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MEHDÎ-BİLLÂH Skip to content Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed el-Mehdî-Billâh b. Abdillâh el-Mansûr b. Muhammed el-Hâşimî el-Abbâsî (ö. 169/785)
Abbâsî halifesi (775-785).
126 (744) veya 127 (745) yılında Hûzistan’ın Îzec kasabasında doğdu. Halife Ebû Ca‘fer el-Mansûr’un oğludur. Annesi, eski Himyerî hükümdarları ailesine mensup Ervâ bint Mansûr el-Himyeriyye adlı Yemenli bir Arap’tı. Ailesiyle birlikte önce Humeyme’ye, Abbâsî devriminin ardından Kûfe’ye gelen Mehdî-Billâh küçük yaştan itibaren babasının özel ilgisiyle yetiştirildi. Babası tarafından Horasan valiliğinden azledilince isyan eden Abdülcebbâr el-Ezdî’nin yerine 141 (758) yılında bölgeye gönderildi. Hâzim b. Huzeyme’yi isyanı bastırmakla görevlendiren Mehdî-Billâh Nîşâbur’da konakladığı sırada Abdülcebbâr Merverrûz yakınlarında tutuklandı. Mehdî’nin Bağdat’a gönderdiği Abdülcebbâr Halife Mansûr’un emriyle öldürüldü. Mehdî daha sonra Taberistan’ı fethetmek üzere görevlendirildi. Hâzim b. Huzeyme ve Ömer b. Alâ gibi kumandanlar vasıtasıyla Taberistan’ı ele geçiren (141/758) Mehdî 144’te (761) kısa bir süre için Irak’a geldi ve amcası Ebü’l-Abbas es-Seffâh’ın kızı Reyta ile evlendi. Ertesi yıl Ali evlâdından Muhammed en-Nefsüzzekiyye’ye destek için isyan eden kardeşi İbrâhim b. Abdullah’ın kuvvetlerine karşı babasının isteği üzerine Hâzim b. Huzeyme kumandasındaki bir orduyu Rey’den Ahvaz’a sevketti. 151 (768) yılına kadar toplam on yıl süreyle Horasan bölgesinde kalan Mehdî Rey şehrinde ikamet etti. Bu süre içinde savaşlara fiilen katılmaktan ziyade bölge ile başşehir arasındaki irtibatın devamını sağlamaya çalıştı. Horasan’dan dönünce ailesi ve yakın çevresiyle birlikte Bağdat’ın doğusunda kendisi için inşa edilmeye başlanan Rusâfe’ye yerleşti. Babası, kardeşi Ebü’l-Abbas es-Seffâh’ın kendisinden sonra halife olmak üzere veliaht tayin ettiği yeğeni Îsâ b. Mûsâ’nın yerine oğlu Mehdî’yi getirmek istiyordu. Îsâ b. Mûsâ, 147’de (764) Mansûr’un ve Horasan askerlerinin baskısı sonucu veliahtlık önceliğini Mehdî’ye bırakmak zorunda kaldı. 151 (768) yılında Mehdî için veliahtlık biatı yenilendi. Babası tarafından 153’te (770) hac emirliğiyle görevlendirilen Mehdî, 155 (772) yılında babasının isteği üzerine Fırat’ın doğu kıyısında Rakka yakınlarında Râfika şehrini kurdu. Babası hacca giderken 6 Zilhicce 158’de (7 Ekim 775) ölünce Mehdî herhangi bir muhalefetle karşılaşmadan Bağdat’ta tahta çıktı.
Mehdî, halife olduktan sonra başta hanımı Hayzürân olmak üzere çevresi ve Horasanlı askerlerin de isteği doğrultusunda Îsâ b. Mûsâ’nın yerine oğlu Mûsâ’yı ve onun ardından diğer oğlu Hârûn’u veliaht yapmak için uğraştı. Halifenin saraya davetine icabet etmeyen Îsâ b. Mûsâ, 159 (776) yılında merkezden gönderilen kuvvetlerle Kûfe’den getirilip veliahtlıktan vazgeçmeye zorlanınca Muharrem 160’ta (Kasım 776) Mûsâ el-Hâdî lehine veliahtlıktan çekilip Rusâfe Camii’nde biat etmek zorunda kaldı. Kendisine çok miktarda para (10 milyon dirhem) ve arazi tahsis edildi. Mehdî, 166 (782-83) yılında oğlu Mûsâ’dan sonra diğer oğlu Hârûn’un veliahtlığı için biat aldı ve ona Reşîd lakabını verdi.
Babasından zengin bir hazine, güçlü bir idare ve huzuru geniş ölçüde sağlanmış bir ülke devralan Mehdî tahta çıktığında katil, cinayet, gasp ve anarşi suçlarından mahkûm olanlar dışında babası döneminde hapse atılanları serbest bıraktı. Dinî motiflere babası ve amcasından daha fazla ağırlık verdi. Muhammed en-Nefsüzzekiyye’nin kullandığı “mehdî” unvanını kullanması bu açıdan önemlidir. Sahip olduğu siyasî tecrübenin yanı sıra uzun yıllar bölgede kalmış olması dolayısıyla Horasan kuvvetleriyle dostluk kuran, mensup olduğu Abbâsî ailesi ve devlet yönetiminde etkili diğer güçlerle iyi ilişkiler içerisinde bulunan Mehdî-Billâh babasının politikalarını genel olarak sürdürdü.
Mehdî-Billâh zındıklara karşı mücadeleye önem verdi. Zındık olarak bilinen birçok kimseyi sorgulayarak cezalandırdı. Çeşitli şekillerde zındıklıkla suçlananları hapse attı veya ortadan kaldırdı, bazılarını da tövbe ettikleri için affetti. Zındıkların faaliyetlerine engel olmak ve isyanları bastırmak amacıyla Dîvânü’z-Zenâdıka’yı kurdu. Mehdî-Billâh döneminde zındıklıkla suçlananlar arasında Vezir Ebû Ubeydullah Muâviye b. Ubeydullah’ın oğlu Muhammed (veya Abdullah, Sâlih), yine Mehdî’nin yardımcılarından Dâvûd b. Ravh b. Hâtim, İsmâil b. Süleyman b. Mücâlid, Zâide b. Ma‘n b. Zâide, Dâvûd b. Dâvûd b. Ali, Ya‘kūb b. Fadl el-Hâşimî ve Ca‘fer b. Ziyâd el-Ahmer gibi isimler yer almaktadır. Tenâsüh inancına sahip olup ulûhiyyet iddia eden Mukanna‘ Horasan bölgesinde çok sayıda taraftar buldu ve 159 (776) yılında ayaklandı. Mehdî-Billâh’ın Mukanna‘ üzerine gönderdiği kumandanlar başarılı olamadılar. Mukanna‘ isyanı ancak 161’de (778) Horasan Valisi Muâz b. Müslim tarafından bastırılabildi.
Mansûr döneminde ciddi tehlike oluşturan, idam ve hapis dahil çeşitli şekillerde cezalandırılan Ali evlâdına ve taraftarlarına karşı ılımlı bir siyaset izleyen Mehdî-Billâh onları yanına çekmeye çalıştı. Tahta çıktığında hapiste bulunan Ali evlâdını serbest bıraktı. Muhammed en-Nefsüzzekiyye isyanına destek verdikleri için babasının iptal ettiği Mekke ve Medine’ye ait imtiyazları tekrar verdi. Hicaz halkına ve Ali evlâdına yardımda bulundu. Babası döneminde Ali evlâdının elinden alınan mülkleri iade etti ve onlara yeni araziler verdi. Mehdî-Billâh’ın izlediği bu siyasetin olumlu sonuçları görüldü. Onun döneminde Ali evlâdının önemli bir isyanı görülmedi. Mehdî-Billâh’ın bu konudaki başarısında veziri Ya‘kūb b. Dâvûd’un payı büyüktür. Ali evlâdına karşı muhabbet besleyen ve özellikle Zeydîler’e destek veren bir aileden gelen Ya‘kūb, Mehdî-Billâh tahta çıktığında hapisten çıkarıldı ve halifenin en yakın danışmanlarından biri oldu. Ebû Ubeydullah Muâviye b. Ubeydullah’tan sonra da vezirliğe tayin edildi (163/780). Bu görevi sırasında devlet yönetiminde ve merkez-taşra ilişkilerinde çok etkili hale gelen Ya‘kūb, 166 (782-83) yılında vezirlikten azledilip hapsedilinceye kadar Ali evlâdı ile halife arasında irtibatı sağlamaya devam etti. Ya‘kūb, Ali evlâdından isyan eden İbrâhim b. Abdullah’ın oğlu olup Mansûr döneminde kendisiyle birlikte hapis yatan ve isyanından çekinildiği için Mehdî-Billâh tarafından bir süre daha hapiste tutulan, ancak bir yolunu bulup kaçan Hasan b. İbrâhim için de halife nezdinde girişimde bulunarak serbest bırakılmasını sağladı.
Mehdî-Billâh, 160 (777) yılında Ya‘kūb b. Dâvûd’la birlikte hac için Mekke’de bulunduğu sırada yanına gelen Hasan b. İbrâhim’e karşı cömert davrandı ve kendisine Hicaz’daki savâfîden iktâ verdi. Kâbe’nin örtüsünü yeniledi. Haremeyn halkına bol miktarda giyecek (150.000 adet) ve para (30 milyon dirhem) yardımında bulundu. Medineliler’den 500 kişilik özel bir muhafız birliği oluşturarak Bağdat’a getirdi, onları maaşa bağladı ve iktâlar verdi. Haremeyn şehirleriyle Yemen arasındaki ilk posta teşkilâtını (berîd) kurdu.
Onun döneminde Bizans’a yönelik seferlere önem verildi. 159’da (776) halifenin amcası Abbas b. Muhammed, 160 (777) ve 161 (778) yıllarında Sümâme b. Velîd el-Absî, 162’de (779) Hasan b. Kahtabe, 164’te (781) Abdülkebîr b. Abdülhamîd b. Abdurrahman kumandasında Anadolu’ya seferler düzenlendi. Halife, oğlu Hârûnürreşîd’i 163 (780) ve 165 (781-82) yıllarında ünlü kumandan ve devlet adamlarının da yer aldığı orduların başında Bizans’a karşı sefere gönderdi. Hârûnürreşîd’in seferleri sırasında birçok kale ele geçirilerek İstanbul Boğazı’nın doğu yakasındaki Khalkedon’a (Kadıköy) kadar ulaşıldı. Henüz küçük yaştaki oğlu VI. Konstantinos adına Bizans’ı yönetmekte olan Irene, yıllık 70.000 (veya 90.000) dinar vergi karşılığında üç yıl süreli bir barış anlaşması yapmak zorunda kaldı.
Mehdî-Billâh, 159 (776) yılında Abdülmelik b. Şihâb kumandasında yaklaşık 9000 kişilik bir orduyu Basra’dan deniz yoluyla Sind’e gönderdi. 160’ta (777) Sind’e varan ve Bârbed şehrini fetheden ordu dönüş yolunda fırtınaya yakalanarak büyük zayiat verdi. Öte yandan Ahmed b. Esed kumandasında Fergana’ya sevkedilen ordu bölgenin başşehri Kâsân’ı ele geçirdi.
Ömrünün sonlarına doğru Mehdî-Billâh, hanımı Hayzürân’ın ısrarı ve Bermekîler’in de desteğiyle veliahtlık konusunda oğlu Hârûnürreşîd’i yeğeni Mûsâ’nın önüne geçirmek istedi. Ancak bunu başaramadan 22 Muharrem 169’da (4 Ağustos 785) Mâsebezân’da vefat etti. Av sırasında geçirdiği bir kaza veya zehirlenme sonucu öldüğüne dair rivayetler bulunmaktadır.
Babasının aksine cömertliğiyle tanınan Mehdî-Billâh bunu israf olarak değerlendirenlere itibar etmemiştir. Devlet kurumlarının organizasyonuna önem vermiş, devletin gelir ve giderlerinin muhasebe ve denetlenmesini düzenlemek amacıyla 162 (779) yılında Dîvânü’z-zimâm’ı kurmuş, 168’de de (784-85) Dîvânü zimâmi’l-ezimme adıyla yeni bir divan oluşturarak taşra eyaletlerindeki zimâm divanlarını buraya bağlamıştır. Bu dönemde kâtipler ve mevâlî devlet yönetiminde etkili hale gelmiştir. Kâtipler arasında Bermekîler’den Hâlid b. Bermek ile Hârûnürreşîd’e hoca ve kâtip tayin edilen oğlu Yahyâ’nın, mevâlîden de Mansûr’un hâcibi olup onun ölümü üzerine Mehdî-Billâh için biat alan Rebî‘ b. Yûnus’un önemi büyüktür. İlk icraatları sırasında Rusâfe’deki camiyi tamamlatan Mehdî-Billâh daha sonra Basra Camii ile Mescid-i Harâm, Mescid-i Nebevî ve Mescid-i Aksâ’yı genişletmiş, Irak-Hicaz arasındaki hac yollarının bakımı, güvenliği, yol boyunca hacıların konaklama ve su ihtiyaçlarının temini için çalışmalar yaptırmış, Bizans’ı hedef alan seferlere ağırlık vermiş, hac ve cihad gibi dinî hususlara verdiği önem onun halk nezdindeki itibarını yükseltmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Ahmed Ferîd Rifâî, ʿAṣrü’l-Meʾmûn , Kahire 1927, I, 101-106.
E. L. Daniel, The Political and Social History of Khurasan under Abbasid Rule: 747-820 , Chicago 1979, bk. İndeks.
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M. Chokr, İslâm’ın Hicrî İkinci Asrında Zındıklık ve Zındıklar (trc. Ayşe Meral), İstanbul 2002, s. 102-118, ayrıca bk. İndeks.
Ahmet Güzel, Abbâsî Halifesi Mehdî b. Mansûr ve Siyâsî Yönü (doktora tezi, 2002), SÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Muhammed Qasim Zaman, “Routinization of Revolutionary Charisma: Notes on the ʿAbbāsid Caliphs al-Mansūr and al-Mahdī”, IS , XXIX/3 (1990), s. 251-275.
K. V. Zetterstéen, “Mehdî”, İA , VII, 480-481.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 28. cildinde, 377-379 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.