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MECLİS-i A‘YÂN Skip to content İki meclisli Osmanlı Parlamentosu’nun padişahın tayin ettiği üyelerden oluşan kanadı.
Hey’et-i A‘yân olarak da adlandırılan Meclis-i A‘yân, II. Abdülhamid’in 23 Aralık 1876 tarihli iradesiyle yürürlüğe giren Kānûn-ı Esâsî’nin öngördüğü Meclis-i Umûmî adlı Osmanlı Parlamentosu’nu oluşturan iki meclisten biri olup padişahın tayin ettiği üyelerden meydana gelmekteydi. Parlamentonun diğer kanadını halkın seçtiği mebusların oluşturduğu Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan teşkil ediyordu. Kānûn-ı Esâsî’ye göre her iki meclisin aynı dönemde açık olması gerekiyordu. Meclislerden biri diğeri açık olmadığında toplanıp faaliyette bulunamazdı.
Padişah meclis üyelerini güvenilir, devlete yaptığı hizmetlerle tanınmış ve kırk yaşını doldurmuş olan hükümet üyeliği yapmış kişiler, elçiler, valiler, patrik, haham ve üst rütbeli askerler arasından seçer, ancak üye seçiminde sadrazamın tekliflerini de göz önünde bulundururdu. Resmî kanallarla başka bir göreve getirilen kişinin üyeliği devam eder, bunun kendi isteğiyle olması durumunda ise üyelik düşerdi. Üyeler padişaha, vatana ve Kānûn-ı Esâsî hükümlerine sadık kalacaklarına dair yemin ederek göreve başlar ve üyelik ömür boyu devam ederdi. Kānûn-ı Esâsî’de meclisin üye sayısı mebus sayısının üçte biri ve üyelerin maaşları da 10.000 kuruş olarak belirlenmişti. Ancak üyelerin bir kısmının önceki görevlerinden olan maaşları bu miktarın çok üzerindeydi. Dolayısıyla onların maaşlarını aşağı çekmek yerine maaşların alt sınırı 10.000 kuruş olarak tesbit edildi.
Meclis-i Umûmî’nin açılış töreni 19 Mart 1877’de II. Abdülhamid, devlet erkânı, ruhanî liderler ve yabancı misyon şeflerinin katılımıyla Dolmabahçe Sarayı’nın Muayede Salonu’nda yapıldı. Açılış nutkunu padişah adına Mâbeyn-i Hümâyun başkâtibi Küçük Said Paşa okudu. Meclislere çalışma yeri olarak Ayasofya civarındaki eski dârülfünun binası tahsis edildi.
Meclisin başlıca görevi Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’ın verdiği kanun ve bütçe tasarılarını dinî değerler, padişahın hukuku, hürriyetler, Kānûn-ı Esâsî hükümleri, devletin bütünlüğü, vatanın muhafazası ve savunması ve genel ahlâk açılarından incelemekti. Bu esaslara aykırı bir unsur tesbit ederse tasarıyı tamamen reddedebilir veya düzeltilmek üzere Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’a geri gönderebilirdi. Meclis-i A‘yân’ın reddettiği bir tasarı o yıl içerisinde tekrar Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan gündemine getirilemezdi. Diğer görevleri, kabul ettiği tasarıları onayladıktan sonra kanunî prosedürün tamamlanıp yayımlanması ve uygulanması için sadârete göndermek, Kānûn-ı Esâsî’yi tefsir etmek ve takdim edilen arzuhalleri inceledikten sonra önemli bulduklarını mütalaasını da ekleyerek sadârete göndermekti. Ayrıca görev sınırları içine giren konularla ilgili yeni bir kanun çıkarılmasını veya mevcutlardan birinin düzeltilmesini de önerebilirdi.
Kānûn-ı Esâsî’yi tefsir hakkı meclise tanınmış önemli bir ayrıcalık olup daha sonra Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’a karşı kullanılabilecek bir silâha dönüştü ve Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Paşa kabinesi 1912’de meclisin bu yöndeki bir yorumuna istinaden Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’ı feshetti. Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’ın gerektiğinde hükümet üyelerinden birini çağırıp açıklama isteme hakkı olduğu halde Meclis-i A‘yân’ın böyle bir yetkisi yoktu. Bu ise hükümetin Meclis-i A‘yân’a karşı herhangi bir sorumluluğu olmadığını göstermektedir. Öte yandan hükümet üyeleri istedikleri zaman her iki meclisteki oturumlara katılıp söz alabilirdi. Vatandaşlar kimliklerini ve adreslerini belirtmek şartıyla meclise dilekçe verme hakkına sahipti. Bunlar dilekçe encümeninde görüşülüp ilgili yerlere havale edilirdi.
Meclisin çalışma şekli ve kuralları 20 Eylül 1877 tarihli bir iç tüzükle belirlendi. Başkanlık divanı başkan, başkan vekili, iki kâtip üye ve iki idare memurundan oluşmakta, padişah başkan ve vekilini üyeler arasından bir yıllığına göreve getirmekteydi. Başkanın görevi müzakereleri yönetmek, iç tüzüğü uygulamak, düzeni ve emniyeti sağlamaktı. Meclisin ilk başkanı Server Paşa’dır. Meclis kendi içinde encümenlere bölünmüştü. Ele aldığı konular öncelikle encümenlerde incelenir, daha sonra genel kurulda karara bağlanırdı. Kanun teklifleri madde madde, bütçe tasarıları ise fasıl fasıl oylanır, ardından yasa veya bütçe taslağının tamamı için oylama yapılırdı. Oylama açık veya gizli olabilirdi, fakat meclisin müzakereleri gizliydi. II. Meşrutiyet’in ikinci yılından itibaren müzakereler alenîleşti ve resmî gazete Takvîm-i Vekāyi‘ de yayımlanmaya başlandı.
Meclis-i A‘yân ve Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan, 19 Mart – 28 Haziran 1877 ve 13 Aralık 1877 – 14 Şubat 1878 tarihleri arasında iki devre halinde yaklaşık beş ay kadar faaliyet gösterdikten sonra 13 Şubat 1878 tarihinde Kānûn-ı Esâsî’nin kendisine verdiği yetkiye istinaden II. Abdülhamid tarafından süresiz olarak tatil edildi. Karar ertesi günkü Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan toplantısında üyelere bildirildi. Ancak kaydıhayat şartıyla tayin edilen Meclis-i A‘yân üyeleri sıfatlarını muhafaza etti; hatta padişah meclise yeni üye tayinini sürdürdü. En son 22 Nisan 1880 tarihinde tayin edilen Altunîzâde İsmâil Zühdü Paşa’yla birlikte üye sayısı elli bire yükseldi. Bunların on ikisi gayri müslimdi. II. Meşrutiyet dönemine kadar yaşayan Logofet Bey, Said Paşa ve Abraham Paşa bu dönemde de mecliste bulundu; hatta Said Paşa meclisin ilk başkanı oldu.
Meclis-i Umûmî, II. Meşrutiyet’in ilân edilmesi üzerine 17 Aralık 1908’de yapılan açılış merasimiyle tekrar faaliyete geçti. Yaklaşık otuz yıldır kullanılmayan eski parlamento binası yeniden düzenlendi ve meclise çalışma yeri olarak tahsis edildi. Buranın dar gelmesi üzerine meclis Çırağan Sarayı’na taşındıysa da, çıkan bir yangında saray yanıp kül oldu. Ardından Cemile Sultan’a ait olup 5000 altın liraya satın alınan Fındıklı Sarayı’na taşındı ve kapanıncaya kadar faaliyetlerini burada sürdürdü.
Bu dönemde Kānûn-ı Esâsî’de yapılan değişiklikle Meclis-i A‘yân da Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan gibi her konuda yeni kanun veya mevcutların tâdilini teklif etme hakkına sahip oldu. Meclislerden biri yaptığı kanun teklifini diğerine gönderip tasvibini almak zorundaydı. Meclisin elde ettiği en önemli yetki, 1875 Fransız anayasasında olduğu gibi Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’ın padişah tarafından feshedilmesine muvafakat hakkıydı. Padişahın meclisi feshedebilmesi için artık sadece kendi inisiyatifi yetmiyordu; Meclis-i A‘yân’ın da olurunu alması gerekiyordu. Ancak Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan üzerinde hâkimiyet kurmak isteyen İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti, Meclis-i A‘yân’ın söz konusu yetkisini kaldırıp meclisin feshini kolaylaştırmak amacıyla bir kanun teklifi hazırladı. Uzun müzakerelerden sonra 28 Mayıs 1914’te bu imtiyaz lağvedildi. Böylece hükümetle Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan arasında bir sorun çıkması ve her iki tarafın görüşlerinde ısrar etmesi durumunda meclisi feshetme yetkisi padişaha ait oldu.
Meclis, II. Meşrutiyet devrinde Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’la birlikte etkin bir yasama süreci geçirdi. Bunun yanında II. Abdülhamid’in tahttan indirilmesi gibi önemli bir siyasî olayda faal rol aldı. Nitekim 31 Mart Vak‘ası’nın patlak vermesi ve Hareket Ordusu’nun İstanbul’a doğru yaklaşması üzerine Meclis-i A‘yân ve Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan üyelerinin bir kısmı Yeşilköy’de Meclis-i Umûmî-i Millî adıyla toplandı. Ertesi gün, 27 Nisan 1909’da kendi binasında 240 mebus ve otuz yedi Meclis-i A‘yân üyesinin katılımıyla toplanan Meclis-i Umûmî-i Millî, II. Abdülhamid’in tahttan indirilmesine karar verdi. Bu tarihî toplantıya Meclis-i A‘yân reisi Said Paşa başkanlık etmişti.
Meclis-i A‘yân II. Meşrutiyet döneminde 4 Aralık 1908 – 5 Ocak 1911, 7 Nisan – 23 Temmuz 1912, 1 Mayıs 1914 – 19 Aralık 1918 ve 12 Ocak – 5 Nisan 1920 tarihleri arasında dört devre halinde faaliyetlerini sürdürdü. Görev yapan toplam doksan beş üyenin onu zaman içinde üyelikten istifa etti. Meclis-i A‘yân ve Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan üyeleri II. Meşrutiyet döneminde zaman zaman birbirlerini sert bir üslûpla eleştirdiler. Meclis-i A‘yân üyeleri mebusları küçümserken mebuslar da seçimle gelmedikleri için Meclis-i A‘yân’ı halkın temsilcisi olmayan ve ikinci planda kalan bir organ saymaktaydı. Bu bakış açısıyla Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan Meclis-i A‘yân’ın yetkilerini sınırlandırmak istedi; ancak Meclis-i A‘yân bu tasarıyı bekleterek gündemine almadı. İki meclis arasındaki bu çekişme Mütareke döneminde de sürdü ve Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan Müdâfaa-i Hukukçu bir tavır gösterirken Meclis-i A‘yân padişahın yanında yer aldı. İşgal yıllarında İngilizler’in Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’ı basmaları ve ardından 12 Nisan 1920’de meclisin resmen feshedilmesinden sonra Meclis-i A‘yân üç toplantı daha yaptı. Meclis üyeleri ayrıca 1922 yılına kadar maaşlarını almaya devam ettiler. Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’ın feshinden on bir gün sonra 23 Nisan’da Ankara’da Büyük Millet Meclisi açıldı. Meclis-i A‘yân üyelerinin çoğu yeni dönemde köşelerine çekilirken padişah damadı olanlar ülkeyi terketmek zorunda kaldı; üyelerden sadece Seyyid Bey’le Abdurrahman Şeref Bey, Büyük Millet Meclisi’ne girerek statülerini sürdürme imkânı bulabildi.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 28. cildinde, 243-244 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.