislerini kapsayan el-Mecâlisü’l-Müʾeyyediyye ’si 800 konferansı içerir. İlim meclisleri, modern üniversitelerin doğuş sürecinde medrese öncesi bir öğretim tarzı olarak kabul edilir (Makdisi, s. 10 vd.). Hadis kaynaklarında düzgün bir kıyafetle güzel kokular sürünerek meclise gelmek, selâm vermek, bulduğu boş yere oturmak, ön tarafa geçmek için insanları rahatsız etmemek, gizlice konuşmamak, çirkin sözlerden kaçınmak, konuşulan gizli şeyleri meclis dışına taşımamak gibi meclislerin âdâbıyla ilgili birçok rivayet yer almaktadır. İlim ve fazilet ehli yanında yaşlı kimselerle idareci konumundaki kişiler için ayağa kalkmak, halkaları genişletmek suretiyle onlara yer vermek Kur’an’ın da emrettiği bir nezaket kuralıdır (el-Mücâdile 58/11). Hz. Peygamber meclisleri günahlardan salim olanlar, iyiliği emredip kötülükten vazgeçirmeye çalışanlar ve helâk edenler olmak üzere üçe ayırmış (Müsned , III, 75), iyi niyete rağmen meclislerde işlenebilecek günahlara kefâret için kısa bir dua öğretmiştir (Dârimî, “İstiʾẕân”, 29; İbn Asâkir, V, 184).
Câhiliye şairlerinden Tarafe, muallakasında kabilesinin meşveret meclisini kastederek dileyenin kendisini “halkatü’l-kavm”de bulabileceğinden söz eder (Hatib et-Tebrîzî, s. 98). Araplar meşveret için bir araya gelinen kabile meclislerine “nâdî” derlerdi. Ümmü Zer‘ hadisinde, kocaları hakkında konuşan hanımlardan biri evlerinin nâdîye yakın olduğunu söyleyerek (Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 82; Müslim, “Feżâʾilü’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe”, 92) meclise katılan üst düzey kimselerin kendilerine misafir olması, varlıklı ve cömert olan kocasının bunları ağırlaması ile övünür (Nevevî, XV, 215-216). Kur’an’da Lût kavminin nâdîlerde yaptıkları hayâsızlıktan söz edilir (el-Ankebût 29/29). Mekke’de bulunan Dârünnedve önemli konularda kararların alındığı bir asiller meclisiydi. Dârünnedve’nin ileri gelenlerinden Ebû Cehil’le ilgili âyetlerde, “… o vakit çağırsın nâdîsini” denilmektedir (Elmalılı, VIII, 5961).
Son zamanlarda yapılan araştırmalarda, bu tür siyasî nitelikli meclis geleneğinin Ortadoğu’da milâttan önce üç binyılına kadar uzanan bir geçmişinin olduğu tesbit edilmiştir. Gılgamış destanında şehir devletlerinden oluşan eski Mezopotamya’da Kiş hâkimiyetini kabul etmeyen Uruk Hükümdarı Gılgamış’ın önce yaşlılar meclisinden savaş yetkisi istediği, bu isteği reddedilince eli silâh tutan kimselerden oluşan gençler meclisine başvurduğu, onların kabulü üzerine işgalci Kiş’e karşı savaş açtığı anlatılmaktadır. Bazı ilim adamları bunu tarihte ilk ikili meclis olarak yorumlamışlar, eski Yunan’daki “ekklesia” ve Roma’daki “comitium”dan çok önce halk meclislerinin Mezopotamya’da kurulduğu sonucuna varmışlardır (Kramer, s. 25 vd.).
Eski Ahid’de daha çok evlilik dışı ilişkilerde karar mercii olarak geçen şehrin ihtiyarları da (Tesniye, 22/15; 25/9) bir tür meclistir. Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’te bilhassa Yeni Ahid’de yer alan ve Türkçe’ye “millet meclisi” olarak çevrilen “council” ile, yüksek bir hahamın liderlik ettiği yetmiş kişiden oluşan dinî mahkeme kastedilmektedir (Robinson, s. 206).
Kur’an’da işlerini aralarında danışma ile yürütme müminlerin bir özelliği olarak zikredilir (eş-Şûrâ 42/38). Bu ise devlet yönetiminde en doğru kararı verme açısından gerekli görülen bir danışma meclisi (meclis-i şûrâ) oluşturulması için delil sayılmıştır. Hz. Peygamber savaş gibi önemli konularda sahâbenin ileri gelenleriyle istişare ederdi. Daha sonra aynı yolu takip eden dört halifenin her birinin şûra meclisleri vardı. Hz. Ömer’le başlayan, resmî işlerin görüşülüp karara bağlandığı divanlar zamanla gelişmiş ve çeşitli ihtisas gruplarına ayrılmıştır. Meclis adı verilen bu gruplar esas itibariyle hesap işleriyle ilgilenir, bunun yanında çeşitli hizmetleri yürütürdü. Abbâsîler devrinde faaliyette bulunan bu meclislerden bazıları şöyle sıralanabilir: Meclis-i beytülmâl, meclis-i asıl, meclis-i binâ, meclis-i ahbâr, meclis-i ceyş, meclis-i esküdâr, meclis-i hisâb, meclis-i kürâ‘, meclis-i tafsîl, meclis-i arz. Eyyûbîler’de devletin malî işlerini yürüten dîvânü’l-mâlin işleyişini kontrol eden heyete meclisü ashâbi’d-devâvin, âmillerin topladığı vergileri müşriflere teslim ettikleri sırada orada bulunan memurlar heyetine “meclisü’l-harb” adı verilmiştir. Selçuklu sultanlarının devlet adamlarını, elçileri ve özel misafirlerini kabul ettiği toplantıya da “meclis-i hâs” denirdi (İbn Bîbî, I, 83, 153, 173). İlhanlılar ve Memlükler gibi bazı devletlerde de görülen bu meclis “emîr-i meclis” adı verilen görevli tarafından yönetilirdi. Memlükler’de savaş ve barış kararları meclisü’l-ceyş tarafından verilirdi.
Emevîler’den itibaren eski İran saray geleneğinin taklidiyle müslüman hükümdarların saraylarında “münâdeme” denilen eğlence meclisleri kurulmaya başlanmıştır. Bu meclislerde belli bir sıraya göre oturulurdu. Hükümdarın ailesi ve çocukları ilk tabakayı, hükümdarın yakın dostları, nedimleri, ilim ve şeref ehlinden sohbet ettiği kimseler ikinci, güldürücü, şakacı ve eğlendiriciler üçüncü tabakayı oluştururdu. Mesleğinde mâhir mûsiki erbabı ilk tabakadan, şarkıcılar ikinci tabakadan, mizahçı, güldürücü ve çalgıcılar üçüncü tabakadan sayılırdı (Câhiz, s. 23 vd.).
Arapça’da geceleri yapılan sohbet meclislerine ay ışığının renginden ilhamla “semer”, toplanılan yere ve toplanan insanlara “sâmir” denilmiştir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “smr” md.). Kelime Kur’an’da inen âyetleri eğlenceye alanların durumuyla alâkalı olarak geçmektedir (el-Mü’minûn 23/67). Hz. Peygamber de zaman zaman gece meclislerine katılıp geçmiş milletlerin ibret alınacak hikâyelerini anlatırdı. Buhârî semerle ilgili olarak birkaç bab açmıştır (“ʿİlim”, 41; “Ṣalât”, 149, 150, 151). Daha sonra halifeler de gece meclislerinde başta siyer ve megāzî olmak üzere çeşitli tarihî olayları ve ibret alınacak kıssaları dinlemeyi gelenek haline getirmişlerdir. Selçuklu sultanları meclislerinde siyasetnâme türünden eserleri ve tarih kitaplarını okutup dinlerlerdi. Kerîmüddin Aksarâyî, İlhanlılar’ın Anadolu valisi Timurtaş Noyan’a ithaf ettiği Müsâmeretü’l-aḫbâr ve müsâyeretü’l-aḫyâr adlı eserinde hükümdarların sohbet meclislerinde tarih kitaplarının okunmasının faydaları üzerinde durmuştur (bk. s. 1-4).
Meclis kelimesi halife, sultan, emîr, vezir, kadı gibi devlet ve ilim adamlarına yazılan mektuplarda bir saygı ifadesi olarak kullanılmıştır. İnşâ kitaplarında bu konu ayrıntılı biçimde ele alınmış ve meclis kelimesine eklenen sıfatların ayrı bir önemi olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Derece olarak el-meclisü’l-âlîyi birinci sırada zikreden inşâ kitaplarında daha sonra el-meclisü’s-sâmî, el-meclisü’l-kebîr, el-meclisü’r-refî‘, meclisü’l-emîr, meclisü’l-kādî, meclisü’s-sadr, meclisü’ş-şeyh tabirlerine yer verilmiş, dua cümleleriyle birlikte bunların kimler için kullanılabileceğine işaret edilmiştir.
Başta Osmanlı Devleti olmak üzere İslâm ülkelerinde XIX. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren meclis kelimesi, mahiyet ve fonksiyonları birbirinden farklı da olsa parlamento karşılığında kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu çerçevede millet meclisi için Türkiye’de Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan, Millet Meclisi, Büyük Millet Meclisi; İran’da Meclis-i Şûrâ-yi Millî; Arap ülkelerinde Meclisü şûra’n-nüvvâb, Meclisü’n-nüvvâb, Meclisü’l-ümme, Meclisü’ş-şa‘b, el-Meclisü’l-vatanî gibi terkiplere yer verilmiştir. Senato için Meclis-i A‘yân (Osmanlı Devleti, Irak, Ürdün), Meclisü’ş-şüyûh (Mısır, Sudan), Meclis-i Sînâ (İran); her iki meclis için Meclis-i Umûmî (Osmanlı Devleti) ve Meclisü’l-ümme (Irak, Ürdün) gibi isimler tercih edilmiştir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 28. cildinde, 241-242 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.