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MEHDÎLİK Skip to content
İslâm Tarihinde Mehdîlik Hareketleri. Mehdî kelimesi, Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân’ın ölümünün (60/680) ardından çıkan iç savaşlar sırasında “İslâm’ı aslî hüviyetine kavuşturacak olan beklenen idareci” anlamında kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu dönemde Abdullah b. Zübeyr ıslah amaçlı bir halifelik iddiasında bulunmuş, onun bu tavrı gelecekteki mehdî düşüncesinin şekillenmesinde etkili olmuştur. Muhtâr es-Sekafî, 66 (685) yılında Kûfe’de isyan ettiğinde Hz. Ali’nin oğullarından Muhammed b. Hanefiyye’yi imam ve ilâhî kurtarıcı diye tanıtmıştır. Kûfe’de fitne çıkmasından çekindiği için daha önce Basra’ya intikal etmiş bulunan ve halk tarafından mehdî kabul edilen Mûsâ b. Talha’nın yanına giden Muhammed b. Hanefiyye, burada kendisinin beklenen mehdî olarak müslümanların başına geçmesini isteyen çok sayıda insanla karşılaşınca bu iddiaları reddedip Abdullah b. Ömer gibi tarafsız kalmaya özen göstermiştir. Keysâniyye adıyla anılan aşırı Şiî fırkası Muhammed b. Hanefiyye’nin ölmediğini, Medine yakınındaki Radvâ dağında bulunduğunu ve âhir zamanda ortaya çıkıp dünyayı ıslah edeceğini iddia etmiştir (Sa‘d b. Abdullah el-Kummî, s. 27, 28; Nevbahtî, s. 26-27). Emevî halifeleri içinde, seleflerinin zulümlerini ortadan kaldırıp bu tür düşünceyi destekleyen ve kendisini mehdî olarak hissettiren ilk kişinin Süleyman b. Abdülmelik olduğu kaydedilmektedir. Daha sonra Ömer b. Abdülazîz bizzat iddia etmemesine rağmen takvâsı ve âdil idaresi sebebiyle daha Medine’de vali iken başta muhafazakâr Medineliler olmak üzere çağında yaşayan pek çok kimse tarafından mehdî diye kabul edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte bu sıralarda İslâm dünyasını kurtaracak mehdînin Ehl-i beyt’e mensup bir genç olduğu şeklindeki rivayetler yaygın durumdaydı.
Aynı dönemlerde mehdînin kimliği konusundaki tartışmalar farklı istikametlerde gelişmiş, bu durum konuyla ilgili inanç ve düşüncelerin de farklılaşmasına sebep olmuştur. Yaygın geleneksel inançlar ve cereyan eden olaylardan etkilenen Mehdîlik düşüncesi Hz. Îsâ’nın mehdî olduğu, Kahtânîler’den insanları asâsıyla yola getiren bir kimse çıkmadan kıyametin kopmayacağı gibi haberlerle desteklenmeye çalışılmıştır. Özellikle İbnü’l-Eş‘as’ın 80 (699) yılındaki isyanından önce yayılan rivayetler sebebiyle bu kişi Kahtânî ve “Nâsırü’l-mü’minîn” diye anılıyordu (Mes‘ûdî, s. 314). Bu arada Emevîler’e sadık bir belde olan Humus’ta mehdînin Kureyş’ten geleceği, fakat Yemen asıllı olacağı düşüncesi yanında Basra’da Ömer b. Abdülazîz’in mehdî olduğu kanaati de yayılmıştı. Hatta mehdînin Hz. Îsâ olduğunu, bunun dışında müslümanların içinden mehdî çıkmayacağını söyleyen Hasan-ı Basrî, eğer çıkarsa bunun Ömer b. Abdülazîz’den başkası olmayacağını ifade ediyordu (İbn Sa‘d, V, 245). Basra’da yaşayan Muhammed b. Sîrîn’e göre ümmet içinden Hz. Ebû Bekir ve Ömer’den daha üstün bir mehdî çıkacak, Hz. Îsâ gökten indiğinde onun arkasında namaz kılacaktır. Emevîler’in son devrinde Matar b. Tahmân, Basra’da Kâ‘b el-Ahbâr’dan gelen haberlere dayanarak mehdînin Tevrat ve İncil’in Antakya’da kaybolmuş aslî nüshalarını bulup çıkaran kişi olacağını söylüyordu. Kûfe’de Abdullah b. Bişr el-Has‘amî’den nakledilen, mehdînin ordusunun Rum beldelerine sefere gideceği, Antakya’da bir mağarada bulunan Mûsâ’nın tabutunu ve içindeki asıl Tevrat’la ve İncil’i ortaya çıkaracağı, yedi veya dokuz yıl dünyaya hâkim olacağı rivayetleri konuşuluyordu. Hz. Ali taraftarlarının yaygın olduğu Kûfe’deki hadis geleneği, mehdînin Hz. Peygamber’in Ehl-i beyt’inden yahut Ali’nin neslinden geleceği konusunda ısrarlı idi. İbn Mes‘ûd’a isnat edilen rivayetlerde ise ismi Resûl-i Ekrem’in ismine uyan Ehl-i beyt’ten bir kimsenin Araplar üzerinde hâkimiyeti gerçekleşmeden dünyanın sona ermeyeceği haberi yaygınlık kazanmıştı.
Abbâsîler, başlattıkları ihtilâl hareketini mesîh beklentileri ve Ehl-i beyt’ten dinî alanda ıslahat yapacak ve adaletli bir idare kuracak kişiyi iktidara getirme düşüncesiyle desteklediler. İlk Abbâsî halifesi Ebü’l-Abbas, 132 (749) yılında Kûfe Mescidi’nde yapılan merasimde kendisini mehdîye verilen yaygın sıfat olan “Seffâh” lakabıyla tanıttı, şair Sudeyf de ona Hâşimîler’in mehdîsi diye hitap etti. Ebû Dülâme’nin mehdî olarak hitap ettiği ikinci halife Ebû Ca‘fer el-Mansûr, Hasan b. Ali neslinden gelen ve Medine’de taraftarlarınca mehdî kabul edilen Muhammed b. Abdullah en-Nefsüzzekiyye ile kıyasıya bir mehdîlik mücadelesine girişti. Üçüncü halife Muhammed b. Abdullah ise açıkça “mehdî” unvanıyla beklenen mehdî şeklinde takdim edildi ve unvanının gereği olarak siyasî af ilân edip özellikle kutsal beldelerdeki halka ihsanlarda bulundu. Abbâsî ailesinin mehdîlik iddiaları Kûfe’de kısmî bir destek buldu. Bu dönemde İbn Abbas ve İbnü’l-Müseyyeb’e dayandırılan rivayetlerde Hz. Peygamber’in Seffâh, Mansûr ve mehdînin kendilerinden olduğunu söylediği haberleri yayılmaya çalışıldı.
Bu devirde mehdîlik konusunda Abbâsîler lehinde yerleşmiş olan gelenek, halkın beklentilerinin gerçekleşmemesi sebebiyle kısa sürede değişerek Ali evlâdının lehine gelişme kaydetti. Mehdînin Resûl-i Ekrem’in Fâtıma neslinden gelen evlâtlarından olup dünyayı adaletle dolduracağı ve yedi yıl süreyle hâkim olacağı şeklindeki hadisler (Ebû Dâvûd, “Mehdî”, 1) Kûfe dışında da yayılmaya başladı. Mehdînin ve babasının isminin Hz. Peygamber’in ve babasının adına uygun olacağı şeklindeki nakiller, sonraları Zeydiyye imâmet silsilesi içinde zikredilen Muhammed b. Abdullah en-Nefsüzzekiyye’ye işaret eder mahiyetteydi. Bu esnada Abdullah b. Amr b. Âs’a dayandırılan, mehdînin Hz. Hüseyin neslinden geleceği, doğudan zuhur edeceği ve önünde hiçbir gücün duramayacağına dair Mısır’da yaygın rivayet Abbâsî hareketinden sonra ikinci bir ihtilâli hatırlatmaktaydı. Irak menşeli olan, Mısır ve Suriye’den de etkilenen bu beklentiye göre Temîm kabilesinden Şuayb b. Sâlih liderliğindeki kuvvetler Horasan’dan beyaz elbiseler içinde küçük siyah bayraklarla Rey’e hareket edecek ve mehdînin gelişine uygun ortamı hazırlayacaklardı. Bu rivayete, olayların Hz. Peygamber neslinden birinin öldürüleceği sırada cereyan edeceği hususu eklendi. Sözü edilen niteliği taşıyan Muhammed en-Nefsüzzekiyye de öldürülünce bu defa mehdînin Mekke’de zuhur edeceği, Şuayb b. Sâlih’ten biat alacağı, Kelb ordusunu mağlûp edip Süfyânî’yi de öldüreceği haberleri yaygınlaşmaya başladı. Suriye’de yayılan bazı rivayetlere göre mehdî Kudüs’e yerleşecek, yirmi dört ile kırk yıl arasında hâkimiyet kuracak, ailesinden bazı halifeler yahut Kahtânî ona halef olacaktır. Buna göre âhir zamanda ikinci bir mehdî gelecek, Konstantinopolis’i zaptedip gökten inecek olan Hz. Îsâ’nın emrine girecekti.
Mehdî ile ilgili haberler, Ahmed b. Hanbel’in el-Müsned ’i başta olmak üzere Sünnîler’in Kütüb-i Sitte diye bilinen hadis kaynaklarından Ebû Dâvûd, Tirmizî, Nesâî ve İbn Mâce’nin kitaplarında ve diğer hadis koleksiyonlarında yer almaktadır. Sonraki hadisçilerden Taberânî, Hâkim ve Beyhakī’nin eserlerinde yer alan haberlerle mehdînin âhir zamanla ilgili rolü pekiştirilmiş, Hz. Îsâ gökten indiğinde mehdînin İslâm toplumuna hâkim olacağı, namazda imâmet görevini yerine getireceği, daha sonra liderliği Hz. Îsâ’ya teklif edeceği, deccâlin öldürülmesinde ona yardım edeceği Sünnî çevrelerde umumi kabul gören bir inanç olmuştur.
Şîa’da, Hz. Peygamber ailesinden dinî alanda ıslahat yapacak ve dünyada adaleti tesis edecek olan mehdînin gelmesini bekleme ve geleceğine inanma Sünnîliğin aksine başlangıçtan beri yaygın ve aslî inançlardan birini teşkil etmiştir. İlk devirlerden itibaren hemen bütün Şiî fırkalarında, mehdî kabul edilen şahsın gaybeti yahut geçici bir süre gözden kaybolmasının ardından toplum içine dönerek işlevini yürüteceğine inanılmıştır. Genellikle Ehl-i beyt’ten gelen bir kısım imamlar, yaşadıkları dönemlerde kendilerinden bekleneni yerine getirememişlerse de mensupları onların ikinci gelişlerinde bu görevleri ifa edeceklerine inanmışlardır. Hz. Hüseyin’in şehid edilmesinden sonra ortaya çıkan Keysâniyye fırkası ilk defa Muhammed b. Hanefiyye’nin ölmediğini ve mehdî olarak döneceğini iddia etmiş, ardından diğer bazı imamların da mehdî olarak geleceği söylenmiştir. Mehdînin gaybet döneminin ardından tekrar ortaya çıkacağına inanç (kıyâm) dolayısıyla Şîa fırkalarında mehdî hakkında Emevîler’in son devirlerinden itibaren “el-kāimü’l-mehdî” yahut “kāimü âl-i Muhammed” ifadesi kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Mehdîlik hareketleri aşırılar dışında Şîa’nın üç ana fırkası olan Zeydiyye, İsmâiliyye ve İmâmiyye’de farklı boyutlarda gelişme göstermiştir.
Zeydiyye mehdîlik fikrine iltifat etmemiş, ancak bazı Zeydî grupları Muhammed en-Nefsüzzekiyye, Muhammed b. Ca‘fer es-Sâdık ve Muhammed b. Kāsım et-Tâlekān gibi liderlerin ölümlerinden sonra mehdî olarak dönüp gerekli işlevleri yerine getireceklerini iddia etmişlerdir.
İsmâiliyye mensupları İsmâil’in ölmediğini, geri dönerek dünyayı ıslah edeceğini ileri sürmüşlerdir. 148-297 (765-910) yılları arasındaki gizlilik döneminde eski doktrine göre Muhammed b. İsmâil’in mehdî olarak geri dönmesi beklenirken Ubeydullah’ın mehdîlik iddiasıyla ortaya çıkıp Fâtımîler Devleti’ni kurmasıyla Karmatîler dışındaki İsmâilîler’ce kabul edilen ve yeni doktrin de denilen Fâtımî doktrinine göre zuhur devri başlamıştır. Fâtımî Halifesi Âmir-Biahkâmillâh’ın vefatı esnasında (524/1130) sekiz aylık olan Tayyib isimli oğlunun imam olması gerektiği konusunda Müsta‘liyye içinde başlayan ihtilâf bir süre devam etmiş, ardından dâî-i mutlak tarafından yönetilen fırka bünyesinde onun ortaya çıkıp dünyayı ıslah edeceğine dair inanç yerleşmiştir.
Şîa içinde mehdî konusuyla en çok ilgilenen fırka İmâmiyye’dir. İmâmiyye’nin Nâvûsiyye fırkası Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’ın ölmediğini, kāim el-mehdî olduğunu, Vākıfiyye denilen grup ise onun oğlu Mûsâ el-Kâzım’ın ölmediğini ve kāim el-mehdî olduğunu iddia etmiştir (Nevbahtî, s. 61, 67-70). Babasının sağlığında vefat eden Muhammed b. Ali en-Nakī’nin mehdîliğini ileri sürenler yanında kardeşi Ca‘fer’in kāim el-mehdî olduğunu söyleyenler de vardır (a.g.e. , s. 88-89). Bunun ardından Hasan el-Askerî’nin bir süre kaybolduktan sonra mehdî olarak zuhur edeceğine inananlar yanında İmâmiyye en son kāim el-mehdî olarak Muhammed b. Hasan el-Askerî’de karar kılmıştır. İmâmiyye doktrinine göre on ikinci imam Muhammed b. Hasan el-Askerî halen gaybet halindedir ve sağdır; yeryüzünü adaletle dolduracağı belirtilen kāim el-mehdî odur. İmâmiyye’de onun zuhuruna ve beklenen mehdî olduğuna inanmak bir iman esasıdır. Mehdînin ortaya çıkacağı yer ve zaman da merak konusu olmuş, onun Bedir Savaşı’na katılanların sayısı kadar (313) insanla gerçekleştireceği zafer ve hâkimiyet süresi konusunda birbiriyle çelişen haberler nakledilmiştir. Rivayetlere göre mehdînin zuhur devresinde yeryüzü aydınlığa kavuşacak ve bütün hazinelerini ortaya çıkaracak, halk refah ve mutluluğa ulaşacak, mehdî vasıtasıyla hidayete erecek ve mehdînin otoritesi bütün dünyaya hâkim olacaktır.
Hadislerin tedvîninden sonra yazılan eserlerde konuyla ilgili rivayetlerin ele alınarak mahallî olaylara uygulandığı görülmektedir. Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Kurtubî’nin et-Teẕkire adlı eseri bunun açık bir örneğidir. Endülüs’ün sosyal ve ekonomik sıkıntılarla karşılaştığı bir dönemde bu rivayetleri zikreden Kurtubî mehdînin Fas’ın Sûs şehrinde zuhur edip Endülüs’ü kurtaracağını belirtmektedir (et-Teẕkire , II, 463-464). Bu düşüncede mehdîliğini iddia eden İbn Tûmert gibi bir ıslahatçının tesiri olduğu görülür. Bu arada doğu İslâm dünyasında beklenen mehdînin Hz. Hasan veya Hüseyin neslinden geleceğine ve yapacağı işlere dair çoğu hadisçi çeşitli âlimlerin bazı eserler telif ettikleri görülmektedir (EI2 [İng.] , V, 1235).
İlk sûfîlerin mehdî konusuyla ilgilenmemesine karşılık Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî ve İbn Seb‘în konuya dair fikirler ileri sürmüşlerdir. İbnü’l-Arabî’ye göre Hz. Peygamber nasıl nebîlerin sonuncusu ise vasîlerin sonuncusu olan mehdî de Hasan b. Ali neslinden gelecek, İslâm fıkhını uygulayacak, ictihadında yanılmayacak, Hz. Îsâ onun vezirlerinden biri olacaktır.
İslâm dünyasında özellikle buhran ve sıkıntıların arttığı dönemlerde kendilerini mehdî olarak tanıtan kişiler ortaya çıkmış, bazıları da çevresindeki insanlar tarafından mehdî ilân edilmiştir. İsimleri yukarıda geçenler yanında Horasan’da Emevîler’e karşı başlatılan hareketin liderlerinden Hâris b. Süreyc, yine Horasan’da Abbâsî ihtilâlinin lideri olan ve Ebû Ca‘fer el-Mansûr tarafından katledilen Ebû Müslim-i Horasânî mehdî kabul edilmiştir. Kuzey Afrika’da Muvahhidler Devleti’nin kurucusu İbn Tûmert, 515 (1121) yılında kendisinin Mağrib’de çıkması beklenen mehdî olduğunu söyleyerek davetini başlatmıştır. XVI. yüzyıl ortalarında mehdîlik iddiasıyla ortaya çıkan Şeyh Alâî, Cavnpûr’da (Jaunpûr) Mehdevîler adlı grubun liderliğini üstlenen Seyyid Muhammed Cavnpûrî, Bâbürlü Hükümdarı Ekber Şah devrinde Bedahşan’da ortaya çıkan Kübrevî şeyhi Seyyid Muhammed Nurbahş ve İngiliz sömürge idaresi zamanında mehdî olduğunu iddia ederken sonraları bir tür nebî olduğunu ileri süren Mirza Gulâm Ahmed Hindistan’da ortaya çıkan tanınmış mehdîlik iddiacılarıdır.
XIX. yüzyılın sonlarında Afrika’da sömürgeciliğe karşı çıkmak ve İslâm’ı yaymak için mehdîlik düşüncesinden faydalanan önemli bir hareket 1881’de Sudan’da Muhammed Ahmed el-Mehdî’nin liderliğinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Muhammed Cum‘a da 1941 yılında Nijerya’da Ijebu-Ode şehrinde mehdîliğini ilân etmiştir. Günümüzde de zaman zaman mehdîlik iddiasıyla ortaya atılan şahıslara rastlanmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 28. cildinde, 384-386 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.