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MEFÂTÎHU’l-GAYB Skip to content Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin (ö. 606/1210) Kur’ân-ı Kerîm tefsiri.
Bazı sûrelerin sonunda yer alan tarihlerden ve en son Feth sûresinde zikredilen 603 (1206-07) yılından anlaşılacağı üzere müellifin hayatının son yıllarında kaleme alınan eser ilim çevrelerinde daha çok et-Tefsîrü’l-kebîr ve Tefsîrü’r-Râzî adlarıyla şöhret yapmıştır. Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb ’ı tamamlayamadığını, eksik kalan bölümünün talebeleri tarafından yazıldığını ileri sürenler olmuşsa da Râzî üzerine çalışma yapan İbn Âşûr, Muhsin Abdülhamîd, Muhammed Sâlih ez-Zerkân gibi âlimler eserin tamamının Râzî’ye ait olduğu görüşündedir (Muhsin Abdülhamîd, s. 54).
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb ’ı yazmaktaki maksadının akıl prensipleri ve istidlâl yolları ışığında Kur’an’a yöneltilen hücumları önlemek, İslâm inancıyla ilgili istidlâlleri güçlendirmek ve bu konuda ileri sürülen karşı fikirleri reddetmek olduğunu belirtmektedir (Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XIII, 46-56). Müellif eserinde rivayet ve dirâyet metotlarını birlikte kullanmış, çok miktarda aklî istidlâlde bulunarak naklî bilgileri aklî delillerle desteklemeye çalışmış, bunları yer yer felsefî tartışmalara dayandırarak incelemiştir.
Mushaf tertibinin esas alındığı eserde Fâtiha sûresi müstakil bir cilt olacak şekilde ele alınmış, müfessir metodunu bu ciltte ortaya koymuştur. Eserde her sûrenin tefsiri başlı başına bir kitap niteliğinde olup kitaplar bablara, bablar meselelere bölünmüştür. Meseleler de yer yer mukaddime, hüccet, latîfe, hüküm ve vecih şeklinde alt başlıklara ayrılarak işlenmiştir. Fahreddin er-Râzî âyetlerin tefsirine bazan sebeb-i nüzûlle, bazan filolojik açıklamalarla, bazan farklı kıraatleri zikretmekle, çoğunlukla da âyetler arasındaki münasebeti göstermekle başlar. Müellif bir âyeti tefsir ederken genellikle önce onu açıklayan diğer âyet veya âyetlere işaret etmiş, önceki âyetlerle münasebetini kurmuş, ardından âyetin kıraat yönüne geçmiş, filolojik yönünü ele almış, en sonunda çıkarılabilecek mânaları etraflıca sıralamıştır.
Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb ’da kaynak belirtilmeksizin tekrarlar dışında genellikle senedsiz olarak 1600 hadise yer verilmiş olup bunlardan 1062’si Kütüb-i Sitte ’de bulunmakta, zayıf görülen rivayetler tenkit edilmektedir. Tefsirdeki hadisler için önemli bir kaynak da Gazzâlî’nin İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn adlı eseridir. Müellif çok defa, hadis literatürüne ve tefsirlere giren İsrâiliyat’ı gerek rivayet tekniği gerekse aklî istidlâl yöntemiyle eleştirerek reddetmiştir (Cerrahoğlu, sy. 2 [1977], s. 31-32).
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Kur’an’da neshin varlığını kabul ederse de mensuh âyetlerin sayısını az gösterme eğilimindedir. Âyetler ve sûreler arasındaki irtibat üzerinde önemle duran Râzî, bunu ya tek bir ifadeden muhtemel anlamlar çıkararak veya âyetler arasında mevcut gizli ilişkiyi ortaya koyarak gerçekleştirmeye çalışır, âyetlerin nazmına özen göstermeyen müfessirleri eleştirir. Müellifin üzerinde önemle durduğu bir başka konu da kıraatlerdir. Sahih ve meşhur kıraatlerin doğruluğuna Arap dili ve şiirinden deliller getirir. Çeşitli okuyuş vecihleri arasında tercihlerde bulunur, bunu yaparken âyetler ve sûreler arası münasebet ve insicamı dikkate aldığı görülür (Adıgüzel, s. 446-448).
Geçmiş müfessirlerden nakilde bulunmakla birlikte Fahreddin er-Râzî tefsirinde kendi varlığını kuvvetli bir şekilde belli eder. Naklettiği görüş ve değerlendirmeleri tartışır ve aralarında tercihler yapar. Daha çok dirâyet metodunu kullandığı için tefsirinde ilmî kişiliği ve kudreti açık bir şekilde görülür. İslâm felsefecilerinin ve Yunan filozoflarının fikirlerini nakledip Ehl-i sünnet’e aykırı bulduklarını reddeder. Râzî müteşâbih âyetlerin te’vilinde de gücünü ve dirâyetini göstermiş, ancak bu konudaki ısrarlı tutumu sebebiyle Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye gibi âlimlerin şiddetli tenkidine uğramıştır (Yıldırım, s. 24-25). Müellifin Kur’an’da her şeyin mevcut olduğuna dair inancı tefsirinde çeşitli bilgilere yer vermesine sebep olmuştur (Ceylan, sy. 3 [1987], s. 49). Bazı âyetleri tefsir ederken zamanın fen bilimlerinden ve özellikle astronomiden mâlûmat aktarmış (M. Hüseyin ez-Zehebî, I, 294), ancak bazan yanlış sonuçlara ulaştığı olmuştur. Meselâ, “O yeryüzünü size bir döşek yaptı” meâlindeki âyeti (el-Bakara 2/22) tefsir ederken bu âyetin dünyanın dönmediğine delâlet ettiğini söylemiştir (Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , II, 102).
Fahreddin er-Râzî, gerek aldığı eğitim gerekse yaşadığı dönem itibariyle kelâm konularının hemen hepsine eğilme gereğini duyar, çeşitli mezheplerin görüşlerini tartışır. Bu sebeple Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb kelâm ilmi açısından vazgeçilmez bir kaynaktır. Bütün gayretini Sünnî inancını savunmaya harcayan müfessir, Eş‘arî olması sebebiyle “cebr-i mutavassıt” diye adlandırılan yaklaşımı destekleyerek savunmuştur (Bilmen, II, 490). Bazı konularda mezhebinin görüşlerine muhalefet etmiş, diğer kelâmcılardan, filozoflardan, hatta muhalif fırkalardan da yararlanmıştır (meselâ bk. Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , III, 11; IV, 21; XXI, 160; XXV, 24). Râzî tefsirinde kelâm mücadelesini bilhassa Mu‘tezile’ye karşı yapmış, kazâ ve kader meselelerinde onların görüşünü reddetmiştir. Şîa ile en önemli tartışması, Hz. Peygamber’den sonra en faziletli müslümanın Hz. Ebû Bekir ve Ali’den hangisinin olduğuyla ilgilidir. Tefsirinde Mu‘tezile ve Şîa ile yaptığı tartışmalarda rivayete dayanan bilgilerden çok usul kurallarına başvurmuştur (Yıldırım, s. 310-312).
Râzî’nin tasavvufa meylettiği bir zamanda yazıldığı söylenen tefsirinde tasavvufî açıklama ve değerlendirmeler bir hayli fazladır. Onun bazan hiç beklenmedik yerde âyetin bir kelimesinden işârî anlamlar çıkardığı, mutasavvıfların delil olarak kullanmadığı birçok âyetten tasavvuf lehine deliller ve anlamlar istinbat ettiği ifade edilmiştir. Fahreddin er-Râzî, vahdet-i vücûd gibi tasavvufun en hassas konularını bile şer‘î ölçüleri zedelemeden ele alabilmiş, mâkul bir üslûpla tasavvufî tefsirin bir örneğini ortaya koymuştur (Bilmen, II, 491; Yüce, s. 251-252 ve tür.yer.).
Şâfiî mezhebine mensup olan Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin tefsirinde fıkhî izahlar büyük bir yekün tutar. Özellikle ahkâm âyetlerinin tefsirinde mezheplerin ihtilâflarına genişçe yer verir, fıkıh usulüyle ilgili açıklamalar yapar; âyetlerden hangi hükümlerin ne şekilde istinbat edildiğini gösterir. Genelde Şâfiî mezhebini desteklemek için Hanefîler’den Cessâs ile mücadeleye girişir, onun Aḥkâmü’l-Ḳurʾân ’ından alıntılar yaparak bunlara cevap verir (Yıldırım, s. 24-25).
Müellif, tefsirinin rivayet ve dil yönünü büyük ölçüde Abdullah b. Abbas’tan gelen nakillere dayandırmış, kelimelerin iştikakı, kıssalar, haberler, esbâb-ı nüzûl ve kıraatle ilgili bir kısım bilgileri ondan aktarmıştır. Ancak rivayetinde zaaf bulunması, anlamının Kur’an’ın nassına muhalif olması veya İsrâiliyat’tan kabul edilmesi gibi sebeplerle İbn Abbas’tan gelen bazı bilgileri reddetmiştir (Cerrahoğlu, sy. 2 [1977], s. 17-18). Taberî’nin Câmiʿu’l-beyân ’ı Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin en önemli rivayet kaynağıdır. Kelime ve cümle tahlili gibi filolojik konularda ise daha çok Zeccâc ve Yahyâ b. Ziyâd el-Ferrâ’dan yararlanmıştır. Âyetlerin aklî, psikolojik ve ahlâkî yorumu için pek çok yerde uzun alıntılarla Gazzâlî’ye dayanmıştır. Ayrıca değişik kaynaklardan kelâma ve felsefeye dair bilgiler nakletmesine rağmen bu kaynakların adını zikretmediği de olmuştur (Ceylan, sy. 3 [1987], s. 50). Ebû Ali el-Cübbâî, Ebû Müslim el-İsfahânî, Kādî Abdülcebbâr, Ebû Bekir el-Esam, Rummânî ve özellikle Zemahşerî gibi ilk devir Mu‘tezile âlimlerinin eserlerinden bazan eleştirmekle birlikte çokça yararlanmıştır. Bunlardan Ebû Müslim el-İsfahânî, filolojik tahliller ve âyetler arasındaki uyum konularında Râzî’nin önemli kaynaklarından biri olmuştur (Cerrahoğlu, sy. 2 [1977], s. 22-23).
Fahreddin er-Râzî bu eseriyle kendisinden sonra gelenleri geniş çapta etkilemiş, özellikle dirâyet tefsiri metodunu kullanan müfessirlerin kaynağını teşkil etmiştir. Kādî Beyzâvî, Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî, bir rivayet müfessiri olduğu halde İbn Kesîr, Ebüssuûd Efendi, İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî, Şehâbeddin Mahmûd el-Âlûsî, Ahmed Mustafa el-Merâgī, Muhammed Abduh, Reşîd Rızâ, Elmalılı Muhammed Hamdi gibi müfessirler Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb ’dan önemli ölçüde istifade etmişlerdir (Muhsin Abdülhamîd, s. 169-191; Cerrahoğlu, sy. 2 [1977], s. 55-56). Bütün bunlara rağmen, “Râzî’nin tefsirinde tefsirden başka her şey vardır” diyenler de olmuştur. Müfessirin dirâyet metodunun gereği olarak yaptığı felsefî ve ilmî açıklamaları bu tenkidin ana sebebi olmuştur. İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Râzî’nin, şüpheleri ortaya koymada gösterdiği başarıyı bunlara cevap vermede gösterememesi yüzünden eleştirildiğini belirtir. Muhsin Abdülhamîd ise bu tenkitlerin çok insaflı olmadığını söyler (er-Râzî , s. 194).
Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb ’ın Türkiye’de ve Türkiye dışındaki kütüphanelerde çok sayıda yazma nüshası bulunmaktadır (Brockelmann, I, 667; Jomier, sy. 13 [1977], s. 279-290). Eser birçok defa İstanbul (1278, 1294, 1307, 1308), Mısır (Bulak 1278; Kahire 1308-1310, 1327) ve Beyrut’ta (1934, 1411/1990) basılmıştır. Abdurrahman Muhammed’in otuz iki cilt olarak neşrettiği yazma (Kahire 1933-38) güvenilir bir nüshadır. Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , el-Vâżıḥ adıyla Burhâneddin en-Nesefî, Ġarâʾibü’l-Ḳurʾân ve reġāʾibü’l-furḳān adıyla Nizâmeddin en-Nîsâbûrî (nşr. İbrâhim Atve İvaz, Kahire 1381-1391/1962-1971), et-Tenvîr fi’t-tefsîr muḫtaṣarü’t-Tefsîri’l-kebîr adıyla Kādî Muhammed er-Rîgī tarafından ihtisar edilmiştir. İbrâhim Şemseddin ve Ahmed Şemseddin Fehârisü’t-Tefsîri’l-kebîr ev Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb adıyla bir indeks hazırlamışlardır (Beyrut 1990, 1992). Seyyid Süleyman el-Hüseynî Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb ’ı Tafsîlü’l-beyân fî tefsîri’l-Kur’ân ismiyle Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir (İÜ İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi Ktp., nr. 6249). Ömer Hulûsî b. Serrâc Ali, Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin tefsirinden Muammâ-yı İlâhî (İstanbul 1308), Tefsîru Sûreti’l-İhlâs (İstanbul 1304) ve İ‘câz-ı Kur‘ân (İstanbul 1301/1884, 1308/1891) adlarıyla bazı tercümeler yapmış, Sırrı Paşa (Sırrî-i Girîdî) tarafından Sırr-ı Kur’ân ismiyle sadece Fâtiha sûresi Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir (I-III, İstanbul 1886). Eserin dört mütercim tarafından gerçekleştirilen Türkçe tercümesi tamdır (I-XXIII, Ankara 1988-1997). R. P. Mc. Neile, “An Index to the Commentary of Fakhr al-Razi” adıyla bir fihrist hazırlamıştır (London 1933).
Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb üzerine yapılan çalışmalar arasında Muhsin Abdülhamîd’in er-Râzî: Müfessiren (Bağdad 1394/1974), Yasin Ceylan’ın Theology and Tafsīr in the Major Works of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (Kuala Lumpur 1995) ve Abdülhakim Yüce’nin Râzî’nin Tefsirinde Tasavvuf (İzmir 1996) adlı eserleriyle Ali Yılmaz’ın Fahruddin er-Râzî’nin et-Tefsîru’l-kebîr (Mefâtîhu’l-gayb) Adlı Eserinde Tenâsüb ve İnsicâm (bk. bibl.), Zeki Yıldırım’ın Râzî’nin et-Tefsîru’l-kebîrinde Fıkıh Usûlü Uygulaması (bk. bibl.), Mehmet Adıgüzel’in Kıraatlar Açısından Fahruddin Râzî ve Tefsîr-i Kebîr’i (bk. bibl.), Muhammet Yılmaz’ın Hadis Açısından Fahreddin er-Razi‘nin Tefsir-i Kebir‘i Üzerine Bir İnceleme (2000, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü), İhsan Kahveci’nin Fahreddin er-Razi’nin Mefatihu’l-Gayb Adlı Tefsirinde Ulumu’l-Kur‘an (2001, Sakarya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) adlı doktora tezleri ve Mustafa Bayırlı’nın Fahreddin er-Razi’nin Ahkam Ayetleri Tefsirinde İzlediği Metod (1999, AÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) adlı yüksek lisans tezi zikredilebilir. Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü’nde yapılan yüksek lisans tezlerinde tefsirin tamamının fihristi de hazırlanmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , Kahire 1938, II,102; III, 11; IV, 21; XIII, 46-56; XXI, 160; XXV, 24.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât (Abdülhamîd) , III, 381-385.
Safedî, el-Vâfî , Wiesbaden 1959, IV, 254.
İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Lisânü’l-Mîzân , IV, 427-428.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1756-1757.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 667.
M. Sâlih ez-Zerkân, Faḫrüddîn er-Râzî ve ârâʾühü’l-kelâmiyye ve’l-felsefiyye , Kahire 1383/1963, s. 44-45.
Muhsin Abdülhamîd, er-Râzî: Müfessiren , Bağdad 1394/1974, s. 54, 169-191, 194.
Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen, Büyük Tefsir Tarihi , İstanbul 1974, II, 490-494.
M. Hüseyin ez-Zehebî, et-Tefsîr ve’l-müfessirûn , Kahire 1976, I, 294.
Abdülvehhâb es-Sâbûnî, ʿUyûnü’l-müʾellefât (nşr. Mahmûd Fâhûrî), Halep 1413/1992, I, 305-306.
Abdülhakim Yüce, Râzî’nin Tefsirinde Tasavvuf , İzmir 1996, s. 251-252, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
Ali Yılmaz, Fahruddin er-Râzî’nin et-Tefsîru’l-kebîr (Mefâtîhu’l-gayb) Adlı Eserinde Tenâsüb ve İnsicâm (doktora tezi, 1996), Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Zeki Yıldırım, Râzî’nin et-Tefsîru’l-kebîrinde Fıkıh Usûlü Uygulaması (doktora tezi, 1997), Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 24-25, 310-312.
Mehmet Adıgüzel, Kıraatlar Açısından Fahruddin Râzî ve Tefsîr-i Kebîr’i (doktora tezi, 1998), Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 446-448.
İsmail Cerrahoğlu, “Fahruddîn er-Râzî ve Tefsiri”, İİFD , sy. 2 (1977), s. 17-18, 22-23, 31-32, 55-56.
J. Jomier, “Les Mafātīḥ al-ghayb de l’Imam Fakhr al-Din al-Rāzi”, MIDEO , sy. 13 (1977), s. 278-290.
Yasin Ceylan, “Fahreddin Râzî’nin Mefâtîhu’l-Ğayb Tefsiri Üzerine Bazı Mulâhazalar”, İslamî Araştırmalar Dergisi , sy. 3, Ankara 1987, s. 49-50.
J. H. Kramers, “Râzî”, İA , IX, 646.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 28. cildinde, 348-350 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.