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MEHDÎLER Skip to content Sudan’da Muhammed Ahmed el-Mehdî’nin başlattığı, İslâmî ıslahı amaçlayan dinî-siyasî hareket.
Başlangıcından itibaren devrimci bir siyasî tavır takınan bu hareket aslında Sudan’daki Mısır-Türk iktidarı aleyhine tertiplenen bir ayaklanma idi (1881-1898). Bazı araştırmacılar, bunun Mısır veya Mısır’daki iktidar aleyhine değil Vâdinnîl denilen Mısır ve Sudan’a müdahale eden yabancı güçlere karşı bir hareket olduğunu ileri sürmekte, Mısır ve Sudan’daki vatan sever insanların birbirleriyle dostluklarını ve Muhammed Abduh ile hocası Cemâleddîn-i Efgānî’nin bu hareketi desteklemesini buna delil göstermektedirler. Hareketin, Mısır ve Sudan’ı İngiliz hâkimiyetinden kurtaracak tek yol olduğuna inanan Muhammed Abduh ile Cemâleddîn-i Efgānî, el-ʿUrvetü’l-vüs̱ḳā ’da (DİA , X, 458 vd.) İngilizler’in Mısır’ı ele geçirdikten sonra Sudan’ı da işgal edecekleri endişesini taşıdıklarını açıklıyorlardı.
Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa, 1821 yılında Sudan’daki birçok kabile ve cemaatin özgürlüğüne son vererek Mısır’ın güneyinde modern bir siyasî otorite kurmuştu. Sudan’ın muhafazakâr toplumu, bu yeni otoriteye ve Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın giriştiği büyük değişim sürecine karşı bir ayaklanma hareketi başlattı. Çünkü Sudan’a gönderilen Mısırlı memurlar beceriksiz ve güvenilmez insanlardı. Ayrıca Sudan’da asırlardan beri devam eden tarikatlara bağlı idare sistemini ve fakihlerin yürüttüğü dinî tedrisatı bir çırpıda değiştirerek yerine yeni bir sistem oturtmak kolay değildi. Bu sebeple dinî liderler büyük bir rekabet içine girdiler; Muhammed Mehdî de yeni sistemden yararlanarak çocuklarını Ezher’de okutan ve birtakım resmî görevler alan devletin desteklediği bazı eski fakih ailelerine mensup âlimleri “kötü âlimler” diye nitelendirdi.
Hidiv İsmâil’in, Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın son döneminde görülen ve ondan sonraki iktidar tarafından sürdürülen hoşgörünün aksine kendi katı otoritesini ortaya koyan müstebit tutumu Sudan vatandaşlarıyla Mısır hükümeti arasındaki gerginliği tırmandırdı. Hidivin devlet işlerini yürütmek ve planlarını uygulamak için Batılı hıristiyanları yüksek mevkilerde görevlendirmesi Sudanlılar’da hayal kırıklığına yol açtı. Üst düzeydeki memurlardan biri de hidivin planladığı modern idare sistemini gerçekleştirmekten ve köle ticaretini durdurmaktan sorumlu İngiliz subayı Charles George Gordon’du (Gordon Paşa). 1877-1879 yılları arasında Sudan genel valiliği yapan Gordon Paşa kayda değer bir başarı elde edemedi ve 1879’da Osmanlı hükümeti tarafından Hidiv İsmâil azledilirken onun da işine son verildi. Bunun üzerine yeni tayin edilen görevlilerin zaafından faydalanan isyancılar Sudan’ın tamamına yayıldı, bu uygun ortam Muhammed Mehdî’nin bir siyasî güç olarak ortaya çıkması sonucunu doğurdu.
Mehdî’nin Hartum ve Fâşûdâ bölgesinde müridleri çoğalmaya başladığı sırada hocası Şeyh Muhammed eş-Şerîf’in oğlunu gösterişli bir düğünle sünnet ettirmesi, Mehdî’nin onu eleştirerek kendisinden ayrılmasına ve müridleriyle beraber Mavi Nil kıyısındaki Müsellemiye şehrinde yaşayan Şeyh el-Karaşî’ye intisap etmesine yol açtı. Orada geniş halk kitlelerine İslâm dinine sarılıp bu fâni dünyada sade bir hayat sürmelerini tavsiye etmeye başladı. Mehdî, mezheplere ve tarikatlara ayrılmanın müslümanlara hiçbir şey kazandırmadığını, aksine İslâm’ın bölünmesine ve zayıflamasına sebep olduğunu vurguluyor, Kur’an ve Sünnet’in esas alınması gerektiğini söylüyordu. Halkın dinî duygularını istismar eden fakihlere düşman kesilen Muhammed Mehdî meydanlarda onların kitaplarını yakmaktan çekinmiyordu. Onun kararlı ve ödün vermeyen bu tutumundan etkilenen Sudanlılar kısa sürede düşüncelerini ve İslâm dinine yeniden dönüş hareketini benimsediler. Mehdî de kendini hilâfet-i kübrânın sahibi ve Resûlullah’ın halifesi olarak ilân etti; talebelerine ise Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn’in halifeleri diyordu. Hükümet taraftarı din adamları ise onun vasıfları hadislerdeki mehdî tanımlamasına uymadığı için mehdîliğini reddetmişlerdi; ancak Muhammed Mehdî, bu davanın kendisine rüyasında gördüğü Hz. Muhammed tarafından bizzat verildiğini iddia ediyordu.
Muhammed Mehdî, Ebâ adası dışında ve Müsellemiye çevresindeki bölgelerde “Dervişler” (Derâvişe) diye anılan taraftarlarının sayısını çoğaltmaya çalıştı. Daha sonra halifesi olacak olan Abdullah b. Muhammed et-Teâyişî’nin tavsiyesiyle onun kabilesi Teâyişe’nin yaşadığı Sudan’ın batı kesimini dolaştı. Buradaki halkın özellikle Gordon Paşa’nın kendilerine karşı yürüttüğü savaştan dolayı besledikleri düşmanlığı gördü ve kendisine desteklerinin derecesi hakkında fikir edindi. Mehdî’nin bölgede gerçekleştirmeyi düşündüğü faaliyetlerle ilgili haberler Hartum’a ulaşınca Sudan’ın Mısırlı genel valisi Rauf Paşa tedirgin oldu ve onu caydırmak için Hartum’a çağırmak amacıyla küçük bir askerî grup ile birkaç din âlimini görevlendirdi. Ancak Mehdî Hartum’a gitmediği gibi din âlimlerini ve ahaliyi cihada davet ederek iktidara karşı savaş açtı. Rauf Paşa, Mehdî’nin ne kadar büyük bir tehlike oluşturduğunu anlamasına rağmen 1881 Ağustosunda gücünü iyice hesaplamadan onun Hartum’a getirilmesi için 200 asker görevlendirdi. Hükümet kuvvetleriyle ilk defa savaşa giren Mehdî onları bozguna uğrattı; böylece müridlerinin gözünde gerçek mehdî olduğuna dair yerini daha da sağlamlaştırdı. Muhammed Mehdî, zaferinin arkasından hükümetin bu yenilgiyi kabullenemeyeceğini anlayarak müridleriyle beraber Nûbe’deki Kadîr dağına gitti. Bu gidişine hicret, oradaki karşılayıcılarına da ensar adını verip başarılarını Hz. Peygamber’in başarılarına benzetti. Hükümet ise Aralık 1881’den Mayıs 1882’ye kadar yürüttüğü faaliyetlerden herhangi bir sonuç alamadı.
19 Ocak 1883’te Ubeyd şehrini teslim alan Mehdî burayı idare merkezi yaptı. Mısır hükümeti o sırada çok güçsüzdü, İngilizler de Sudan’a askerî müdahale hususunda tereddüt gösteriyorlardı. Nihayet Hindistan’dan dönen General William Hicks, Mısırlı askerlerden oluşan bir gücün başında Beyaz Nil’in engebeli bir bölümünden Kordofan’a doğru yola çıktı, ancak Şeyhân’da yenildi (5 Kasım 1883). Aralık 1883’te Kordofan, Nisan 1884’te Bahrülgazâl bölgelerine giren Mehdî, Batı Sudan’ın tartışılmaz lideri haline geldi. Bunun üzerine Muhammed Mehdî’nin güney tarafını da ele geçirmesinden endişelenen İngiliz hükümeti Gordon Paşa’yı gerekli tedbirleri almakla görevlendirdi; Hidiv Tevfik de onu Sudan’a genel vali tayin ederek oradaki asayiş ve güvenliği sağlamaktan sorumlu tuttu. Gordon Paşa Hartum’da hemen hazırlıklara başladıysa da Osman Dikne’nin başarılı çıkışıyla Kızıldeniz’i Nil nehrine ulaştıran yolu kapatması ve Nil kenarındaki Berber kasabasıyla çevresinin 1884 Mayısında Mehdî’ye bağlı kuvvetlerin eline geçmesi Nil boyunca kuzeye giden ana yolun kesilmesine yol açtı. Bu yüzden Mehdî’nin Hartum üzerindeki baskısı daha da arttı, uzun bir kuşatmadan sonra şehir ele geçirilerek Gordon Paşa öldürüldü. Fakat Gordon Paşa’yı verip Mısır’ın millî önderlerinden Urâbî Paşa’yı İngiliz esaretinden kurtarmak isteyen Mehdî kendisinin bilgisi dışında yapılan bu işten çok rahatsız olmuştu.
Başşehir Hartum’un düşmesiyle Sudan’ın bütün bölgelerine hâkim olan Muhammed Mehdî idare merkezini buradan Omdurman’a (Ümmüdürman) nakletti. Onun 22 Haziran 1885’te ölümü üzerine yerine Abdullah b. Muhammed et-Teâyişî seçildi. Teâyişî, hâkimiyetini sağlama aldıktan sonra Mehdî’nin ölümüyle duraklayan fetih faaliyetlerine tekrar başladı ve yeniden cihad ilân etti. Onun en büyük hedefi Mısır’ı İngilizler’in elinden kurtarmaktı. Bu amaçla bir saldırı başlattıysa da başarı sağlayamadı; gönderdiği ordu 3 Ağustos 1889’da Vâdîhalfâ’nın kuzey kesiminde İngilizler tarafından tamamen yok edildi. Bu yenilgi, Mehdîler’in kurdukları devletin askerî sürecinin sona ermesinin başlangıç noktasını oluşturdu. On yıl içerisinde çeşitli çarpışmaları kazanan İngilizler, nihayet Lord Kitchener kumandasındaki Mısır-İngiliz ortak ordusuyla Omdurman’ı kanlı bir savaştan sonra ele geçirdiler (1898). Teâyişî Kordofan’a kaçmayı başardıysa da 22 Kasım 1899’da bir çarpışma sırasında öldürüldü.
İngiliz-Mısır orduları Sudan’ı ele geçirerek Mehdîler Devleti’ne son vermişlerse de Mehdîlik özellikle Batı Sudan’da güçlü bir biçimde etkisini sürdürmüştür. 1899-1916 yılları arasında Sudan’ı yönetmekle görevlendirilen General O. Charles Wingate bu hareketi yasaklamış, yaşamakta olan liderlerini hapse attırmış ve bütün dinî isyan hareketlerini şiddetle bastırmıştır. Ancak Mehdîlîk, Mehdî’nin ölümünden sonra dünyaya gelen oğlu Abdurrahman’ın şahsında yeni bir tavırla tekrar ortaya çıkmıştır. Çok zeki bir insan olan Abdurrahman kendisine uhrevî bir rol seçmiş ve Batı’da eğitim gören Mehdî taraftarları onu millî kahraman ilân ederek 1945’te kurdukları Ümmet Partisi’nin başkanlığına getirmişlerdir. Sudan tarihinde önemli bir rol oynayan Mehdîler’in etkisi bugüne kadar süregelmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye’de Muhammed Ahmed Mehdî’ye ait 5303 nolu dokümanlar.
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İsmâil Abdülkādir el-Kürdüfânî, Saʿâdetü’l-müstehdî bi-sîreti’l-İmâm el-Mehdî (nşr. M. İbrâhim Ebû Sâlim), Beyrut 1972; a.e.: The Life of the Sudanese Mahdi (trc. H. Shaked), New Brunswick 1978.
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Ch. Neufeld, A Prisoner of the Khaleefa: Twelwe Years’ Captivity at Omdurman , London 1899.
İbrâhim Fevzî, es-Sûdân beyne yedey Gordon ve Kitchner , Kahire 1319.
Neûm Şukayr, Târîḫu’s-Sûdân , Kahire 1903, tür.yer.
H. C. Jackson, Osman Digna , London 1926.
J. S. Trimingham, Islam in the Sudan , London 1949.
Celâl Yahyâ, es̱-S̱evretü’l-Mehdiyye ve uṣûlü’s-siyâseti’l-Britâniyye fi’s-Sûdân , Kahire 1959.
R. O. Collins, The Southern Sudan: 1883-1898 , New Haven-London 1962.
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a.mlf., Müẕekkirâtü ʿOs̱mân Duḳna , Hartum 1974.
G. Warburg, The Sudan under Wingate , London 1971.
M. Saîd el-Kaddâl, el-Mehdiyye ve’l-Ḥabeşe , Hartum 1973.
Avad Abdülhâdî el-Atâ, Târîḫu Kurdufân es-siyâsî , Hartum 1973.
Mûsâ Mübârek el-Hasan, Târîḫu Dârfûr es-siyâsî , Hartum, ts.
F. Rehfich, “Omdurman During the Mahdiya”, Sudan Notes and Records , XLVIII (1967), s. 33-61.
P. M. Holt, “al-Mahdiyya”, EI2 (İng.) , V, 1247-1253.
el-Mevsûʿatü’l-müyessere fi’l-edyân ve’l-meẕâhibi’l-muʿâṣıra , Riyad 1972, s. 465-472.
Hayreddin Karaman, “Efgānî, Cemâleddin”, DİA , X, 458 vd.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 28. cildinde, 380-382 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.