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MECLİS-i VÜKELÂ Skip to content Sadrazamın başkanlığında nâzırlardan oluşan ve Osmanlı hükümetini niteleyen meclis.
Sultan II. Mahmud döneminde merkezî idarede bazı düzenlemelerin yapılması ve nezâretlerin kurulması neticesinde teşekkül eden bu meclis belgelerde Encümen-i Mahsûs, Encümen-i Mahsûs-ı Vükelâ, Meclis-i Hâs, Meclis-i Meşveret, Meclis-i Hâss-ı Vükelâ, Meclis-i Hâss-ı Meşveret, Meclis-i Hâss-ı Âlî, Meclis-i Âlî-i Vükelâ, Meclis-i Mahsûs-ı Vükelâ, Meclis-i Mahsûs ve Hey’et-i Vükelâ gibi farklı isimlerle geçer. Meclis, muhtemelen Meclis-i Meşveret’ten (bk. MECLİS-i MEŞVERET ) tedrîcî bir geçişle oluşturulduğu için kuruluş tarihi açık değildir.
Meclis-i Vükelâ, başvekilin veya sadrazamın başkanlığında toplanıp önemli devlet işlerini görüşür ve icra işlerinde nezâretler arasında koordinasyonu sağlardı. Nâzırların her biri nezâretinin görev alanına giren işlerden sorumluydu. Meclis, gerekli gördüğü veya alt kademedeki diğer meclislerin hazırladığı tasarıları ve meseleleri tartışıp gerekli düzeltmeleri yapar, daha sonra sadrazam bunları bir tezkireyle padişahın onayına sunardı.
İlk dönemlerde meclisin çalışma düzenini, görev ve yetkilerini belirleyen bir nizamnâmesi yoktu. Meclis normalde haftada iki gün toplanır, ancak toplanma periyodu şartlara göre değişebilirdi. 7 Aralık 1843’te toplantıların çarşamba günleri yapılması kararlaştırıldıysa da meclis cumartesi, pazar, pazartesi, salı, çarşamba ve perşembe günlerinde de toplantı yapıyordu ki bu, periyodik olanların yanında gerektikçe toplandığını göstermektedir. Duruma göre bazan birkaç gün ardarda toplanabilir, padişah da olağan üstü durumlarda veya gerekli gördükçe meclisi toplantıya çağırabilirdi. II. Abdülhamid döneminde meclisin olağan toplanma günleri çarşamba ve pazardı (BA , Y.PRK.BŞK, nr. 67/5). Bu günlerin dışında yapılabilecek olağan üstü toplantılar için padişahın izni gerekliydi. Çünkü izin alınmadan yapılan toplantılar padişahın meşhur vehmini harekete geçirmekteydi. Nitekim böyle bir toplantıyı önemli bir sorun haline getiren padişah sadrazamı sert bir şekilde uyarmıştı (BA , Y.PRK.BŞK, nr. 11/45). Gerekçesini olağan üstü toplantının bazı kişiler tarafından yanlış yorumlanması ihtimali olarak gösterse de (BA , Y.PRK.BŞK, nr. 11/55), esas sebep, selefleri Sultan Abdülaziz ve V. Murad’ın tahttan indirilme kararlarının bu gibi meclis toplantılarında olgunlaştırılmış olmasıydı. Bu yüzden Serasker Mehmed Rızâ Paşa ve Zeki Paşa gibi bazı üyeler vasıtasıyla meclis müzakerelerini günü gününe takip ederdi (Tugay, s. 32, 35).
Meclis Bâbıâli dışında sadrazam, şeyhülislâm veya vükelâdan birinin konağında toplanır, ramazan aylarında ise genellikle sadrazamın konağında ve iftardan sonra çalışmalarını yürütürdü. Yıldız Sarayı Merasim Dairesi’nde Vezir Odası denilen bir mekân mevcut olup saraydaki meclis toplantıları burada yapılırdı. Meclisin nerede, ne zaman ve hangi saatte toplanacağı Teşrifat Kalemi’nden yazılan tezkirelerle üyelere haber verilir, meclise katılamayanlar mazeretlerini sadârete bildirirlerdi.
Meclis üyeleri bürokratik yapıya ve zamana göre bazı değişiklikler göstermiştir. 1840’lı ve 1850’li yıllarda meclis genel olarak şu üyelerden oluşuyordu: Sadrazam, şeyhülislâm, serasker, Meclis-i Vâlâ başkanı (Meclis-i Tanzîmat kurulunca Meclis-i Tanzîmat başkanı), Maliye, Ticaret, Hariciye, Evkāf-ı Hümâyun nâzırları, sadâret müsteşarı, Darbhâne-i Âmire nâzırı (Hazîne-i Hâssa’nın kurulmasından sonra Hazîne-i Hâssa nâzırı), Zaptiye müşiri, Tophane müşiri, kaptan-ı deryâ, Dîvân-ı Deâvî nâzırı, vâlide kethüdâsı. Zamanla idarî değişikliklere paralel olarak bunlara yenileri eklendi veya içlerinden bazıları üyelikten çıkarıldı; nezâretlerin aldığı şekle göre Meclis-i Vükelâ’nın yapısı da kısmî değişiklikler gösterdi. Üyelerden biri İstanbul’da bulunmadığı zaman yerine vekâlet eden kişi (kaymakam) kurumu adına meclis toplantılarına katılabilirdi.
Ayrıca hükümet üyesi olmayıp tecrübelerinden yararlanılmak üzere bazı devlet ileri gelenleri ve vükelâ mâzulleri de üyeliğe tayin edilebilirdi. Bunlar “Mecâlis-i Âliye memuriyeti” adıyla ve yüksek maaşlarla Meclis-i Vükelâ ve Meclis-i Âlî-i Umûmî’ye üye olurlar, ancak meclis teşrifatında nâzırların altında yer alırlardı (BA, Y.A.HUS , nr. 251/151). Bu uygulama II. Abdülhamid döneminde kaldırıldı. Öte yandan mecliste görüşülecek konu toplantılara katılacak üyelerin tesbitinde önemli bir husustu. Nitekim mühim meselelerin görüşüldüğü toplantılara üst düzey yöneticiler, olağan konular görüşüldüğünde uygun görülenler ve ihtisasa dayalı konularda da meclis üyesi olup o hususta bilgi sahibi olanlar çağrılırdı. Dolayısıyla her üyenin bütün toplantılara katılması söz konusu değildi.
1839’da yapılan ve göreve yeni başlayacak memurlara yemin etme zorunluluğu getiren düzenlemeye göre vükelânın padişahın huzurunda yemin ederek vazifelerine başlaması gerekiyordu. Bu karardan yaklaşık on yıl sonra, 11 Aralık 1849’da mülkiye, askeriye ve ilmiye memurlarının yemin şekillerine dair bir nizamnâme hazırlandı. Padişahın yemin etmesinin ardından vekiller de padişaha ve devlete sâdık kalacaklarına, rüşvet almayacaklarına, devlet malını telef etmeyeceklerine ve kimseye ettirmeyeceklerine, gerekmedikçe hazineye masraf çıkarmayacaklarına ve gerçekten ihtiyaç olmadıkça memur istihdamına göz yummayacaklarına dair Kur’an üzerine yemin etti.
Mecliste kararlar oy çokluğuyla alınırdı. Oylanacak konunun tercih şıkları beyaz bir kâğıt üzerine yazılır ve üyeler tercih ettikleri şıkkın altını imzalar, oylama sonunda çoğunluğun düşüncesi kararın yönünü belirlerdi. Ancak çoğunluğun kararı bazan güçlü bir ses tarafından bastırılabilirdi. Nitekim Nisan 1903’te yapılan bir toplantıda Serasker Mehmed Rızâ Paşa meclis kurallarına ve âdâbına aykırı olarak bağırıp çağırarak meclisin kararını kabul etmeyeceğini beyan etti. Kendisini sessizce dinleyen Sadrazam Avlonyalı Mehmed Ferid Paşa daha sonra durumu padişaha bildirdi (BA, Y.A.HUS , nr. 446/73). Mehmed Rızâ Paşa 1908’e kadar yerini koruduğuna göre bu şikâyetten bir sonuç alınamadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Meclisin ilk yıllarına ait mazbatalar elde mevcut değildir. Dolayısıyla bu dönemde konuların mecliste görüşülmüş olduğu sadâret tezkirelerinden çıkarılabilmektedir. Ancak 1850’lere doğru müstakil mazbatalar düzenlenmeye başlanmıştır.
1 Temmuz 1872’de yapılan bir düzenlemeyle, mevcut kanun ve nizamların tamamen veya kısmen değiştirilebilmesi yahut yeni bir kanun yapılabilmesi için öncelikle konunun Şûrâ-yı Devlet’te, ondan sonra da Meclis-i Vükelâ’da ele alınıp gerekli düzeltme ve ilâveler yapılarak padişahın onayına sunulması ve padişahın tasdikinden sonra uygulanması esası getirildi.
II. Meşrutiyet döneminde meclisin görev, yetki ve sorumluluklarının sınırları Kānûn-ı Esâsî ile belirlenerek Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’a karşı sorumlu bir hale getirildi. Üyeler hükümet başkanı sıfatıyla sadrazam tarafından tesbit edilir ve padişahın onayıyla görevlerine başlardı. Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’a Hey’et-i Vükelâ’yı düşürme yetkisi de tanınmıştı (ayrıca bk. HÜKÜMET ). Bu dönemde bazı üst düzey mâbeyin görevlilerinin tayini de meclisin kararı ve padişahın onayı ile yapılmaktaydı.
İlk dönemlerde meclis üyelerinin maaşı şahsın rütbesine göre değişebiliyordu. Ayrıca günlük ve aylık olarak kendilerine verilen aynî tayinatları da vardı. 1895’te vekil maaşı 40.000 kuruştu. Mâbeyin başkâtibi Tahsin Paşa, II. Abdülhamid’in bu maaşların dışında sadrazam, serasker ve bazı vekillere kendi hesabından hususi maaşlar verdiğini belirtir ve maaş alanların listesini verir. II. Meşrutiyet’ten sonra 21 Ağustos 1908’de yapılan genel maaş tensîkatından vükelâ da nasibini aldı ve maaşları 25.000 kuruşa indirildi. Sadrazamın maaşı 40.000, şeyhülislâmınki 30.000 kuruştu. 1909’da Sultan Mehmed Reşad’ın arzusu doğrultusunda yapılan bir düzenlemeyle meclis üyelerinin bayramlarda ve resmî törenlerde tek tip elbise giymeleri esası benimsendi ve yaptırılan üniformaların bedelini padişah ödedi.
31 Mart 1909’da yayımlanan iç tüzükle meclisin toplanma ve müzakere biçimi, görevleri ve aldığı kararların icra şekli belirlendi. Toplanacağı zamanı sadrazamın kararlaştırdığı mecliste görüşmelere başlanmadan önceki oturumda alınan kararların zabıtları imzalanır, ilgili nâzır bulunmadıkça kendi dairesine ait evrak gündeme alınıp görüşülemezdi. Mazeretli olarak meclise katılamayan üyeler alınan kararların zabıtlarını imzalamak zorundaydı. Üyelerin mecliste fikir beyan edebilmeleri için sadrazamdan izin almaları gerekiyordu. Meclis kararlarından önemlileri mazbatayla padişahın iradesine sunulur, iradeye gerek olmayanlarsa Sadâret Mektubî Kalemi’nde kaleme alınan bir yazıyla ilgili makama bildirilerek icra süreci başlatılırdı. İstikraz akdi, savaş veya barış kararı, sıkıyönetim ilânı, kara ve deniz kuvvetlerinin tamamen veya kısmen teyakkuza geçirilmesi veya cepheye sevki, Meclis-i Umûmî’nin kapalı olduğu dönemde geçici kanun çıkarılması, bütçe dışı olağan üstü harcama yapılması, imtiyâzât, mukavelât veya devlet daireleri için düzenleme yapılması, anlaşma hükümleri veya yabancı devletlerle ortaya çıkan siyasî sorunlar gibi konular mazbatayla, bunların dışındaki mühim hususlar sadrazamın tezkiresiyle padişahın onayına sunulurdu.
İç tüzükte meclisin yazı işleri de düzenlendi. Âmedci müzakereleri zaptetmekle, sadâret mektupçusu müzakere edilecek evrakı okumak ve gündemi hazırlamakla; âmedci yardımcısı ve birkaç kâtip meclisin yazı işlerini yürütmekle görevlendirildi. Meclis zabıtnâmeleri Âmedî Kalemi’nde saklanmakta, meclise havale edilen evrak, gerektiğinde kolayca bulunabilmesi için müteselsil numaralarla bir deftere kaydedilmekteydi.
1912’de iç tüzük değiştirilerek meclisin ele alacağı hususlarla yazı işleri yeniden düzenlendi. Meclisin görüşeceği konular genel siyasete dair meseleler, anayasa gereği vükelânın ortak sorumluluğunu gerektiren işler ve anayasa dışındaki diğer kanunların meclise yüklediği görevler olmak üzere üç grupta toplandı. Nâzırlar, ancak genel siyasete dair hususların meclis gündemine alınmasını teklif edebilirdi. Ayrıca bunun gerekçelerini ve kendi mütalaalarını yazılı olarak sadârete bildirmeleri lâzımdı. Bu üç grubun dışında olup padişahın onayını gerektiren hususlar nâzırlar, sadrazam ve padişahın ortak imzalarıyla yürürlüğe konur ve ilmiyeye dair meseleler şeyhülislâm vasıtasıyla padişaha arzedilirdi. Meclis kararlarından padişahın onayını gerektirenlerin yine mazbatayla arzedilmesi ve düzenlenecek olan irâde-i seniyye lâyihalarının meclis üyelerince imzalanması şarttı.
Meclis, kuruluşundan 4 Kasım 1922’de son sadrazam Ahmed Tevfik Paşa’nın istifa etmesine kadar varlığını ve faaliyetlerini kesintisiz sürdürdü. Osmanlı devlet geleneğinde meclis halkla mâbeyin, yani padişahlık makamı arasında bir perde vazifesi görürdü. Diğer bir ifadeyle yönetimin halkın hoşuna giden icraatları padişaha, başarısız uygulamaları ise meclise ve sadrazama hamledilir, böylece başarısız icraatlarda vekillerden biri veya birkaçı yahut sadrazam görevden alınarak padişaha gelebilecek tepkiler önlenmiş olurdu (Cevdet, IV, 151).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, Y.A.HUS , nr. 446/73, 251/151.
BA , Y.PRK.BŞK, nr. 11/45, 11/55, 67/5.
Düstur , Birinci tertip, İstanbul 1289, I, 16; İkinci tertip, İstanbul 1329-31, I, 62-64, 143-145; II, 61-64; IV, 547-548.
Abdurrahman Şeref, Târîh-i Devlet-i Osmâniyye , İstanbul 1309, II, 444.
Cevdet, Tezâkir , I, 17-18; IV, 151.
Mir’ât-ı Hakîkat (Miroğlu) , s. 161-162, 510, 567.
Lütfi Simâvi, Osmanlı Sarayının Son Günleri (s.nşr. Şemsettin Kutlu), İstanbul, ts. (Hürriyet Yayınları), s. 105-106.
Asaf Tugay, İbret: Abdülhamid’e Verilen Jurnaller ve Jurnalciler , İstanbul 1962, s. 32, 35.
Enver Ziya Karal, Osmanlı Tarihi , Ankara 1976, VI, 117-119.
Ali Fuat Türkgeldi, Görüp İşittiklerim , Ankara 1984, s. 11-12, 50-51.
Tahsin Paşa, Sultan Abdülhamid: Tahsin Paşa’nın Yıldız Hatıraları , İstanbul 1990, s. 24, 56, 365, 398.
Ali Akyıldız, Tanzimat Dönemi Osmanlı Merkez Teşkilâtında Reform: 1836-1856 , İstanbul 1993, s. 58, 179-185.
C. V. Findley, Osmanlı Devletinde Bürokratik Reform: Bâbıâli 1789-1922 (trc. İzzet Akyol – Latif Boyacı), İstanbul 1994, s. 147-148, 207-209, 259-260.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 28. cildinde, 251-253 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.