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MEHMED ZİHNİ EFENDİ Skip to content (1846-1913)
Son devir Osmanlı âlimi, müderris.
10 Temmuz 1846’da İstanbul’da doğdu. “Zihnî” mahlası çok zeki ve kavrayışlı olmasından dolayı hocası tarafından verilmiştir. Babası Kaymakam Mehmed Reşid Efendi, annesi Güzide Gülsüm Hanım’dır. Küçük yaşta Kur’an’ı ezberledi ve cami derslerine devam etti. Hocaları bilinmemekle birlikte ciddi bir öğrenim gördüğü eserlerinden anlaşılan Mehmed Zihni Efendi ulûm-i âliye (medrese öğretim üyeliği) şehâdetnâmesi aldı. 1864 yılında Bâbıâli Meclis-i Vâlâ Mazbata Odası’na mülâzım oldu. Bir süre sonra Matbaa-i Âmire Takvîm-i Vekāyi‘ kâtiplik ve musahhihliğine getirildi (1868). Burada on yıl kadar çalışarak birçok dinî ve edebî eserin hatasız bir şekilde basılmasını sağladı. 1877’de Hasan Râsim Paşa’nın çocuklarına öğretmenlik yapmak üzere üç aylığına İskenderiye’ye gitti (Meşâhîrü’n-nisâ , II, 64, 91). Ardından Galatasaray Mekteb-i Sultânîsi ulûm-i Arabiyye ve dîniyye muallimliği (1879), Mekteb-i Mülkiyye usûl-i fıkıh muallimliği (1883), Tedkīk-i Müellefât Komisyonu üyeliği (1891), Meclis-i Kebîr-i Maârif üyeliği (1894), Maarif Nezâreti Encümen-i Teftîş ve Muâyene üyeliği ve başkanlığı (1902) görevlerinde bulundu. 1906 yılında Mekteb-i Mülkiyye’deki müderrislik görevinden istifa ettiyse de Meclis-i Kebîr-i Maârif’teki vazifesi devam etti. 1908’de yaş haddinden emekliye ayrılması gerekirken Meclis-i Vükelâ kararıyla görevini sürdürdü. Halvetiyye-Şâbâniyye tarikatı şeyhi Necib Efendi’ye intisap eden Mehmed Zihni Efendi, Meclis-i Kebîr-i Maârif üyesi iken 16 Aralık 1913 tarihinde İstanbul’da vefat etti ve Küplüce Mezarlığı’ndaki aile kabristanına defnedildi.
Ülke içinde üstün başarı madalyaları ile taltif edilen Mehmed Zihni Efendi, Eylül 1889’da Stockholm’de toplanan Müsteşrikler Kongresi’ne gönderdiği matbu eserlerinin ilmîliği, ayrıca Arap dili ve öğretimine yaptığı hizmetlerden dolayı kongrenin teklifi üzerine birleşik krallık olan İsveç-Norveç hükümeti tarafından bir altın madalya ile ödüllendirilmiştir. Bu madalya günümüzde Galatasaray Lisesi Müzesi’nde muhafaza edilmektedir. Mehmed Zihni Efendi’nin okuduğunu iyi anlayan, eleştiren, dikkatli ve düzenli yazan bir âlim olduğu belirtilmektedir. Bu husus eserlerinin incelenmesinden de anlaşılmaktadır. Üstlendiği görevleri hakkıyla yerine getiren, şahsî hayatında dürüstlükten ayrılmayan nazik bir insan olduğu nakledilmektedir. Galatasaray Mekteb-i Sultânîsi’nde ve Mekteb-i Mülkiyye’deki hocalığı sırasında çığır açıcı öğretimi sayesinde birçok değerli talebe yetiştirmiştir. Babanzâde Ahmed Naim, Ali Nazîma, Kenan Rifâî, Hanbelîzâde Muhammed Şâkir ve Abdülhak Şinasi Hisar bunlardan bazılarıdır. Arap, Türk, İran dil ve edebiyatlarına vâkıf olan Mehmed Zihni Efendi 1025 kitaptan oluşan kitaplığını Beyazıt Devlet Kütüphanesi’ne bağışlamıştır. Mehmed Zihni Efendi’ye göre Arapça öğrenmenin zor olduğu yolundaki kanaat doğru değildir. Kelimelerinin önemli bir kısmının dilimize girmiş olması sebebiyle Arapça’nın öğrenimi Avrupa dillerinden daha kolaydır. Dil öğrenmenin en iyi yolu kişinin öğreneceği dilin kurallarını kendi diliyle öğrenmesidir. Bu sebeple Türkçe hazırlanmış bir Arapça gramer kitabını okuyup anlayabilen kişi kendi kendine Arapça öğrenebilir (el-Müntehab , s. 4). Mehmed Zihni Efendi Arapça öğretimi için bir dizi kitap yazmış ve bu hususta yeni bir çığır açmıştır.
Eserleri. A) Arap Dili ve Öğretimi. 1. el-Müntehab fî ta‘lîmi lugati’l-Arab (İstanbul 1303). Arap sarfına dair kapsamlı bir eser olup sarf kalıplarıyla ilgili çok sayıda kelime Türkçe karşılıklarıyla birlikte “temrin” başlığı altında; âyet, hadis ve diğer Arap edebiyatı kaynaklarından seçilmiş nesir ve şiir örnekleri de “emsile” adıyla verilmiştir.
2. el-Muktedab mine’l-Müntehab fî ta‘lîmi lugati’l-Arab (İstanbul 1304). Bir önceki eserin özeti olup i‘lâl ve idgam konuları “Teznîb” başlığı altında eserin sonuna eklenmiştir.
3. el-Müşezzeb (Mektebü edeb fî sarfi ve nahvi lisâni’l-Arab, el-Mürteeb fî sarfi ve nahvi lisâni’l-Arab ; “Sarf kısmı”, İstanbul 1307, 1311, 1327). Önceki iki eserin özetidir. Ali Nazîma bu üç kitabı Miftâhu’l-Müntehab ve’l-Muktedab ve’l-Müşezzeb adıyla özetlemiştir (İstanbul 1307).
4. el-Muktedab (İstanbul 1303-1304) “Nahiv kısmı”. Arap nahvine dair kapsamlı bir eser olup sonunda Arapça edatlar alfabe sırasına göre açıklanmıştır. Birinci ve dördüncü kitap el-Müntehab ve’l-Muktedab fî kavâidi’s-sarf ve’n-nahv adıyla tekrar yayımlanmıştır (İstanbul 1981).
5. el-Müşezzeb fî sarfi ve nahvi lisâni’l-Arab (İstanbul 1311) “Nahiv kısmı”. Bir önceki eserin özetidir. Sarf ve nahve dair el-Müşeẕẕeb adlı özetlerle ilgili olarak Gökhan Sebati Işkın tarafından Arapça’ya tercüme edilerek Muḥammed Zihnî Efendi ve kitâbühû el-Müşeẕẕeb fî ṣarfi ve naḥvi lisâni’l-ʿArab adıyla Pakistan’da yüksek lisans çalışması yapılmıştır (Arslan, s. 108).
6. el-Kavlü’l-ceyyid fî şerhi ebyâti’t-Telhîs ve şerhayhi ve hâşiyeti’s-Seyyid (İstanbul 1304, 1327; Kazan 1321/1903). Hatîb el-Kazvînî’nin belâgata dair Telḫîṣü’l-Miftâḥ ’ı ile Teftâzânî’nin buna yazdığı el-Muṭavvel ve Muḫtaṣarü’l-meʿânî adlı şerhlerde ve Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî’nin el-Muṭavvel ’e yazdığı hâşiyedeki 649 beytin Türkçe izahı ile şairleri hakkında bilgi veren bir eserdir. Şeyhülislâm Mustafa Sabri Efendi, bu eseri Beyânülhak mecmuasında (sy. 36-69), “Reddî ʿalâ mâ fi’l-ḳavli’l-ceyyid mine’r-redî” başlığı altında yirmi beş makalede tenkit etmişse de devamı gelmemiştir (a.g.e. , s. 113-116).
7. Kitâbü’t-Terâcim (İstanbul 1304). Arapça öğretiminde okuma metni olarak kullanılmak amacıyla 160 kadar âlim ve edibin Arapça biyografilerini ihtiva etmektedir.
8. Feyz-i Yezdân Tercüme-i Nasîhatü’l-ihvân (İstanbul 1292). Zeynüddin İbnü’l-Verdî’ye ait yetmiş yedi beyitlik Lâmiyye ’nin izahlı tercümesidir.
9. Atvâku’z-zeheb Tercümesi (İstanbul 1290). Zemahşerî’ye ait eserin Said Efendi ile birlikte yapılan açıklamalı çevirisidir.
B) İslâmî İlimler. 1. Ni‘met-i İslâm . Eserin birinci kısmında (İstanbul 1310, 1313, 1316, 1320) akaidle ilgili çok kısa bir girişten sonra tahâret, namaz, oruç ve zekât konuları, ikinci kısımda (İstanbul 1322, 1329) hac, avlanma, hayvan kesimi, kurban ve akîka bahisleri işlenmiştir. Üçüncü kısım (İstanbul 1324) Münâkehât ve Müfârakât adıyla hazırlanmış olup fıkhın nikâh, talâk, eymân ve radâ‘ bölümlerini içermektedir. Eser müellife büyük şöhret kazandırmıştır.
2. Usûl-i Fıkıh (Husûlü’n-nekh fî usûli’l-fıkh ; İstanbul 1309, 1312, 1314).
3. Elgāz-ı Fıkhiyye (İstanbul 1309). İbrahim Halilcan tarafından sadeleştirilerek Fıkıh Bilmeceleri adıyla yayımlanmıştır (İstanbul 1978).
4. Hanımlar İlmihali (İstanbul 1313).
5. Kızlar Hocası (Küçük Hanımlar İlmihali ; İstanbul 1312, 1316, 1324).
6. el-Muhtasarât fî mesâili’t-tahârât ve’l-ibâdât (İstanbul 1332). Ni‘met-i İslâm ’ın özeti olup Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı’nca el-Muhtasarât ismiyle tekrar neşredilmiştir (Ankara 1957).
7. el-Hakāik mimmâ fi’l-Câmii’s-sagīr ve’l-Meşârık min hadîsi hayri’l-halâik (İstanbul 1310; II, 1311). Eserin yazma halindeki cüzleri Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Kütüphanesi’ndedir (nr. 293, 294, 295).
8. el-Kavlü’s-sedîd fî ilmi’t-tecvîd (Tecvîd-i Cedîd ; İstanbul 1328).
9. Tuhfetü’l-erîb fi’r-reddi alâ ehli’s-salîb Tercümesi (İstanbul 1291). Abdullah b. Abdullah et-Tercümân’a ait eserin Said Efendi ile birlikte yapılan çevirisi olup Hristiyanlığa Reddiye adıyla yeni harflerle de yayımlanmıştır (İstanbul 1965).
10. el-Münkızu mine’d-dalâl Tercümesi (İstanbul 1287). Gazzâlî’nin eserinin Said Efendi ile birlikte tercümesidir.
11. Sihâmü’l-isâbe fî kenzi’d-daavâti’l-müstecâbe (İstanbul 1313). Süyûtî’nin makbul dualara ve duanın kabul şartlarına dair eserinin çevirisidir.
C) Biyografi. 1. Meşâhîrü’n-nisâ (I-II, İstanbul 1294-1295). İslâm öncesi ve İslâm döneminde ilim, edebiyat ve siyaset alanında meşhur olmuş Arap, Türk ve İranlı 1165 kadar hanımın biyografisini içeren bir ansiklopedidir. Zamanın kız öğretmen okullarında okutulmak üzere Maarif Nezâreti’nin isteği üzerine hazırlanan eseri Muhammed Hasanhan İ‘timâdüssaltana Ḫayrât-ı Ḥisân adıyla Farsça’ya çevirmiştir (I-III, Tahran 1304-1307). Kitap, Tarihte İz Bırakan Kadınlar ismiyle Bedrettin Çetiner tarafından sadeleştirilerek yayımlanmış (İstanbul 1982), ancak giriş kısmı ile “Fasl-ı Mahsûs” bölümü çıkarılmıştır.
2. Buğyetü’t-tâlib fî tercemeti Tuhfeti’r-râgıb (İstanbul 1332). Kalyûbî’nin, Mısır’da kabirleri meşhur olan bazı Ehl-i beyt büyüklerinin biyografi ve menkıbelerini içeren Tuḥfetü’r-râġıb adlı eserinin tercümesidir.
D) Tashih ve Ta‘likleri. Sahîh-i Buhârî (I-VIII, İstanbul 1315); Sahîh-i Müslim (“Kitâbü’l-cihâd”ın kırk üçüncü babı “Gazvetü Hayber”e kadar; İstanbul 1329-1332); Sâgānî, Meşâriḳu’l-envâri’n-nebeviyye (İstanbul 1311); İbn Melek, Şerḥu Menâri’l-envâr (İstanbul 1292); Radî el-Esterâbâdî, Şerḥu’ş-Şâfiye (İstanbul 1290); Seyyid Abdullah el-Hüseynî, Şerḥu’ş-Şâfiye (İstanbul 1293).
Kaynaklarda adı geçen diğer eserleri de şunlardır: Sarf-ı Arabî , Teshîlü’t-tahsîl , Şerhu ebyâti’l-İsfehendî , Mekteb-i Sultânî , Kavâid-i Türkiyye Risâlesi , İktibâsü’l-envâr fî tercemeti’l-Menâr , Düstûrü’l-muvahhidîn , Terceme-i Tuhfetü’l-mülûk .
Mehmed Zihni Efendi’ye dair şu çalışmalar yapılmıştır: Mevlüt Kuyucu, Mehmed Zihni Efendi’nin Hayatı ve Eserleri (mezuniyet tezi, 1970; İÜ Ed.Fak. Arap-Fars Filolojisi); Ömer Güzel, el-Kavlü’l-ceyyid’in Mahiyeti ve İndeksi (mezuniyet tezi 1970, İÜ Ktp., Tez, nr. 7693); Candemir Doğan, Hacı Mehmed Zihni Efendi ve Yeni Arapça Öğretim Metodu (doktora semineri, 1993, SÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü); Ahmet Turan Arslan, Son Devir Osmanlı Âlimlerinden Mehmed Zihni Efendi (İstanbul 1999); Cansel Kılıç, el-Kavlü’l-ceyyid: Ebyat Şerhi (mezuniyet tezi, 1999, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi); Osman Güman, XIX. Yüzyılda Nimet-i İslâm Kitabı Çerçevesinde İlmihal Fıkhı (yüksek lisans tezi, 2000, MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA , Sicill-i Ahvâl Defteri , nr. 66, s. 185-186.
Mehmed Zihni, Meşâhîrü’n-nisâ , İstanbul 1294-95, I, 159; II, 64, 91.
a.mlf., Nimet-i İslâm , İstanbul 1957, oğlu Ali Rânâ Tarhan’ın yazdığı hal tercümesi, s. 5-7; a.e. (s.nşr. M. Rahmi), İstanbul 1978, neşredenin yazdığı hal tercümesi, s. 7-10; a.e. (nşr. Bayram Ali Öztürk), İstanbul 1986, neşredenin yazdığı hal tercümesi, s. 19-32.
a.mlf., el-Müntehab , İstanbul 1981, s. 4.
Ahmed Naim – Mustafa Cemil, Sarf-ı Arabî ve Temrînât , İstanbul 1321, s. 1-10.
Osmanlı Müellifleri , I, 310-312.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , II, 400.
Ṣaḥîḥu Müslim (nşr. M. Fuâd Abdülbâkī), Kahire 1374/1954, neşredenin girişi, I, 2.
Ali Çankaya, Mülkiye Tarihi ve Mülkiyeliler , Ankara 1954, I, 290, 409.
a.mlf., Yeni Mülkiye Tarihi ve Mülkiyeliler , Ankara 1968-69, II, 1041-1043.
Agâh Sırrı Levent, Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , Ankara 1984, I, 421.
Hasan Duman, “Beyazıt Devlet Kütüphanesi’nin Dünü-Bugünü-Geleceği”, Beyazıt Devlet Kütüphanesi 100 Yaşında (haz. Hasan Duman), İstanbul 1984, s. 19.
Sadi Çöğenli, Müderris Hacı Mehmed Zihni Efendi Bibliyografyası , Erzurum 1989.
Ahmet Turan Arslan, Son Devir Osmanlı Alimlerinden Mehmed Zihni Efendi , İstanbul 1999, s. 108, 113-116.
Mehmet Kanar, Çağdaş İran Edebiyatı’nın Doğuşu ve Gelişmesi , İstanbul 1999, s. 78.
Zeyneb Fevvâz, ed-Dürrü’l-mens̱ûr fî ṭabaḳāti rabbâti’l-ḫudûr (nşr. M. Emîn ed-Dannâvî), Beyrut 1420/1999, I, 13.
“Mehmed Zihni Efendi”, TDEA , VI, 223.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 28. cildinde, 542-543 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.