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MEDYEN Skip to content Hz. Şuayb’ın peygamber olarak gönderildiği kavmin ve bu kavmin yaşadığı yerin adı.
Medyen kelimesinin menşei hakkında farklı görüşler ileri sürülmektedir. Hz. Şuayb’ın ve gönderildiği kavmin Arap, dolayısıyla bu kavmin adı olan Medyen’in “ikamet etmek” anlamındaki müdûn veya “hükmetmek” mânasındaki dîn kökünden türemiş Arapça bir kelime olduğu ileri sürüldüğü gibi Arapça olmadığı da ifade edilmektedir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “mdn” md.; Mevhûb b. Ahmed el-Cevâlîkī, s. 326; Jeffery, s. 260; M. Beyyûmî Mehrân, s. 193).
Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’e göre Medyen (İbrânîce’de Midyan/Midian, Tevrat’ın Yunanca tercümesinde Madian/Madiam) öncelikle bir şahıs adı olup Hz. İbrâhim’in üçüncü eşi Keturah’tan olan dördüncü oğlunun (Tekvîn, 25/2; I. Târihler, 1/32), aynı zamanda bu kişinin soyundan gelen ve Midyânîler (Midyanim, Madianites) denilen halkın ve onların yaşadığı bölgenin adıdır. Tevrat’ta, Hz. İbrâhim ve Keturah’ın üçüncü çocuklarının adı olan Medân’ın Medyen’in farklı yazılmış şekli olup ikisinin aynı kişi olduğu da ileri sürülmüştür (DB , IV/I, s. 531; IDB , III, 318); Medân aynı zamanda Arapça’da bir put adıdır (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “mdn” md.; Cevâd Ali, VI, 282). Diğer taraftan kelimenin Mısır’daki bir yer veya kabilenin adından türediği de söylenmektedir (Reşîd Sâlim en-Nâdûrî, II, 71).
Kur’an’da Hz. Şuayb ve Mûsâ kıssaları dolayısıyla on yerde geçen Medyen kelimesi, Şuayb’ın peygamber olarak gönderildiği (el-A‘râf 7/85; Hûd 11/84; el-Ankebût 29/36) ve Hz. Mûsâ’nın Mısır’dan çıktıktan sonra evlenip yıllarca aralarında kaldığı kavmin yaşadığı (Tâhâ 20/40; el-Kasas 28/22-28) bölgeyi ifade etmekte, bu kavimden de Ashâb-ı Medyen (et-Tevbe 9/70; el-Hac 22/44) ve Ashâbü’l-Eyke (el-Hicr 15/78; eş-Şuarâ 26/176; Sâd 38/13; Kāf 50/14) diye bahsedilmektedir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de verilen bilgiye göre Medyen halkına mensup olan ve bu halka peygamber olarak gönderilen Hz. Şuayb kavmini çok tanrıcılıktan uzaklaştırıp Allah’a tapmaya çağırmış; ölçü ve tartıda, alışverişte haksızlık yapmak, ülkede bozgunculuk çıkarmak, tehditle insanları Allah’ın yolundan alıkoymak gibi tutum ve davranışlara son vermelerini istemiştir (el-A‘râf 7/85-86; Hûd 11/84-87). Ancak kavminin önde gelenleri Şuayb’ı yalancılıkla itham etmiş, isteklerine karşı çıkmış, ona inananları tehdit etmiş, kendisini ve ümmetini ülkeden sürme tehdidinde bulunmuştur. Bunun üzerine Şuayb onlara ilâhî azabın geleceğini bildirmiş, nitekim şiddetli deprem ve korkunç bir gürültü onları helâk etmiştir (el-A‘râf 7/85-92; Hûd 11/84-95).
Yine Kur’an’da Hz. Şuayb’ın peygamber olarak gönderildiği kavimden Eyke halkı diye de söz edilmektedir (eş-Şuarâ 26/176-189). Eyke kelimesinin “sedir ağacı, sık ve bol ağaçlıklı yer” anlamına geldiği, kelimenin Leyke şeklinde de okunduğu, bu takdirde şehrin adı olduğu (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “eyk” md.), Medyen halkına çok ağaçlı bir bölgede yaşadıkları için bu adın verildiği de ifade edilmektedir (Âlûsî, XIV, 75; Ahmed Cemâl el-Ömerî, s. 259). Bölgede araştırmalar yapan Alois Musil, Vâdilebyaz’ın alt tarafının çalılıklarla kaplı olduğunu söylemektedir (EI2 [Fr.] , V, 1146). Diğer taraftan Ashâb-ı Medyen (Ehl-i Medyen) ve Ashâbü’l-Eyke’nin Kur’an’da anlatılan vasıfları birbirine uymaktadır; Hz. Şuayb’ın bu kavme tebliği de Medyen halkına olan tebliğinin aynıdır (eş-Şuarâ 26/177-183). Ancak bazı müfessirler, Kur’an’da Şuayb’dan Medyenliler’in kardeşi diye söz edilirken Eykeliler hakkında böyle bir nitelemenin bulunmadığını dikkate alarak bunların iki ayrı kavim olduğunu ileri sürmüşlerdir (İbn Kesîr, Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-ʿaẓîm , III, 346).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Medyen halkının deprem, sarsıntı veya gürültü ile, Eyke halkının ise “gölge günü”nün azabı ile (gündüzü karartan korkunç kasırga) cezalandırıldığı belirtilmektedir (el-A‘râf 7/91; Hûd 11/94; eş-Şuarâ 26/189; el-Ankebût 29/37). Eyke halkı Şuayb’dan eğer doğru söylüyorsa gökten üzerlerine azap indirmesini istemiş, bunun üzerine gölge gününün azabı gelmiştir (eş-Şuarâ 26/187-189). Ashâb-ı Medyen ile Ashâbü’l-Eyke’yi aynı kavim sayanlar, bulutların ateş ve azap getirmesiyle şiddetli bir gürültü ve yer sarsıntısının peş peşe geldiğini belirtmektedir (Ahmed Cemal el-Ömerî, s. 272). Medyen halkı da aynı volkanik bölgede daha önce yaşayan Semûd ve Lût kavimleri gibi volkanik bir patlamanın getirdiği gürültü ve sarsıntı ile helâk edilmiş olmalıdır.
Eski Ahid’e göre Medyen, Mısır ve Ken‘ân ile ticaret yollarını elinde tutan yerleşik ve göçebe kabilelerin hâkimiyetindeydi (Sayılar, 31/10). Bu kabileler başta ticaret olmak üzere hayvancılık ve madencilik alanlarında faaliyet gösteriyorlardı. Midyânîler güneyden kuzeye giden ticaret yoluna da âşina idiler. Medyen halkının ticaretle meşguliyeti Hz. Şuayb’ın onlara verdiği Kur’an’daki öğütlerden de anlaşılmaktadır.
Eski Ahid, Midyânîler’den ilk defa Hz. Yûsuf dolayısıyla bahsetmektedir. Tüccar olan ve Mısır’a mal satan Midyânîler kuyuya atılan Yûsuf’u oradan çıkarıp bir rivayete göre 20 gümüş karşılığında İsmâilîler’e vermiş (Tekvîn, 37/28), diğer bir rivayete göre ise bizzat kendileri Mısır’a götürüp Potifar’a satmışlardır (Tekvîn, 37/36). Öte yandan Hz. Mûsâ Mısır’dan kaçınca Medyen’e gitmiş, Tevrat’ın Midyân kâhini diye takdim ettiği Yetro’nun (Şuayb) yanında kalmış ve onun kızıyla evlenmiştir (Çıkış, 2/15-21; 3/21). Daha sonra Medyenliler İsrâil’e düşmanlık etmişler, İsrâiloğulları da krallarını ve bütün erkeklerini, erkek çocuklarını, evli kadınları öldürerek onlardan öç almışlardır (Sayılar, 22/7; 31/1-20).
Hâkimler döneminde Midyânîler, Amâlika (Amâlekîler) ve Şarkoğulları Ken‘ân diyarını işgal etmişler, yedi yıl sonra İsrâiloğulları tekrar özgürlüklerine kavuşmuşlardır (Hâkimler, 6-8; 9/17). Bu olayın ardından Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’te Midyânîler’den bahsedilmemektedir. Bu durumu onların çok erken dönemlerden itibaren İsmâiloğulları’na karıştıkları ve Araplar içinde eridikleri şeklinde izah edenler varsa da (NDB , s. 458) araştırmacıların çoğu Midyânîler’i bir Arap kabilesi olarak kabul etmektedir (DB , IV/1, s. 535; DİA , II, 557).
Midyânîler’in yaşadığı bölgeye Midyân diyarı denilmektedir (Çıkış, 2/15; Habakkuk, 3/7). Araştırmacılar, Kuzey Arabistan-Suriye çölünde yaşayan Doğu kavimleriyle birlikte zikredilen Midyânîler’in (Hâkimler, 6/3, 33; 7/12) bulunduğu Midyân diyarını Akabe körfezinin doğu sahiliyle Arap yarımadasının kuzeybatısındaki bölge olarak kabul etmektedir. Eski Ahid’e göre göçebe olan Midyânîler Akabe’den batıda Sînâ’ya (Sayılar, 10/29), kuzeyde Moab’a (Tekvîn, 36/35), Moab ve Ammon’un doğusundaki Suriye çölünün uzantılarına (Hâkimler, 7/25), Ürdün vadisinin doğusuna (Sayılar, 25/6-7) kadar yayılmıştır.
Eski Ahid’de Medyen adında bir şehirden söz edilmemektedir. Ptoleme ise aynı bölgede sahilde Modiana adlı bir şehirle körfezden 26 mil uzaklıkta iç kesimde Madiana isminde bir başka şehirden bahsetmekte olup burası Josephus’un Madian, Eusebius’un Madiam ve müslüman yazarların Medyen dedikleri yere tekabül etmektedir (IDB , III, 375; EI2 [Fr.] , V, 1145).
Grek, Roma ve İslâm kaynaklarında Medyen Arabistan’da ve Kızıldeniz kenarında gösterilir, Josephus’a göre Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’teki Midyân burasıdır. İslâm kaynaklarında Medyen bölgesinin sınırları Hicaz’la Suriye arasında kuzeyde Lût gölü, güneyde Vâdilkurâ, doğuda Nüfûd çölü, batıda Akabe körfezi olarak verilmektedir. Medyen şehri, Suriye’yi Yemen’e ve Mısır’ı İran körfezine bağlayan iki işlek ticaret yolunun kavşak noktasında bulunuyordu. Bunların birincisi aynı zamanda kuzey-güney yönündeki ana hac yolu idi ve Medyen, Eyle’den Medine’ye gelen hac güzergâhındaki ikinci konak yeridir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm Medyen’in işlek bir yol üzerinde olduğunu bildirmektedir (el-Hicr 15/79). Medyen, Arap yarımadasının güneyinden ve özellikle Yemen’den gelip kuzeye, Filistin ve Suriye’ye giden ticaret kervanlarının, ayrıca Ken‘ânlılar’ın, Amoriler’in ve Kuzey Arapları’nın Filistin ve Sînâ yarımadasına ve Aşağı Nil vadisine göç yolu üstündeydi. Öte yandan burası Kızıldeniz’deki deniz yolu güzergâhında önemli bir merkez durumundaydı.
Tarihî Medyen şehrinin Akabe körfezinin doğu kıyısı üzerinde önemli yerleşim merkezlerinden olan Maknâ’nın 25 km. kadar kuzeydoğusundaki Vâdilebyaz’ın güney kısmında ve Tebük hizasında olup Tebük’e sekiz günlük mesafede, sahile yakın bir mevkide yer aldığı, vadinin batı yakasında Akabe körfezi sahilinde Megāir-i Şuayb denilen harabelerin bulunduğu ifade edilmektedir (Mustafavî, XI, 55; Yākût, V, 77; EJd. , XI, 1506; EI2 [Fr.] , V, 1146).
Asr-ı saâdet’te Medyen şehri, Hz. Peygamber oraya Zeyd b. Hârise kumandasında bir kuvvet göndermesi ve şair Küseyyir’in oradaki keşişlerden bahsetmesi, ayrıca Muhammed b. Hanefiyye’nin Eyle’ye gidişini nakledişi münasebetiyle zikredilmektedir. Zamanla şehir gerilemiştir. XII. yüzyılda İdrîsî buranın gelir kaynakları sınırlı, önemsiz bir ticaret merkezi olduğunu, Makrîzî de ticaretin zayıflaması sebebiyle Medyenliler’in mütevazi şartlara sahip bulunduğunu belirtir. Medyen bölgesinde araştırmalar XX. yüzyılda Musil ve Philby tarafından başlatılmış, P. J. Parr başkanlığındaki bir grup tarafından arkeolojik çalışmalar yapılmış ve Nabatîler’e ait olduğu tahmin edilen çok sayıda mezar bulunmuştur.
Alfred Felix Landon Beeston, Ashâbü’l-Eyke’nin Nabatî ilâhı Zü’ş-Şara’ya tapanlar olabileceğini, onların Medyen’le sıkı alâkalarının bulunduğunu söylemektedir. Ashâbü’l-Eyke adlandırmasının Mekkî sûrelerde yer aldığı, Hz. Peygamber’in Mekkî sûrelerdeki bu tebliğinin ticarî ilişkileri sebebiyle Arabistan’ın kuzeybatısındaki Zü’ş-Şara kültüne âşina insanlara, Medenî sûrelerde ise Medyen hakkında bilgisi olanlara yönelik olduğu da ifade edilmektedir (EI2 [Fr.] , V, 1146). Ancak Ashâbü’l-Eyke adlandırması sadece Mekkî sûrelerde bulunmakla beraber Medyen ve Ashâb-ı Medyen kelimeleri sekiz defa Mekkî, iki defa da Medenî sûrelerde geçmekte, dolayısıyla Mekkî sûrelerde hem Ashâbü’l-Eyke hem de Medyen ifadeleri yer almaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “mdn”, “eyk” md.leri.
Mustafavî, et-Taḥḳīḳ , I, 179-181; XI, 54-55.
Taberî, Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl) , I, 311, 325-329, 397.
a.mlf., Câmiʿu’l-beyân , Beyrut, ts., V, 543-545; VI, 414; VII, 97-107, 530, 531; IX, 471-474; X, 51-65, 139, 140, 556, 557; XI, 412.
Sa‘lebî, ʿArâʾisü’l-mecâlis , s. 132-133.
Mevhûb b. Ahmed el-Cevâlîkī, el-Muʿarreb (nşr. Ahmed Muhammed Şâkir), Tahran 1966, s. 326.
İbn Asâkir, Târîḫu Dımaşḳ , Beyrut 1986, X, 307-314.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân , I, 33; II, 14; III, 350; V, 77-78.
Kurtubî, el-Câmiʿ , Beyrut 1952, VII, 247, 248-251; IX, 89, 91, 92; XIII, 134-135, 137.
İbn Kesîr, Ḳıṣaṣü’l-enbiyâʾ , I, 288-302.
a.mlf., Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-ʿaẓîm , Beyrut 1969, II, 231, 232, 556; III, 346.
Âlûsî, Rûḥu’l-meʿânî , VIII, 175-179; IX, 6-8; XII, 114-119; XIV, 75; XIX, 117; XX, 59-62, 70, 157; XXIII, 171; XXVI, 177.
J. Bonaccorsi, “Madian, Madianites”, DB , IV/1, s. 532-536.
A. Musil, The Northern Hegaz , New York 1926, I, 109-120, 278-296.
J. Horovitz, Koranische Untersuchungen , Berlin-Leipzig 1926, s. 93-94.
A. Jeffery, The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur’ān , Baroda 1938, s. 260.
NDB , s. 458.
S. Cohen, “Medan”, IDB , III, 318.
G. M. Landes, “Midian”, a.e. , III, 375-376.
Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , VI, 282.
Abdullah al-Wohaibi, The Northern Hijaz in the Writings of the Arab Geographers: 800-1150 , Beirut 1973, s. 140-145.
M. Beyyûmî Mehrân, Dirâsât fi’t-târîḫi’l-ʿArabi’l-ḳadîm , Riyad 1400/1980, s. 192-194.
Reşîd Sâlim en-Nâdûrî, “Ḥavle arżı Medyen min ḥayşü taḥdîdi mevḳıʿihâ ve devriha’t-târîḫi’l-mübekkir”, el-Cezîretü’l-ʿArabiyye ḳable’l-İslâm , Riyad 1984, II, 71-75.
G. E. Mendenhall, “Qurayya and the Midianites”, a.e. , II, 137-144.
Ahmed Cemâl el-Ömerî, Dirâsât fi’t-tefsîri’l-mevżûʿî , Kahire 1986, s. 259-279.
Cemâl Abdülhâdî M. Mes‘ûd – Vefâ M. Rif‘at Cum‘a, Cezîretü’l-ʿArab , Mansûre 1990, I, 45-51.
Abdullah Aydemir, İslamî Kaynaklara Göre Peygamberler , Ankara 1992, s. 11, 12, 118-122.
M. Sait Şimşek, Kur’an Kıssalarına Giriş , İstanbul 1993, s. 87, 88, 112.
Abdülvehhâb en-Neccâr, Ḳaṣaṣü’l-enbiyâʾ , Kahire, ts., s. 145-149.
C. E. Bosworth, “Madyan Shu‘ayb in Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Lore and History”, JSS , XXIX (1984), s. 53-64.
Sh. Abramsky, “Midian, Midianites”, EJd. , XI, 1505-1507.
Fr. Buhl, “Medyen Şuayb”, İA , VII, 473-474.
a.mlf. – [C. E. Bosworth], “Madyan Shuʿayb”, EI2 (Fr.) , V, 1145-1146.
Sargon Erdem, “Amâlika”, DİA , II, 557.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 28. cildinde, 346-348 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.