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MEHMED RİFAT, Manastırlı Skip to content (1851-1907)
Osmanlı devlet adamı, oyun yazarı ve dilci.
Manastır’da doğdu. Atina muhacirlerinden alay kâtibi Râşid Efendi’nin oğludur. Mekteb-i Harbiyye’den kurmay yüzbaşı olarak mezun oldu (1872) ve aynı mektebe öğretmen olarak tayin edildi, bir süre sonra da kolağalığına terfi etti. Harbiye’den sınıf arkadaşı olan Hasan Bedreddin Bey’le (Paşa) beraber gösterdikleri gayret ve yararlıklarla Mekâtib-i Askeriyye Nâzırı Süleyman Paşa’nın sevgisini kazandılar. Süleyman Paşa, Sultan Abdülaziz’in hal‘edileceği gece Dolmabahçe Sarayı’nı kuşatmakla görevli Mekteb-i Harbiyye öğrencilerinden oluşan taburun başına bunları getirdi. Binbaşılığa yükselen Mehmed Rifat katıldığı 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’nda esir düştü. Barıştan sonra Eylül 1878’de İstanbul’a döndü. Sultan Abdülaziz’in hal‘ine katılanlardan olduğu için II. Abdülhamid İstanbul’da bulunmasını uygun görmedi. Rütbesi kaymakamlığa yükseltilip Şam fırkasına tayin edildi. Bir daha İstanbul’a dönemedi ve son görev yeri olan Halep’te vefat etti.
Mehmed Rifat’ın edebiyat ve yayın hayatına atılmasında Nâmık Kemal’in etkisi olmuş, İbret gazetesinde “Bir Asker” takma adıyla ve kendi ismiyle yazılar yazmıştır. Mekteb-i Harbiyye’deki hocalığı sırasında askerî bilgilerin geliştirilmesi yanında millî duyguların güçlenmesine de katkıda bulunan Çanta dergisini çıkarmış (1290-1291), bundan dolayı kendisinden bir ara “Çanta müellifi” olarak da söz edilmiştir. Nâmık Kemal’in uyandırdığı edebiyat aşkıyla kendi başına ve Hasan Bedreddin’le birlikte tiyatro eserleri kaleme almış, çeviriler yapmıştır. 1873-1879 yılları arasında yayımlanan bu eserleriyle kuruluş aşamasındaki Türk tiyatro edebiyatına önemli katkılar sağlamıştır.
Eserleri. Tiyatro. 1. Görenek (İstanbul 1290). Nâmık Kemal’in İbret gazetesinde aynı isimle yayımlanan makalesinden (nr. 119, 7 Mart 1289 / 19 Mart 1873) yararlanarak “ahlâkımız dahilinde bir şey yazmak” düşüncesiyle kaleme alınmıştır. Göreneklerin fert ve toplum üzerinde bir baskı oluşturduğu tezinin işlenmek istendiği bu dramda konu kadınların giyim kuşamdaki yersiz harcamalarıyla sınırlı kalır. Yazar, piyesini çok iyi bulmamakla beraber Battal Gazi gibi eski hikâyeleri okumak, orta oyunu seyretmek veya terbiye dışı sözler işitmekten daha faydalı olduğunu söyler.
2. Ya Gazi ya Şehid (İstanbul 1291). Romantik dram türündeki eser Nâmık Kemal’in Vatan yahut Silistre ’sinin etkisinde yazılmıştır. Vatan sevgisini aşılama ve askerliği sevdirme amacı taşıyan eserde vatan hizmetinden sonra bir kahraman olarak geri dönmenin gururu anlatılmaktadır. Nâmık Kemal bir mektubunda Görenek ’le beraber bu eser üzerinde de durmuştur (Namık Kemal’in Husûsî Mektupları , I, 316-319).
3. Hükm-i Dil (İstanbul 1291). Ahmed Midhat Efendi’nin Letâif-i Rivâyât serisinde yayımlanan (İstanbul 1287) Gönül adlı hikâyesinden oyunlaştırılmıştır. Eserde genç bir bahçıvanla konaklarında çalıştığı zengin kız arasındaki aşk ele alınır. Kızın babası evlenmelerine izin vermeyince gençler özgürlükler ülkesi olarak bilinen Amerika’ya doğru yola çıkarlar. Olay Fransa ve İspanya’da geçmektedir. Hükm-i Dil , bazı araştırmacılar tarafından Ahmed Midhat Efendi’ye ait gösterilmişse de (Akı, XIX. Yüzyıl Türk Tiyatrosu Tarihi , s. 107, 148; And, s. 392-393; Enginün, s. 27, 177-207) imzasız olarak yayımlanan eserin başında yer alan “M. R.” rumuzlu mektup bunun Mehmed Rifat’a ait olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır (ayrıca bk. İbnülemin, s. 1480; Özege, II, 615).
4. Pakdâmen (İstanbul 1291). Geneviève de Barabant efsanesinden Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem’in uyarladığı, namus ve sadakat konusu etrafında şekillenen Afîfe Anjelik (ts.) piyesi örnek alınarak yazılmış olup şahıs isimleri dışında Recâizâde’nin eserine benzemektedir.
5. Hüsrev ü Şîrîn (ts.).
Mehmed Rifat’ın bunların yanında Hasan Bedreddin’le birlikte yazdığı veya çevirdiği oyunlar “Temâşâ Külliyatı” adı altında iki cilt halinde yayımlanmıştır. I. cilt: Hud‘a ve Aşk (İstanbul 1292, cüz 1, s. 1-92; Schiller’den çeviri); Delîle yahut Kanlı İntikam (İstanbul 1292, cüz 2, s. 94-146); Kleopatra (İstanbul 1292, cüz 3, s. 148-210; Emil de Girardin’den çeviri); Ebü’l-alâ yahut Mürüvvet (İstanbul 1292, cüz 4, s. 212-288; Beş perdelik tarihî dramın oyunun özellikle ikinci ve üçüncü perdeleri zehir olayı ve mezarlık sahneleriyle açık bir şekilde Hamlet etkisi taşır); Antoni yahut İkmâl-i Nâmus (İstanbul 1292, cüz 5, s. 289-354; Alexandre Dumas Père’den çeviri); Ebü’l-fedâ (İstanbul 1292, cüz 6, s. 356-393); Nedâmet (İstanbul 1292, cüz 7, s. 396-420; Türk edebiyatında karakter komedisi türündeki ilk eser olup cimriliği yüzünden çirkin hizmetçisiyle evlenmek durumunda kalan bir tefeciyi anlatır; uyarlama eserlerdendir); Lâleruh (İstanbul 1292, cüz 8, s. 422-460; M. Carré – H. Lucas’dan çeviri). II. cilt: Kölemenler (İstanbul 1292, cüz 1, s. 1-74; Doğu masalları kaynağına bağlanabilecek melodramlardan olup Kölemen beylerinin rekabeti üzerine kurulmuştur; sert bir siyasî mücadelenin yanında Süedâ-Dâver aşkı konuyu yumuşatan duygusal bir çizgi oluşturur); Otello (İstanbul 1293, cüz 3, s. 122-174; William Shakespeare’den çeviri); Fakîre yahut Mükâfât-ı İffet (İstanbul 1293, cüz 4, s. 176-226); Karı İntikamı ([İstanbul 1293, cüz 5, s. 228-252]; Sadaine’den çeviri, Emin Eşref’le birlikte); Vicdan (İstanbul 1296, cüz 6, s. 254-348; Alexandre Dumas Père’in La conscience adlı eserinden çeviri); Ahmed Yetim yahut Netîce-i Sadâkat (İstanbul 1296, cüz 7, s. 350-383). Mehmed Rifat’ın tiyatro eserleri genellikle Gedik Paşa Tiyatrosu’nda sahneye konmuştur.
Dil ve Belâgat. 1. Usûl-i Bedâyi‘ (İstanbul 1302).
2. Külliyyât-ı Kavâid-i Osmâniyye (İstanbul 1303). Türk gramer çalışmalarının izlediği seyir içinde önemli bir yer tutan eserde klasik ve modern dil anlayışlarının etkileri bir arada görülür. Kitapta daha önceki gramer çalışmalarında Türkçe’nin yapısının Arap diline göre ele alınması eleştirilmiş, Osmanlı dilinin Arapça, Farsça ve Türkçe unsurlardan meydana gelmekle beraber esas yapının Türkçe olduğuna dikkat çekilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Türkçe’ye geçmiş Arapça ve Farsça unsurlar da incelenmiştir. Müellif Osmanlı dilinin gramerini İstanbul Türkçesi’ne dayandırdığını belirtmektedir.
3. Mükemmel Osmanlı Sarfı (İstanbul 1307).
4. Mufassal Nahv-i Osmânî (İstanbul 1308).
5. Kavâid-i İlm-i İnşâ (İstanbul 1308).
6. Mecâmiu’l-edeb (İstanbul 1308). Yazarın, devrin belâgat kitapları arasında klasik belâgatı bütün yönleriyle derli toplu bir şekilde ele alan ve haklı bir şöhret kazanmış olan üç ciltlik eseridir. Kitap sırasıyla “Usûl-i Fesâhat”, “İlm-i Meânî”, “İlm-i Beyân”, “İlm-i Bedî‘”, “İlm-i Arûz”, “Fenn-i Kāfiye”, “Aksâm-ı Şiir”, “Ahvâl-i Tahrîr”, “Usûl-i Kitâbet ve Hitâbet”, “Usûl-i Tenkīd” başlıklarını taşıyan on bölümden meydana gelmektedir. Mukaddimede belirtildiğine göre eserin hazırlanmasında Arapça, Farsça ve Türkçe belli başlı belâgat kitaplarıyla “muteber divanlar ve makbul münşeatlar”dan faydalanılmıştır. Müellif, klasik bir belâgat kitabı hazırlamasının sebebini Nâmık Kemal’in “Lisan” makalesinden aldığı, Osmanlı Türkçesi’nin “üç iklîm-i cesîmin mahsûl-i tabîatı olduğu” fikrine dayandırarak belâgatının da Arap ve Fars belâgatlarına bağlı olması gerektiği şeklinde açıklamaktadır. Yazarın belâgat konularını işlerken lüzum gördükçe Arapça ve Farsça manzum örnekler vermesi, eserinin III. cildinde “Ahvâl-i Tahrîr”, “Usûl-i Kitâbet ve Hitâbet”, “Usûl-i Tenkīd” başlıkları altında daha çok inşâ kitaplarının konusu olan bahisleri ele alması kitabın dikkat çeken özellikleridir. “Aksâm-ı Şiir” bölümünde ise birer cümleyle tanıttığı manzum nevilerine dair örnekleri bir antoloji sayılacak kadar geniş tutmuş, bu anlayışla Hâkānî’nin Hilye ’sinin hemen hemen tamamına yer vermiştir.
7. Hâce-i Lisân-ı Osmânî (İstanbul 1311).
Dinî eserler. Manzum İlm-i Hâl (Selânik 1305); Mir’âtü’l-İslâm (İstanbul 1305); Tuhfetü’l-İslâm (İstanbul 1308; manzum); Cevâhir-i Cihâryâr ve Emsâl-i Kibâr (Halep 1327; “Hazîne-i Hikemiyyât” adlı dizinin ilk kitabı olarak ölümünden sonra kızı tarafından yayımlanmıştır).
Ders kitapları. Mecelle-i Hendese (I. cilt Hendese-i Hattiyye , İstanbul 1292; II. cilt Hendese-i Musattaha , İstanbul 1296; IV. cilt Münhaniyyât-ı Müsta‘mele , İstanbul 1292); Delâil-i Askeriyye (İstanbul 1297; çeviri, Şakir Paşa ile birlikte); Süllem-i Rif‘at (İstanbul 1298); Kavâid-i Esâsiyye-i Harbiyye (İstanbul 1298); Tedbîr-i Menzil’den Hâne Bahsi (İstanbul 1303); Menâkıb-ı Tabîiyyât (İstanbul 1304-1305; çeviri: birinci kitap Beyt-i Medenî , ikinci kitap Bahçe ); Taksîm-i Arâzî (İstanbul, ts.).
Mehmed Rifat ayrıca Hikâyât-ı Müntehabe adıyla yirmi beş yıl içinde on beş kadar baskısı yapılan bir antoloji hazırlamıştır (İstanbul 1290). Tuhfetü’l-İslâm ve Cevâhir-i Cihâryâr ’ın sonunda basılmamış on beş kadar eserinin ismi verilen müellifin yayımlanmamış bir de divançesi bulunmaktadır (İbnülemin, s. 1483). Kāmûsü’l-bedâyi‘ adını verdiği ansiklopedik bir çalışması Nisan 1895 – Temmuz 1897 tarihleri arasında Musavver Ma‘lûmât dergisinde tefrika edilmişse de “barut” kelimesine kadar gelebilmiştir (Levend, s. 252-253).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Osmanlı Müellifleri , II, 211-212.
Süleyman Nazif, İki Dost , İstanbul 1343/1925, s. 72-75.
İbnülemin, Son Asır Türk Şairleri , s. 1479-1483.
Agâh Sırrı Levend, Türk Dilinde Gelişme ve Sadeleşme Evreleri , Ankara 1960, s. 215, 252-253.
Niyazi Akı, XIX. Yüzyıl Türk Tiyatrosu Tarihi , Erzurum 1963, s. 45, 47, 80, 86, 95, 107, 128, 141-142, 145-148, 151-152, 154-155, 159, 167.
a.mlf., Türk Tiyatro Edebiyatı Tarihi I , İstanbul 1989, s. 81, 85, 131-132, 137, 147-148, 152, 161, 169, 170-171, 174, 191-192, 198.
Namık Kemal’in Husûsî Mektupları (haz. Fevziye Abdullah Tansel), Ankara 1967-69, I, 314-319; II, 35-39.
Özege, Katalog , II, 615, tür.yer.
Nâmık Kemal’in Mektubları (haz. Ömer Faruk Akün), İstanbul 1972, s. 461-462.
Metin And, Tanzimat ve İstibdat Döneminde Türk Tiyatrosu: 1839-1908 , Ankara 1972, s. 261, 277, 290, 392-393.
Kâzım Yetiş, Talîm-i Edebiyat’ın Retorik ve Edebiyat Nazariyâtı Sâhasında Getirdiği Yenilikler , Ankara 1996, s. 520-526.
İnci Enginün, Ahmet Midhat Efendi: Bütün Oyunları , İstanbul 1998, s. 22, 27, 177-207.
Fahir İz, “Manāstirli Meḥmed Rifʿat”, EI2 (İng.) , VI, 372-373.
“Rifat Mehmed”, TDEA , VII, 332-333.
Mustafa Koç, “Mehmed Rıfat (Manastırlı)”, Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1999, II, 178.
Mehmet Rıfat (Manastırlı), Tanzimat’tan Bugüne Edebiyatçılar Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 2001, II, 556.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 28. cildinde, 519-520 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.