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MECLİS-i MEB‘ÛSAN Skip to content İki meclisli Osmanlı Parlamentosu’nun seçimle gelen üyelerden oluşan kanadı.
Hey’et-i Meb‘ûsan olarak da adlandırılan Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan, 23 Aralık 1876’da yürürlüğe giren Kānûn-ı Esâsî’nin öngördüğü Meclis-i Umûmî adlı Osmanlı Parlamentosu’nu oluşturan iki meclisten biri olup halkın seçtiği mebuslardan meydana gelmekteydi. Parlamentonun diğer kanadı padişahın tayin ettiği üyelerin oluşturduğu Meclis-i A‘yân’dı. Anayasaya göre meclislerden biri diğeri kapalı olduğunda toplanamazdı.
Kānûn-ı Esâsî, her 50.000 erkek nüfus için bir mebus seçilmesini, mebusların otuz yaşını doldurmuş, medenî haklarını ve itibarını kaybetmemiş, yabancı devlet imtiyazına sahip olmayan, Türkçe bilen Osmanlı uyruklular arasından gizli oyla belirlenmesini, seçimlerin yapılış tarzı için ayrı bir kanun çıkarılmasını; seçimlerin dört yılda bir yapılmasını ve vilâyet halkından seçilecek olan mebusların seçim bölgesini değil bütün Osmanlılar’ı temsil etmesini öngörüyordu.
İstanbul ve taşra için ayrı ayrı seçim esasları belirlendi. Seçimler taşrada 29 Ekim 1876 tarihli geçici tâlimata göre yapıldı. Tâlimatın şartları anayasada belirlenen ilkelerden biraz farklıydı. Nitekim anayasada yer alan 50.000 kişiye bir mebus oranı uygulanamadığı gibi otuz yaş zorunluluğu da yirmi beşe indirildi; cinayetten veya siyasî bir suçtan mahkûm olma hali seçilmeye engel kabul edildi; ayrıca mebusların memleketlerinde emlâk sahibi olmaları şartı getirildi. Mebus sayısı sekseni müslüman, ellisi gayri müslim olmak üzere toplam 130 olarak belirlendi ve kontenjanları vilâyetlere bildirildi. Mebusları halk değil daha önce halkın seçmiş olduğu vilâyet, sancak ve kaza idare meclisleri üyeleri seçti. Üyeler, adayın ismini yazdıkları pusulayı kapalı ve mühürlü bir zarfa koyarak kazada kaymakama, sancakta mutasarrıfa, vilâyette valiye teslim edecek, vali daha sonra vilâyet ileri gelenlerinden bir meclis oluşturarak seçilen şahısları belirleyecekti. En fazla oy alan seçilecek, eşitlik durumunda kazanan kurayla tesbit edilecekti. Seçim prosedürü, her mebusun seçim evrakının Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’da tek tek incelenip kurallara uygun olduğu genel kurulun onayından geçtikten sonra tamamlanmaktaydı.
İstanbul için ayrı bir beyannâme neşredildi ve seçimler şehremanetinin nezâretinde iki dereceli olarak gerçekleştirildi. Birinci aşamada İstanbul ve civarı yirmi seçim bölgesine ayrılarak her daire biri müslüman, diğeri gayri müslim iki vekil seçti. İkinci aşamada vekiller şehremanetinde toplanarak beşi müslüman ve beşi gayri müslim toplam on mebusu belirledi. Bu arada Meclis-i Umûmî’ye uygun bir çalışma yerinin tesbiti için görevlendirilen komisyon Ayasofya civarındaki eski dârülfünun binasında karar kıldı. Tâdil ve tamir edilen binada padişahın, hükümet üyelerinin ve ziyaretçilerin meclis çalışmalarını izleyebilmeleri için yerler yapıldı. Ayrıca konuşmaları zaptetmek üzere bir yazı heyeti oluşturuldu ve stenograflar istihdam edildi.
Meclis-i Umûmî, 19 Mart 1877’de Dolmabahçe Sarayı’nın Muayede Salonu’nda yapılan, II. Abdülhamid, devlet erkânı, ulemâ, ruhanî liderler ve yabancı misyon şeflerinin katıldığı bir merasimle açıldı. Açılış nutkunu padişah adına Mâbeyn-i Hümâyun başkâtibi Küçük Said Paşa’nın okuduğu törene ülkenin uzak yörelerinden gelen bazı mebuslar yetişemedi. Mebuslar ertesi gün mecliste padişaha ve vatana sadık kalacaklarına ve anayasa hükümlerine uyacaklarına dair yemin ederek göreve başladılar. Padişah meclisin gizli oyla belirlediği kişiler arasından Ahmed Vefik Paşa’yı başkanlığa tayin etti.
Meclis öncelikle çalışma biçimini belirleyen geniş ve ayrıntılı bir iç tüzük hazırladı (13 Mayıs 1877). Başkanlık divanı başkan, iki başkan vekili ve iki kâtipten oluşmaktaydı. Meclis kendi içinde beş şubeye ve muhtelif encümenlere ayrılmıştı. Her encümenin başkanı, başkan vekili ve yazı işleri birimi mevcuttu. Encümenler hazırladıkları mazbataları başkana sunar, ayrıca bastırılan mazbatalar üyelere dağıtılır, konu hakkındaki son kararı genel kurul verirdi. Oylama ayağa kalkarak, el kaldırarak veya görevlilerin elindeki sandıklarla oy pusulalarını toplamak şeklinde olabildiği gibi gizli oy usulüyle de yapılabilirdi. Anayasa değişikliğinin veya hükümet üyelerinden biri hakkında verilen soru önergesinin kabul edilebilmesi için üyelerin üçte ikisinin oyu gerekmekteydi. Vatandaşlar kimliğini ve adresini belirtmek şartıyla meclise dilekçe verebilirdi. Bunlar dilekçe encümeninde görüşülerek ilgili yere havale edilirdi.
Oturumlar, genel tartışmaların yapıldığı dinleyiciye açık, dinleyicilerin olmadığı özel ve mebuslarla kâtipler dışında kimsenin alınmadığı gizli toplantılar şeklinde üç tarzda yapılabilirdi. Üyeler, müzakerelerde ileri sürdükleri fikirlerden veya kullandıkları oylardan dolayı suçlanamaz ve meclis kararı olmadıkça tutuklanamazdı. Müzakere zabıtları redakte edilerek Takvîm-i Vekāyi‘ adlı resmî gazeteyle kamuoyuna da duyurulmaktaydı.
Meclisin esas görevi kanun yapmak ve yıllık bütçe kanununu inceleyip kabul etmekti. Yeni kanun teklif etme veya eskileri değiştirme hakkı hükümete ait olup mebusların bu hakkı kullanabilmeleri padişahın iznine bağlıydı. Teklif öncelikle Şûrâ-yı Devlet’e havale edilir, burada gerekli işlemler yapıldıktan sonra hükümete/mebuslara gönderilirdi. Hükümet/mebus teklifi meclis başkanına, başkan da ilgili komisyona havale ederdi. Komisyondan tekrar başkana gelir ve o da genel kurula sunardı. Tasarı burada iki defa görüşülürdü. Birinci görüşmede genel hatlarıyla incelenir, maddeleri okunur ve konu hakkında söz almak isteyenler belirlenirdi. Beş gün sonra yapılan ikinci görüşmede maddeleri tek tek müzakere edilirdi. Bütçe tasarıları fasıl fasıl tartışılır, ardından da kanun veya bütçe tasarısının tamamı oylanırdı. Mecliste kabul edilen tasarı Hey’et-i A‘yân’a gönderilir, burada da görüşülüp onaylandıktan sonra padişahın tasdikiyle kanunlaşırdı. Reddedilen tasarılar ise o yıl içinde tekrar meclis gündemine getirilemezdi.
Anayasaya göre hükümet meclise karşı değil padişaha karşı sorumluydu. Ancak bir mebus hükümet üyelerinden biri hakkında şikâyette bulunur ve meclisin üçte iki çoğunluğu şikâyeti haklı bulursa o vekil Dîvân-ı Âlî’ye gönderilebilirdi. Ayrıca hükümetle meclis arasında bir anlaşmazlık çıkar ve iki taraf da görüşlerinde ısrar ederse padişah yeniden seçim yapılmak üzere meclisi feshedebilir veya hükümeti değiştirebilirdi. Hükümet, meclisin kapalı olduğu dönemlerde Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’ın toplanmasına kadar geçerli olmak üzere gerektiğinde geçici kanunlar çıkarabilirdi. Hükümet üyeleri istediklerinde Meclis-i Umûmî’nin her iki kanadındaki toplantılara katılabilir, Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan da çoğunlukla alacağı bir kararla hükümet üyesini çağırıp izahat isteyebilirdi.
Değişik dinî grupların temsilcilerinin bulunmasından dolayı cuma ve pazar günlerini tatil olarak belirleyen meclisin birinci faaliyet devresi 28 Haziran 1877’de sona erdi. Bu süre zarfında iç tüzüğünden Osmanlı-Rus savaşına ve matbuat nizamnâmesine kadar pek çok konuyu görüştü. Seçim kanunu henüz hazırlanmadığı için ikinci dönem mebusları da yine geçici tâlimata göre seçildi ve meclis 13 Aralık 1877’de sade bir törenle açıldı. Elli altısı müslüman, kırkı gayri müslim olmak üzere doksan altı üyesi vardı. Savaşın, iç ve dış sorunların gölgesinde çalışmalarını yürüten bu meclis birinciye oranla hükümete karşı daha sert bir üslûp kullandı. Meclisle hükümet ve saray arasında oluşan gerilim, anayasanın kendisine verdiği yetkiye dayanan II. Abdülhamid’in 13 Şubat 1878’de meclisi süresiz olarak tatil etmesiyle son buldu. Kararı ertesi günkü toplantıda öğrenen mebuslar memleketlerine geri döndü.
Yaklaşık otuz yıllık bir aradan sonra 23 Temmuz 1908’de Meşrutiyet ilân edildi ve anayasanın yeniden yürürlüğe konularak Meclis-i Umûmî’nin açılacağı kamuoyuna duyuruldu. Ancak hâlâ bir seçim kanunu yoktu. Bunun üzerine I. Meşrutiyet döneminde Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’da görüşülüp kanunlaşmayan İntihâb-ı Meb‘ûsan Kanun Lâyihası Takvîm-i Vekāyi‘ de yayımlandı. Ayrıca İntihâb-ı Meb‘ûsan Kanunnâmesinin Sûret-i İcrâsına Dair Tâlimat Lâyihası hazırlanarak taşraya gönderildi. Daha sonra yapılan bazı küçük değişikliklerle birlikte bu iki metin 1908, 1912, 1914 ve 1919 seçimlerine esas teşkil etti. Buna göre her sancak bir seçim dairesi ve her nahiye de bir seçim şubesiydi. Erkek nüfusu 25.000 ile 75.000 arasında olan sancaklardan birer mebus seçilecekti. Seçimler iki dereceli olup birinci seçmenler ikincileri ve onlar da mebusları seçmekteydi. Seçmen yaşı yirmi beş, seçilebilme yaşı ise otuzdu. Mükerrer oy kullanımının önlenebilmesi için seçmenlerin nüfus cüzdanlarına “görülmüştür” kaydı düşülmüştü.
İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti ile Ahrar Fırkası’nın katıldığı 1908 seçimlerini İttihatçılar ezici bir çoğunlukla kazandı. 17 Aralık 1908’de yapılan görkemli bir açılış töreniyle Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan tekrar faaliyete geçti. II. Abdülhamid adına açılış nutkunu okuyan Mâbeyn-i Hümâyun başkâtibi Ali Cevad Bey’in ardından padişah da birkaç cümlelik bir konuşma yaptı. Merasim yeniden düzenlenip meclise tahsis edilen eski parlamento binasında yapıldı. Meclis-i Umûmî bu bina dar gelince bir ara Çırağan Sarayı’na taşındı; ancak çıkan bir yangında sarayın kullanılamaz hale gelmesi üzerine Cemile Sultan’a ait olan Fındıklı Sarayı satın alınarak meclise tahsis edildi ve kapanıncaya kadar faaliyetlerini burada sürdürdü. Meclisin güvenliğini başlangıçta İtfaiye Alay Kumandanlığı, daha sonra ise yeni kurulan Meclis-i Umûmî Muhafız Bölüğü sağladı.
Anayasada bazı değişiklikler yapılarak meclisle padişah ve hükümet arasındaki ilişkilerle meclisin kendi yapısı esaslı bir şekilde düzenlendi (15 Ağustos 1909). Tahta çıkan padişahın Meclis-i Umûmî’de şeriata ve anayasa hükümlerine uyacağına, vatana ve millete sadık kalacağına dair yemin etmesi esası getirildi. Diğer önemli değişiklik de hükümet üyelerinin sadrazam tarafından belirlenip padişahın onayıyla tayin edilmesi keyfiyetiydi. Ayrıca hükümet genel siyaseti itibariyle müştereken ve her vekil de kendi faaliyet alanıyla ilgili olarak münferiden meclise karşı sorumlu tutuldu. Artık neşredilen kanunların üzerinde hükümet üyelerinin yanında padişahın da imzasının bulunması anayasal bir zorunluluktu. Ayrıca padişahın meclisi feshedebilme prosedürü zorlaştırılarak bunun için Meclis-i A‘yân’ın da onayını alması şartı getirildi. Fakat meclis üzerinde hâkimiyet kurmak isteyen İttihatçılar 28 Mayıs 1914’te Meclis-i A‘yân’ın bu yetkisini kaldırarak meclisin feshini kolaylaştırdı.
Meclis bu değişikliklerle hükümete karşı biraz daha güçlü bir konuma getirildi. Nitekim hükümetle arasında görüş ayrılığı meydana gelir ve hükümetin isteği meclis tarafından ikinci defa reddedilirse hükümet ya meclisin görüşünü kabul etmek veya istifa etmek zorundaydı. Ayrıca verilen soru önergesi sonucunda meclisten güvenoyu alamayan vekilin hükümet üyeliği, güvenoyu alamayan sadrazam olursa hükümet düşmekteydi. Bu şartlarda meclisi ikna edemeyen bir hükümetin iktidarda kalma şansı zayıftı. Ayrıca eski kanunları tâdil veya yeni kanun teklif etme yetkisi hükümete, Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’a ve Meclis-i A‘yân’a kadar genişletildi. Ancak meclislerden birinin hazırladığı kanun teklifi diğeri tarafından da onaylandıktan sonra padişahın iradesine sunulabilirdi. Padişah teklifi düzeltilmek üzere geri gönderebilirdi. Bu durumda düzeltilen metnin onaylanabilmesi için meclisin üçte ikisinin oyu gerekmekteydi. Başkanını ve başkan vekillerini seçme hakkı da meclise verildi. Bu arada Meclis-i Umûmî’nin yetkileri genişletildi. Nitekim padişahın barış, ticaret, tebaanın temel hakları, arazi terki veya ilhakı gibi önemli konularda meclisin onayını alması gerekiyordu.
Çoğunluğu elinde bulunduran İttihatçılar, kendilerine karşı muhalefetin gittikçe artması üzerine konumlarını güçlendirmek ve muhalefeti sindirebilmek için 18 Ocak 1912’de meclisi feshederek erken seçime gitti. İktidarın gücünü ve imkânlarını kullandıkları gerekçesiyle bu seçim muhaliflerce “sopalı seçim” olarak nitelendirildi. Hürriyet ve İtilâf Fırkası etrafında kümelenen muhalefetin seçim sonuçlarına yaptığı itirazlar geçiştirildi ve sadece altı muhalif mebus meclise girebildi. Meclis, bütün bu sorunların gölgesinde 18 Nisan 1912’de ikinci dönem çalışmalarına başladı. Ancak İttihatçılar’ın uygulamalarından rahatsız olan muhalefet gittikçe güçlendi. Yeni kurulan Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Paşa hükümetinin programında, geçen seçimlerin kanunlara uygun yapılmadığı ve memurlarla askerlerin politikaya karıştığı şeklindeki ifadeler mecliste büyük tartışmalara sebep oldu. Ahmed Muhtar Paşa bu gerilim üzerine Meclis-i A‘yân’ın oluruyla 4 Ağustos 1912’de meclisi feshettirdi.
Balkan Savaşı yüzünden 1914 yılına kadar seçim yapılamadı. Bu arada İttihatçılar, 23 Ocak 1913’te Bâbıâli Baskını olarak adlandırılan bir darbeyle iktidarı ele geçirdi. Mahmud Şevket Paşa’nın öldürülmesi üzerine kurulan Said Halim Paşa hükümeti seçim hazırlıklarına başladı. O zamana kadar siyasî iktidarı perde arkasından yönlendiren İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti artık ön plana çıktı ve seçimlere tek başına katıldı. 14 Mayıs 1914’te açılan ve I. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında muhalefet olmaksızın bir savaş meclisi olarak faaliyetlerini sürdüren meclis pek çok geçici kanun çıkardı. Mondros Mütarekesi’nin ardından 21 Aralık 1918’de Padişah Vahdeddin tarafından feshedildi.
II. Meşrutiyet döneminin dördüncü ve son seçimleri sancılı bir ortamda yapıldı. 2 Ekim 1919’da kurulan ve Anadolu’daki Kuvâ-yi Milliyeciler’le iyi ilişkiler içinde olan Ali Rızâ Paşa hükümeti seçime gitme kararı aldı. Aralık ayının ilk yarısında yapılan seçimlere Rumlar ve Ermeniler katılmadı. Vahdeddin’in hastalığını ileri sürerek gelmediği meclisin açılışı 12 Ocak 1920’de savaş şartlarında İstanbul’a ulaşabilen yetmiş iki mebusla yapıldı. Mustafa Kemal Paşa meclis başkanlığına kutlama mesajı gönderdi. Müdâfaa-i Hukukçular’ın ağırlıkta olduğu bu son Osmanlı Meclis-i Meb‘ûsanı hayli kısa süren faaliyet süresi içerisinde Mîsâk-ı Millî Beyannâmesi’ni ilân etti. 16 Mart 1920’de İstanbul İtilâf kuvvetleri tarafından işgal edildi ve İngilizler bir süre sonra Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’ı basarak Rauf (Orbay) Bey başta olmak üzere bazı Müdâfaa-i Hukukçu mebusları tutuklayıp Limni’ye ve Malta’ya sürdü. Bunun üzerine varlığını kanıtlamak isteyen meclis kendi iradesiyle oturumlarına ara verdi; nihayet 11 Nisan’da padişah iradesiyle kapatıldı. On iki gün sonra 23 Nisan’da Ankara’da Büyük Millet Meclisi açıldı ve mebusların bir kısmı Ankara’ya geçerek yeni meclise katıldı.
Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan II. Meşrutiyet döneminde etkin bir yasama süreci geçirdi. Anayasa değişikliklerinin yanında pek çok önemli kanun çıkardığı gibi gensoru önergeleriyle de hükümeti denetleme görevini etkili bir şekilde sürdürdü. Nitekim 1909’da meclisle anlaşmazlığa düşen Kıbrıslı Kâmil Paşa hükümetini güvensizlik oyuyla düşürdü. Bu hükümet meclis tarafından güvensizlik oyuyla düşürülen ilk hükümetti. Ayrıca II. Abdülhamid’in tahttan indirilmesi gibi önemli bir siyasî olayda faal rol oynadı.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 28. cildinde, 245-247 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.