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MEDÂİN Skip to content Sâsânîler’in başşehri.
Bugünkü Bağdat’ın 30 km. kadar güneydoğusunda Dicle nehrinin her iki yakasına Partlar ve Sâsânîler döneminde karşılıklı kurulan yedi ayrı şehirden meydana gelmiş, bu şehirler taş veya duba köprülerle birbirine bağlanmıştır. Arapça medîne (şehir) kelimesinin çoğulu olan medâin , Ârâmîler tarafından bu şehirler topluluğuna verilen aynı anlamdaki medînethâ adının Arapça’ya uyarlanmış şeklidir. Burası Sâsânîler’in başşehri ve hükümdarların kışlık ikametgâhı olduğu gibi yahudi ve Nestûrîler’in önemli merkezlerinden biriydi. Ârâmî, Pers, Rum ve Suriyeliler’den meydana gelen kozmopolit nüfus içinde yahudi, hıristiyan ve Mecûsîler çoğunluktaydı. Başşehrin yönetim, endüstri ve ticaret bölgeleri arasına saray ve köşkler, bahçeler, merasim binaları, anıtlar ve çeşitli meydanlar serpiştirilmişti.
Medâin’in aslında yedi şehirden oluştuğu bilinmekteyse de Sâsânîler’in son zamanlarından itibaren dört veya beş şehrin varlığından söz edildiği görülmektedir. Bunlardan en eskisi, milâttan önce I. yüzyılda Dicle’nin sol yakasında Partlar tarafından kurulan ve Arap kaynaklarında Medînetülatîka veya Taysefûn (Tusfûn), genellikle de doğrudan Medâin adıyla zikredilen Ktesiphon’dur. Arap-İslâm kaynaklarında Beytülebyaz adıyla geçen hükümdarlık sarayı burada bulunuyordu. Sâsânîler’in son zamanlarında hükümdarlar kışın daha çok Destecird’de oturduklarından şehrin bu açıdan önemi azalmıştı. Ktesiphon’un güneyinde uzayıp giden alana I. Şâpûr (241-272) Espânbur adı verilen bir şehir inşa ettirdi. Daha sonra I. Hüsrev (Enûşirvan), Bizans’tan yeni ele geçirdiği Antakya’yı örnek alarak 540 yılında Espânbur’dan yaklaşık 5 km. uzakta Veh Antioh-ı Hüsrev denilen şehri kurdu ve Antakya’dan getirilen esirleri buraya yerleştirdi. Antakya’dan getirilen Bizanslılar oturduğu için bölge halkı arasında Rûmegān veya Rûmiye olarak da bilinen şehirde VI. yüzyılın sonlarında 30.000 kişinin yaşadığı tahmin edilmektedir. Dicle’nin sağ yakasında ise daha önceden I. Erdeşîr’in (226-240) dairevî plan üzerine kurduğu, milâttan önce IV. yüzyılın başlarında Selevkoslar döneminde inşa edilen Seleukeia’nın güney yarısını kaplayan Veh Erdeşîr yer alıyordu. Temelde bir endüstri ve ticaret merkezi olan şehir surlarla çevrilmişti ve burada bir darphâne, Nestûrîler’e ait bir katedral ve Nestûrî piskoposunun ikametgâhı bulunuyordu. Arap kaynaklarında Behüresîr (Behrasîr) adıyla zikredilen şehrin bazı kesimleri VI. yüzyılda terkedilmiş durumdaydı ve nüfusunun büyük bir kısmı yahudi idi. Behüresîr’in yaklaşık 5 km. güneyinde Nehrülmelik’in Dicle’ye kavuştuğu yerdeki Sâbât adlı mevki de buraya dahil edilmektedir.
Medâin, 16 yılının Safer ayında (Mart 637) Sa‘d b. Ebû Vakkās kumandasındaki birlikler tarafından İslâm topraklarına katılmıştır. Kûfe’nin 30 km. güneyinde cereyan eden Kādisiye Savaşı’nda (15/636) Sâsânîler’e karşı büyük bir zafer kazanan İslâm orduları Medâin’e doğru kaçan Sâsânî askerlerini kovalayarak ilerlediler. Öncelikle Batı Medâin’de yer alan Sâbât ve ardından iki aylık kuşatmadan sonra Behüresîr ele geçirildi. Yönetim merkezi olan Doğu Medâin’e (Ktesiphon) ulaşmak için Dicle nehrinin geçilmesi gerekiyordu. İranlılar kayıkları bölgeden uzaklaştırıp köprüleri yıktıklarından Ktesiphon’a ulaşmak hayli zordu. Askerin zorlandığını gören Sa‘d, etkili bir konuşma yaparak karşıya geçilmesi halinde o ana kadar verdikleri mücadelenin karşılığını göreceklerini söyledi ve kendilerini cesaretlendirdi. Ordunun karşıya geçmesi üzerine İranlılar korku ve şaşkınlık içinde Hulvân’a doğru kaçtılar. Kisrâ III. Yezdicerd ve saray erkânı daha önce buraya kaçmış, ordunun önemli bir kısmı da Ktesiphon’a 35 km. kadar mesafede bulunan Cisrinehrevân’a çekilmişti. Böylece Medâin’e giren İslâm ordusu herhangi bir mukavemetle karşılaşmadan şehri devlet hazinesi ve bazı askerî birliklerle beraber teslim aldı. Sa‘d, Medâin halkıyla isteyenlerin ayrılabileceklerine, isteyenlerin cizye ve haraç ödemek şartıyla kalabileceklerine dair bir anlaşma yaptı. Ktesiphon’da toplanan yüklü miktardaki ganimetin (900 milyon dirhem) beşte birini Medine’ye gönderdi. Bu ganimetler arasında tarihî ve maddî değeri yüksek kılıçlar, kıymetli tören elbiseleri, ipek kumaşlar, altın ve mücevherler, kisraların zırh ve taçları gibi eşyanın yanı sıra altın, gümüş ve kıymetli taşlarla süslenmiş, bahar motiflerinin hâkim olduğu “bahâr-ı kisrâ” veya “bahâr-ı Hüsrev” denilen büyük bir ipek halı da yer almaktaydı. Hz. Ömer ganimet taksimi sırasında halıyı müslümanlar arasında paylaştırdı. Dönemin Bizans’tan sonra en güçlü devleti olan Sâsânî İmparatorluğu’nun merkezinin fethedilmesi İslâm tarihinin en önemli olaylarından biridir ve tarihe “fethu’l-fütûh” diye geçen Nihâvend Savaşı ile birlikte (21/642) imparatorluğun yıkılışını temsil etmektedir.
Ktesiphon’da ilk cuma camiini yaptıran Sa‘d b. Ebû Vakkās Beytülebyaz’a yerleşti, askerlerine de buradaki boş evleri tahsis etti. Ancak kısa bir süre sonra yörenin rutubetli iklimi ve sivrisinekleri askerlerinin sağlığını bozduğu için Hz. Ömer’e durumu bildirerek onun tavsiyesi doğrultusunda Kûfe ordugâh-şehrini kurdu ve ordusunu oraya nakletti (17/638). Askerlerin Kûfe’ye giderken oturdukları evlerin kapı gibi tekrar kullanılabilir aksamını beraberlerinde götürmeleri ve yerli halkın da bir kısmının Kûfe’ye, bir kısmının Basra’ya göç etmesi sebebiyle şehir kısmen metruk bir hale geldi. Buna rağmen doğuya giden ana yolları kontrol etmesi ve Kûfe valisine bağlı, Dicle’nin suladığı doğu tarafındaki verimli Cevhâ (Cûhâ) bölgesinin idarî merkezi olması dolayısıyla Kûfe ve çevresi için anahtar konumundaydı. Hz. Ömer’in vali tayin ettiği Huzeyfe b. Yemân Medâin’i imar etti ve 36 (656) yılında burada vefat etti. Yine meşhur sahâbîlerden Selmân-ı Fârisî de bir süre Medâin valiliği yaptı ve o da ömrünü burada tamamladı (36/656). Fetihten sonra Medâin’e tayin edilen ilk valiler çok defa kumandanlık, imamlık ve vergi toplama görevlerini birlikte üstlenmekte ve Beytülebyaz’da ikamet etmekteydiler. Emevîler devrindeki para reformundan sonra Medînetülatîka’da (Ktesiphon) İslâm öncesi dönemlerde olduğu gibi bir de darphâne kurulmuştu.
Medâin müslümanları, Hz. Ali’nin kendisine başşehir seçtiği Kûfe ile bağlantıları sebebiyle Hâricî karşıtı idiler. Hz. Ali 36 (656) yılında Nuhayle’den Medâin’e geldi ve Muhtâr es-Sekafî’nin amcası Sa‘d b. Mes‘ûd’u buraya vali tayin etti; daha sonra da şehirdeki taraftarlarından 3000 kişiyi Ma‘kıl b. Kays’ın kumandasında Musul’a gönderdi. Bir yıl sonra Abdullah b. Vehb er-Râsibî’yi kendilerine emir seçen Hâricîler Medâin’de toplanmak istedilerse de karşılaşacakları zorlukları düşünerek Nehrevan’a yöneldiler. Vali Sa‘d b. Mes‘ûd, Sâbât’a kadar gelmiş olan bir grubun şehre girmesini engellemek için tedbir aldı, böylece şehri Hâricî saldırısından korudu (37/658). Hz. Hasan 41’de (661) Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân ile anlaşmadan önce Medâin’e gitti ve bir süre orada kalarak Beytülebyaz’da oturdu. 43 (664) yılında Vali Simâk b. Ubeyd el-Absî, Müstevrid b. Ullefe et-Teymî liderliğindeki Hâricîler’in Behüresîr’den Ktesiphon’a geçmelerine engel oldu. Medâinliler daha sonraki iç karışıklıklarda da Ali evlâdı taraftarları arasında yer aldılar; 65’te (684) şehrin kadısı Sa‘d b. Huzeyfe, Medâinli 170 kişiyle birlikte Süleyman b. Surad liderliğindeki Tevvâbîn arasına katıldı. 68 (687) yılında Zübeyr b. Mâhûz liderliğindeki Ezârika Hâricîleri Medâin’e girip şehri tahrip ettiler ve katliam yaptılar. 76’da (695) Şebîb b. Yezîd eş-Şeybânî Medâin’i işgal ettiyse de Medâin halkı tarafından dışarı çıkarıldı. Haccâc b. Yûsuf es-Sekafî’nin Medâin’e vali tayin ettiği Mutarrif b. Mugīre 77 (696) yılında ayaklandı; ancak başarılı olamadı ve öldürüldü. Medâinliler, 127 (744) yılında Abdullah b. Muâviye’nin Kûfe’de başlattığı Alevî isyanına destek verdiler. Eski İran dinlerinin de yer bulduğu Medâin’de zaman içinde gulât-ı Şîa inançları yaygınlık kazanmaya başladı.
Abbâsî ihtilâli sırasında Kûfe’de faaliyetlerini gizli olarak yürüten Ebû Seleme el-Hallâl, Humeyd b. Kahtabe ile kardeşi Hasan kumandasındaki Abbâsî ordusunun Kûfe’ye gelmesi üzerine burada ihtilâlin yönetimini açık bir şekilde eline aldı ve Humeyd b. Kahtabe’yi askerleriyle birlikte Medâin’e gönderdi (132/749). Abbâsî Halifesi Ebû Ca‘fer el-Mansûr, Enbâr’dan Medâin’e giderek kısa bir süre Rûmiye’de oturdu ve gücünden korktuğu Ebû Müslim-i Horasânî’yi burada tuzağa düşürerek ortadan kaldırdı (137/755). İnşasında, harabelerinden götürülen eski yapı kalıntılarının da kullanıldığı Bağdat’ın kurulmasından sonra Medâin siyasî ve ekonomik açıdan önemini kaybetmeye başladı. Nüfusunun çoğu Bağdat’a göç ettiği gibi yahudi ve Nestûrî merkezleri de oraya taşındı. Mansûr’un kısmen yıktırdığı Beytülebyaz Müktefî-Billâh döneminde (902-908) tamamen yıktırıldı ve malzemeleri Bağdat’ta Kasrü’t-tâc’ın inşasında kullanıldı. Bu arada Espânbur’da Selmân-ı Fârisî ve Huzeyfe b. Yemân’ın türbeleri de inşa edildi. III. (IX.) yüzyılda Medâin daha ziyade çevresindeki tarım toprakları açısından önemliydi. IV. (X.) yüzyılda Rûmiye tenha bir yer haline geldi; fakat nehrin sol yakasındaki kasabanın geri kalan kesimi tuğla binaları, dükkânları ve iki cuma camii ile Bağdat’ın bir banliyösü olarak gelişti.
Osmanlı döneminde özellikle Selmân-ı Fârisî Türbesi’ne önem verilmiş ve IV. Murad’ın yeniden yaptırdığı türbenin etrafında zamanla aynı adı taşıyan bir kasaba oluşmuştur (Selmânıpâk). Bu kasaba I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Irak cephesinin en önemli muharebelerinden birine sahne oldu ve Kûtül‘amâre’yi ele geçirdikten sonra Bağdat’a girmek isteyen General Townshend kumandasındaki İngiliz-Hint birlikleri burada Türk kuvvetleri tarafından bozguna uğratılarak Bağdat önlerinden tekrar Kûtül‘amâre’ye çekilmeye mecbur bırakıldı (22-26 Kasım 1915). Halen burası, Irak’taki kutsal yerleri ziyaret eden Şiîler’in ve diğer ziyaretçilerin uğrak yeridir.
Sâsânîler döneminde I. Şâpûr tarafından Espânbur’da yaptırılan ve I. Hüsrev tarafından tamir edilip genişletilen büyük sarayın, Doğu’da Eyvân-i Kisrâ veya Tâk-ı Kisrâ, Batı’da Ktesiphon Kemeri (Arc de Ctésiphon) adıyla bilinen 35 m. yüksekliğindeki bir tonozla örtülü tören salonu, halk arasında haksızlığa uğrayanların başvurduğu bir adalet kapısı olarak şöhret kazanmıştı. İslâm tarihi boyunca müslüman mimarlar kadar hükümdarları da etkileyen ve hâlâ ayakta duran bu görkemli eyvan Arap ve Fars edebiyatlarında önemli bir yer işgal etmiş, Buhtürî, Şerîf er-Radî, Firdevsî, Hâkānî-yi Şirvânî, İbnü’l-Hâcib ve Ahmed Şevkī gibi şairlere ilham kaynağı olmuştur.
Yaklaşık 150 km2 ’lik bir alanı kaplayan Medâin harabeleri üzerinde XX. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren Alman, Amerikan ve İtalyan arkeoloji heyetleri tarafından kazılar yapılmış ve bu şehirler topluluğunun tarihi aydınlatılmaya çalışılmıştır (bk. İA , VII, 455; EI2 [İng.] , V, 946). Başta tarihçi Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Muhammed el-Medâinî ve Mu‘tezile kelâmcısı İbn Ebü’l-Hadîd olmak üzere Medâin’e nisbet edilen birçok âlim bulunmaktadır (Sem‘ânî, XII, 143-148).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf. – M. Morony, “al-Madāʾin”, EI2 (İng.) , V, 945-946.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 28. cildinde, 289-291 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.