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MEHMED EMİN ZEKÎ BEY Skip to content (1880-1948)
Iraklı devlet adamı, asker ve tarihçi.
Şubat 1880’de Süleymaniye şehrinde doğdu. Babası tütün ticaretiyle uğraşan Hacı Abdurrahman, dedesi Mahmud Ağa’dır. Öğrenimi sırasında parlak zekâsından dolayı kendisine “Zekî” lakabı verildi. Farsça eğitim veren Molla Abdülazîz Medresesi’nde ilk eğitimini aldıktan sonra ilkokula kaydoldu (1892). Ertesi yıl askerî rüşdiyenin ikinci sınıfına geçti, buradan mezun olunca Bağdat’ta askerî idâdîye girdi (1896). Ardından İstanbul’daki Harbiye Mektebi’ne devam etti ve ikinci mülâzım rütbesiyle mezun oldu (1902). Harp Akademisi’ni yüzbaşı rütbesiyle birincilikle bitirdi (1904). Bağdat’taki Altıncı Ordu’da göreve başladıktan bir yıl sonra Emlâk-i Seniyye İdaresi’ne mühendis tayin edildi. II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânı üzerine kendi isteğiyle Edirne’deki İkinci Ordu’ya tayini yapıldı; ancak İstanbul’a vardığında Harita Komisyonu’na üye seçilerek İstanbul ve çevresinin haritasının hazırlanmasında görev aldı (1909). Ertesi yıl Türkiye-Bulgaristan arasındaki sınır tesbit komisyonuna topografya subayı olarak tayin edildi ve iki yıl bu görevde kaldı. Daha sonra bir yıl kadar Kafkasya’da Türkiye-Rusya sınır komisyonunda çalıştı. Balkan savaşı başlayınca yine kendi isteğiyle Çatalca cephesindeki beşinci fırkaya erkânıharp olarak atandı (1912). 1913’te bir grup subayla birlikte eğitim için gittiği Fransa’da bir yıl kaldıktan sonra tekrar Rusya sınır belirleme komisyonunda görevlendirildi (1914). Buradaki görevini tamamlayıp Tiflis’e geçmesinden birkaç gün sonra I. Dünya Savaşı patlak verdi. Bunun üzerine Moskova, Petersburg, İsveç ve Almanya üzerinden bir buçuk ay içinde İstanbul’a döndü ve Birinci Ordu’da görevlendirildi. Eylül 1915’te rütbesi binbaşılığa yükseltildi.
Irak ve Havalisi Umum Kumandanlığı’nda erkânıharbe tayin edilen Zekî Bey, Selmânipâk’taki ordu karargâhına gitti. Altıncı Ordu teşkil edilinceye kadar burada harekât müdürlüğü yaptı. Selmânipâk, Dolapça, Şeyh Said, Gelâl, Küveyt ve Kûtül‘amâre çevresinde meydana gelen savaşlara katıldı. Kûtül‘amâre’de teslim olan İngiliz generali Townshend’ın kuvvetlerine ait silâhları teslim almakla görevlendirildi (Nisan 1916). Halil Paşa kumandasında Altıncı Ordu kurulduğunda istihbarat şubesine getirildi. Bağdat’ın İngiliz kuvvetlerinin eline geçmesinin (Mart 1917) ardından ordu kumandanlık karargâhıyla birlikte Musul’a döndü. Bir süre sonra izinle gittiği İstanbul’da Mustafa Kemal Paşa komutasındaki Yedinci Ordu erkânıharp başkanı muavinliğine tayin edilerek (1 Temmuz 1917) Halep’e ulaştı. Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın ordu kumandanlığından istifa edip (4 Ekim 1917) yerine Fevzi Paşa’nın (Çakmak) getirilmesinden sonra bu orduyla Filistin’e gitti; Halîlürrahman, Kudüs ve Nablus çevresinde meydana gelen savaşlara katıldı. Fevzi Paşa’nın hastalanıp İstanbul’a dönmesi üzerine ikinci defa Yedinci Ordu kumandanlığına getirilen (7 Ağustos 1918) Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın talebiyle gümüş imtiyaz madalyasıyla ödüllendirildi ve rütbesi albaylığa yükseltildi. 1918 Eylülünde Kafkas cephesindeki Üçüncü Ordu’da erkânıharp başkan muavini sıfatıyla görevlendirildi, yıl sonunda İstanbul’da Erkânıharp Dairesi Başkanlığı Harp Tarihi Şubesi başkan muavinliğine nakledildi. Bazı aralıklar dışında Irak’a dönünceye kadar burada görev yaptı. Bu sırada tamamına yakını Irak cephesiyle ilgili Türkçe eserlerini yayımladı. Muhammed Ali Avnî ve onu izleyen bazı müellifler Zekî Bey’in Irak dönüşü için 24 Temmuz 1924 tarihini verirken (Ḫulâṣatü târîḫi’l-Kürd , s. 471; Süveyrekî, s. 584; Hilâl Nâcî, XI, 232) kızı Sâniha Emin Zekî 1923 yılının ortalarında döndüğünü belirtir (Kemal Mazhar Ahmed, Tarihin Tarihi , s. 78; Zeyn en-Nakşîbendî, s. 9).
Irak’a dönüşünden birkaç gün sonra Bağdat’ta el-Medresetü’l-askeriyyetü’l-melekiyye’ye (daha sonraki el-Külliyyetü’l-askeriyye) müderris tayin edildi, 1924 yılı sonunda okula müdür oldu. Ardından Irak ordusunda miralay rütbesi verilerek eğitim dairesinde görevlendirildi. Osmanlı ordusunda edindiği tecrübeyle Irak’ta askerî eğitim ve araştırmalara önemli katkılar sağladı. Temmuz 1925’te Süleymaniye’den mebus seçildi, meclis başkanvekilliği ve askerî komisyon başkanlığına getirildi. 1925-1942 yıllarında Irak krallık yönetiminde kurulan yaklaşık otuz hükümetin çoğunda İskân ve Ulaştırma, Maârif, Savunma, Adalet ve İktisat bakanı olarak görev yaptı. Bu arada Mayıs 1928’de Süleymaniye, Ocak 1932’de Erbil, Ağustos 1935 ve Ekim 1943’te yine Süleymaniye mebusu seçildi. 25 Aralık 1943’te Âyan Meclisi’ne üye oldu. 10 Temmuz 1948’de Süleymaniye’de vefat etti. Çoğu kaynağın aksine Suveyrekî, Bağdat’ta öldüğünü ve Süleymaniye’ye götürülerek orada defnedildiğini, Kemal Mazhar Ahmed de 9 Temmuz’da öldüğünü kaydeder.
Irak cephesinde görevli olduğu dönemde harp madalyası, gümüş liyakat nişanı, ikinci dereceden Alman demir haç nişanı, Avusturya hükümeti harp madalyası, Filistin cephesinde birinci dereceden Alman demir haç nişanı ile ödüllendirilen Zekî Bey, yoğun askerî ve idarî görevleri arasında bu cephedeki savaşlara dair bir dizi eser kaleme almış, ayrıca İstanbul’da ve Irak’ta çıkan Tanin, Tasvîr-i Efkâr, Vakit, Gelâvêj, Jîn, Bangî Kurdistân, Jiyâneve, Jiyân gibi gazete ve dergilerde yazıları neşredilmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti’nin dağılmasından sonra Irak’taki siyasî istikrarsızlık ortamında kurulan hükümetlerin çoğunda bakan olarak bilgi ve tecrübesinden yararlanılmıştır. Zekî Bey, Osmanlı askerî tarihine dair eserleri yanında esas olarak modern dönemde Kürt tarihi üzerine ilmî bir üslûpla hazırlanan ilk eserin müellifi olarak şöhret bulmuştur. Kürt tarihine, dil ve kültürüne hizmetle ilgili teşebbüsleri desteklemiş, 1930’da Tevfik Vehbî, Cemâl Bâbân gibi şahsiyetlerle birlikte hukukçu ve milletvekili Ma‘rûf Ciyâvûk’un başkanlığında Kürt Terakkî Kulübü adlı derneğin kurucuları arasında yer almış, 1943 yılında derneğin başkanlığına seçilmiştir. Iraklı edip Alâeddin Seccâdî tarafından çıkarılan ilk Kürtçe edebiyat dergisi olan aylık Gelâvêj ’in kuruluşunda (1939) ve yazı kadrosu içinde görev almış, çeşitli yazılar yazmıştır. Kürtçe, Türkçe, Arapça ve Farsça yanında İngilizce, Fransızca ve Rusça da bilen Zekî Bey şiir, hat ve resimle de ilgilenmiştir. Alâeddin Seccâdî Muḥammed Emîn Zekî (Bağdat 1948), Sıddîk Sâlih Sercemî Berhemî Muḥammed Emîn Zekî Beg (Süleymaniye 2005) adıyla birer eser kaleme almış, Dârâ Cemâl Gafûr Muḥammed Emîn Zekî ve devrühü’s-siyâsî ve’l-idârî fi’l-ʿIrâḳ 1924-1948 ismiyle yüksek lisans tezi hazırlamıştır (Câmiatü’d-düveli’l-Arabiyye, Ma‘hedü’t-târîhi’l-Arabî ve’t-türâsi’l-ilmî, Bağdat 1425/2004).
Eserleri. Kürtçe. 1. Ḫulâṣeyekî Târîḫê Kürd u Kürdistân (I-II, Bağdat 1350-1356/1931-1937; Mehabad 1979; Süleymaniye 2004; Dîroka Kurd u Kurdistanê , Soranî lehçesinden Kurmançî’ye çeviren Ziya Avci, İstanbul 2002, 2012). Mehmed Emin Zekî Bey eserinin mukaddimesinde belirttiğine göre, Osmanlı adının yerini Türk ve Turan’ın alması ve diğer Osmanlı unsurları arasında milliyetçilik akımlarının ortaya çıkması üzerine daha önce hakkında bilgi sahibi olmadığı ve araştırma ihtiyacı duymadığı kendi etnik kimliği, tarihi ve kökeni üzerinde araştırma yapmaya yönelmiş, İstanbul’da bulunduğu 1910-1912 yıllarında İstanbul kütüphanelerinde, ayrıca gittiği Fransa ve Almanya’daki kütüphanelerde yüzlerce kitap okuyarak yazacağı tarihin malzemesini toplamaya çalışmıştır. I. Dünya Savaşı yüzünden kaleme alamadığı eserinden savaştan sonra 200 sayfa kadar yazmış, ancak 1919’da oturduğu mahallede çıkan bir yangında eviyle birlikte yazdıkları ve derlediği doküman da yanmıştır. Ardından ümitsizliğe kapılarak çalışmayı bırakmış, Bağdat’a döndükten sonra 1929’da Vladimir Minorsky’nin İslâm Ansiklopedisi ’ndeki “Kürtler” maddesini okuyunca tekrar çalışma arzusu duymuş, söz konusu maddenin kaynaklarından ulaşabildiği eserler yanında ilgili diğer kitapları yeniden inceleyip eserini hazırlamıştır. Çeşitli dillerde yaklaşık 250 kaynaktan faydalanılarak telif edilen eserde Kürdistan coğrafyası, Kürtler’in menşei, başlangıçtan kendi zamanına kadar Kürt tarihi, Kürtler’in sosyal hayatları, örf ve âdetleri, dinleri ve mezhepleri, Kürt dili ve lehçeleri, Kürt edebiyatı ve tanınmış şahsiyetleri, Kürtçe çıkan dergi ve gazeteler, Kürt dernekleri, aşiretleri, Kürt emirlikleri ve önde gelen şahsiyetleri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Eser müellifin de söylediği gibi Şeref Han Bitlisî’nin (ö. 1012/1603-1604) Farsça Şerefnâme ’sinden sonra bu alanda ikinci ve aynı zamanda Kürtçe yazılan ilk kaynak olma özelliği taşır. Bununla birlikte müellif büyük bir çaba harcamasına rağmen eserin eksiksiz ve hatasız olduğu iddiası taşımadığını, aksine birçok eksikliği bulunduğunu da dile getirir. Mısır kraliyet divanında tercümanlık yapan Muhammed Ali Avnî eserin I. cildini Arapça’ya tercüme etmiş (Ḫulâṣatü târîḫi’l-Kürd ve Kürdistân min aḳdemi’l-ʿuṣûri’t-târîḫiyye ḥatte’l-ân , Kahire 1358/1939), araya II. Dünya Savaşı girdiğinden II. cildin tercümesini daha sonra tamamlayabilmiş (Târîḫu’d-düvel ve’l-imârâti’l-Kürdiyye fi’l-ʿahdi’l-İslâmî , Kahire 1367/1948), daha sonra iki cilt birlikte basılmıştır (I-II, Bağdat 1962, 2006; Kahire 1430/2009). Habîbullah Tâbânî (Taḥḳīḳī der Bâre-i Kürd u Kürdistân , Tebriz 1377 hş.) ve Yedullah Rûşen Erdelân (Zübde-i Târîḫ-i Kürd u Kürdistân , I-II, Tahran 1381 hş.) eseri Farsça’ya çevirmiştir. Arapça tercümesinden Türkçe’ye yapılan eksik bir çevirinin (Kürdistan Tarihi , İstanbul 1977; Ankara 1992) ardından tam tercümesi de gerçekleştirilmiştir (Kürtler ve Kürdistan Tarihi , trc. Vahdettin İnce – Mehmet Dağ – Reşat Adak – Şükrü Aslan, İstanbul 2010). Eserin üç bölümünü Ni‘met Şerif İngilizce’ye tercüme etmiştir (“A Brief History of Kurds and Kurdistan”, The International Journal of Kurdish Studies , X/1-2, 1996, s. 105-155). 2. Meşâhîrê Kürd u Kürdistân. Yine başlangıçtan müellifin zamanına kadar yaşamış bin civarında Kürt asıllı hükümdar, emîr, âlim ve edibin biyografisini içeren eserin sonunda meşhur Kürt kadınlarından da otuz üçü hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Kürt tarihine dair eseri gibi bunun da eksik olduğunu ve başkalarınca ikmal edilmesi gerektiğini belirten müellif, hakkında bilgi verilen kişilerin diğer toplumlar tarafından tanınması için önce Arapça neşrini uygun gördüğünü ifade eder. Kızı Sâniha Emin Zekî’nin Arapça’ya çevirdiği kitabın II. cildini Muhammed Ali Avnî gözden geçirmiş ve ilâvelerde bulunmuştur (Meşâhîrü’l-Kürd ve Kürdistân fi’d-devri’l-İslâmî , I, Bağdat 1364/1945; II, Kahire 1366/1947; I-II, Dımaşk 2006; nşr. Refîk Sâlih, Süleymaniye 2011). Eser bu Arapça tercümeden Türkçe’ye de çevrilmiştir (Kürd ve Kürdistan Ünlüleri , trc. M. Baban – M. Yağmur – S. Kutlay, Spanga / Stockholm 1998; Ankara 2005). 3. Târîḫê Süleymânî ve Vülâtî (Bağdat 1939). Süleymaniye şehrinin tarihi, nüfusu, aşiretleri, ünlü şahsiyetleri, cami ve okulları hakkında bilgi içerir. Eser Muhammed Cemîl Bendî er-Rûzbeyânî tarafından Arapça’ya tercüme edilmiştir (Târîḫu’s-Süleymâniyye ve enhâʾihâ , Bağdat 1370/1951; Süleymaniye 2002). 4. Dû Tekalâyê Bêsûd (Bağdat 1935). Irak’taki Kürtler’le ilgili sorunların çözümü için Kral Faysal’a ve İngiliz yüksek komiserine 1930 ve 1931 yıllarında sunulan, ancak sonuçsuz kalan iki teklifi içerir (Türkçe tercümesi için bk. Yıldırım, s. 14-23). Müellifin Yâsin el-Hâşimî hükümetinde bakan iken Kürtçe’ye çevirerek bastırdığı bu risâle yöneticileri rahatsız ettiğinden toplatılarak yakılmıştır. 5. Muḥâsebeî Niyâbet (Bağdat 1938; nşr. Ahmed Hüseyin Ahmed, Muḥâsebeî Niyâbet: Eve Ḥisâbî pâke le miḥâsebe bêbâke , Süleymaniye 2005). Seçildiği meclisteki faaliyetlerle ilgili bu raporda Kürdistan bölgesinde eğitim ve yargı dilinin, hatta resmî dilin Arapça yerine Kürtçe olması teklif edilmiş, bunun Irak’ın birlik ve bütünlüğü için gerekli olduğu dile getirilmiştir (bu eser ve bir önceki eserle ilgili olarak ayrıca bk. Hassanpour, tür.yer.). Emin Zekî Bey’in Taḳrîr ḥavle inḥiṣâri’t-tabġ ve taḥsînihî fi’l-ʿIrâḳ (Bağdat 1941), Kürdânî Benâvbâng, Defterê Hâtıratım adlı eserleri de vardır.
Türkçe: Osmanlı Ordusu (Bağdat 1334), Osmanlı Esfârı Hakkında Tedkīkat (İstanbul 1336), Irakı Nasıl Kaybettik (İstanbul 1337), Irak Seferi ve Hatalarımız (İstanbul 1337), Selmân-ı Pâk Meydan Muharebesi Ktesifon ve Zeyli (İstanbul 1337), Harb-i Umûmîde Osmanlı Cepheleri Vekāyii 1330-1334 (İstanbul 1338), Irak Târîh-i Harbi Muhtasarı (İstanbul 1339), Bağdâd ve Son Hâdise-i Ziyâî (İstanbul 1338/1341; Hamdî el-Baytâr’ın Arapça’ya çevirip Sâlim el-Âlûsî’nin gözden geçirdiği eser Baytâr’ın ailesinde bulunmaktadır), Kûtül‘amâre Hücum ve Muhâsarası (Londra’daki harp tarihi şubesine hediye edilen iki ciltlik bir eserdir).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Mehmed Emin Zekî Bey, Ḫulâṣatü târîḫi’l-Kürd ve Kürdistân (trc. M. Ali Avnî), Kahire 1939, müellifin girişi, s. ye-yv, ayrıca bk. tercüme edenin yazdığı biyografi, s. 469-472; Abdürrezzâk el-Hasenî, Târîḫu’l-vizârâti’l-ʿIrâḳıyye , Sayda 1372/1953, I, 153, 169; II, 19, 20, 40, 77, 79, 83, 160, 213, 214, 242, 260; III, 148, 213, 297; IV, 54, 74, 105, 120, 128; V, 102, 111, 129, 179; VI, 43, 58-59; Abbas el-Azzâvî, Târîḫu’l-ʿIrâḳ beyne’l-iḥtilâleyn , Bağdad 1375-76/1955-56, VII, 35; VIII, 283, 302, 304; K. Avvâd, Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîne’l-ʿIrâḳıyyîn , Bağdad 1969, III, 103-104; Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm (Fethullah), VI, 45; Ömer Rızâ Kehhâle, Muʿcemü muṣannifi’l-kütübi’l-ʿArabiyye , Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 437; a.mlf., Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn , Beyrut 1414/1993, III, 142; Kemal Burkay, Geçmişten Bugüne Kürtler ve Kürdistan: Coğrafya-Tarih-Edebiyat , İstanbul 1992, I, 233, 235-236; D. McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds , London 1996, s. 4-5; Kemal Mazhar Ahmed, I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Kürdistan (trc. M. Hüseyin), İstanbul 1996, s. 13, 66, 212, 223, 286, 333; a.mlf., Tarihin Tarihi: Kürtlerde Tarih, Tarihte Kadın (trc. Abdullah Babek Pışderi), İstanbul 1997, s. 70, 77-82, 87, 88, 90, 91, 100, 189, 238; Rohat Alakom, Eski İstanbul Kürtleri (1453-1925) , İstanbul 1998, s. 93-94; Malmîsanij, Kürt Teavün ve Terakki Cemiyeti ve Gazetesi , İstanbul 1999, s. 76, 85, 101; Sabâh Nûrî el-Merzûk, Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn ve’l-küttâbi’l-ʿIrâḳıyyîn: 1970-2000 , Bağdad 2002, VII, 97; Bâbâ Merdûh Rûhânî, Târîḫ-i Meşâhîr-i Kürd , Tahran 1382 hş., II, 316-317; M. T. O’Shea, Trapped Between The Map and Reality: Geography and Perceptions of Kurdistan , New York-London 2004, s. 58, 143, 149-150, 185, 191; Amir Hassanpour, Kürdistan’da Milliyetçilik ve Dil: 1918-1985 (trc. İbrahim Bingöl – Cemil Gündoğan), İstanbul 2005, s. 205-209, 258-259, 448, 450-451, 453, 485, 486, 543, 545; M. Ali Suveyrekî, Muʿcemü aʿlâmi’l-Kürd , Süleymaniye 2006, s. 583-586; Yûsuf Abdurrahman el-Mar‘aşlî, ʿİḳdü’l-cevher fî ʿulemâʾi’r-rubʿi’l-evvel mine’l-ḳarni’l-ḫâmis ʿaşer , Beyrut 1427/2006, II, 1062-1063; Wadie Jwaideh, Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development , New York 2006, s. 125, 319, 393; Nevin Güngör Reşan, Kürt Ünlüleri , İstanbul 2008, s. 96; Mohammad A. Tarbush, The Role of the Military in Politics: A Case Study of Iraq to 1941 , New York 2010, s. 46, 50, 196, 242; O. Bengio, The Kurds of Iraq: Building a State Within a State , Boulder 2012, s. 8, 17, 20; Kadri Yıldırım, Asker, Diplomat, Düşünür, Siyasetçi, Ressam, Şair ve Tarihçi Muhammed Emin Zeki Bey (Kürt Tarihi [sy. 9, İstanbul 2013] dergisinin eki); Thomas Bois, “Coup d’oeil sur la litérature Kurde”, el-Meşriḳ , XLIX/2, Beyrut 1955, s. 217-218; a.mlf., “Kurds, Kurdistān (Folklore and Literature)”, EI2 (İng.), V, 483; Zeyn en-Nakşibendî, “Muḥammed Emîn Zekî: el-ʿAskerî ve’l-müʾerriḫ ve’l-vezîrü’l-Kürdî”, ʿIrâḳıyyûn min zemeni’t-tevehhüc (mülḥaḳu cerîdeti’l-Medâ) , VIII/2072, Bağdad 2011, s. 1-5, 9; Cevâd Kâzım el-Beydânî, “Muḥammed Emîn Zekî: Menhecühû fî kitâbeti’t-târîḫ”, a.e. , s. 6-7; “Muḥammed Emîn Zekî: Sîretün ʿaṭire ve târîḫun nâṣıʿ”, a.e. (Mîr Basrî’nin Aʿlâmü’l-Kürd adlı eserinden naklen), s. 8-9; İbrâhim Halîl Ârif, “Muḥammed Emîn Zekî (1880-1945) ve’r-riyâde fi’l-ihtimâm bi’t-târîḫi’l-Kürdî”, a.e. , s. 10-11; İbrâhim Bâcâden, “ʿAmîdü’t-târîḫi’l-Kürdî Muḥammed Emîn Zekî”, a.e. , s. 12-13; Hilâl Nâcî, “Zekî Bek, Muḥammed Emîn”, Mv.AU , XI, 231-235; Cevdet Hûşyâr, “el-Müsteşriḳ Filâdîmîr Mînûrskî ve’l-müʾerriḫûne’l-Kürd”, http://gulbihar.yoo7.com/t4-topic (17.06.2015).
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 222-225 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.