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MEKKÎ b. EBÛ TÂLİB Skip to content Ebû Muhammed Mekkî b. Ebî Tâlib Hammûş b. Muhammed el-Kaysî (ö. 437/1045)
Tefsir ve kıraat âlimi.
23 Şâban 355’te (14 Ağustos 966) Kayrevan’da dünyaya geldi. Doğum tarihi bazı kaynaklarda 354 (965) olarak zikredilir. İlk eğitimini İbn Ebû Zeyd ve Ebü’l-Hasan el-Kābisî gibi hocalardan aldı. On üç yaşında iken Kahire’ye giderek burada hesap ve dil derslerine devam etti. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i ezberledi. Altı yıl süren bu tahsil döneminin ardından Kayrevan’a döndü. 377’de (987) ikinci defa Mısır’a gitti ve aynı yıl hac görevini de ifa etti. 378 (988) yılının başlarında Mısır’da Ebü’t-Tayyib İbn Galbûn’dan yeniden kıraat okumaya başladı, ancak tamamlamadan Kayrevan’a döndü ve 382’de (992) tekrar Mısır’a giderek kıraat tahsilini tamamladı. Mısır’da bulunduğu yıllarda ayrıca Ebû Adî İbnü’l-İmâm Abdülazîz b. Ali’den Verş’in rivayetine göre Hamza b. Habîb ez-Zeyyât’ın kıraatini okudu; tefsir ve nahiv âlimi Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Ali el-Üdfüvî’nin derslerine devam etti. 383’te (993) memleketine dönerek kıraat okutmaya başladı. 387’de (997) Mekke’ye gitti ve 390 (1000) yılının sonuna kadar burada kalarak Ebü’l-Hasan el-Abkasî, Ebü’t-Tâhir Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Cibrîl el-Uceyfî, Ebü’l-Kāsım Ubeydullah es-Sekatî ve Ebû Bekir Ahmed b. İbrâhim el-Mervezî gibi âlimlerin derslerinden istifade etti. 391’de (1001) Kudüs’e geçen (İbnü’l-Cezerî, Ġāyetü’n-Nihâye , II, 310) ve burada bir müddet kaldıktan sonra Mısır’a giden Mekkî b. Ebû Tâlib 392 (1002) yılında Kayrevan’a döndü; Receb 393’te (Mayıs 1003) hayatının bundan sonraki bölümünü geçireceği Endülüs’e geçti. Önce Kurtuba’da (Córdoba) Mescidü’n-Nühayle’de kıraat dersleri vermeye başladı; hâcib Abdülmelik b. Mansûr el-Muzaffer onu Zâhire Camii’ne nakletti ve Âmirîler Devleti yıkılıncaya kadar (415/1024) buradaki derslerini sürdürdü. Ardından Emîr Mehdî-Billâh el-Ümevî tarafından Kurtuba Camii’nde kıraat dersleri vermekle görevlendirildi. Ebü’l-Hazm Muhammed b. Cevher kendisine imamlık ve hatiplik vazifesi verilinceye kadar (429/1038) bu derslerine devam etti; hitabet görevini hayatının sonuna kadar sürdürdü. Abdullah b. Sehl, İbnü’l-Beyyâz diye tanınan Yahyâ b. İbrâhim, Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Mutarrif el-Kinânî, İbn Şüreyh, Mûsâ b. Süleyman el-Lahmî, İbnü’t-Tallâ‘ ve Hâzim b. Muhammed ondan kıraat alanında istifade eden pek çok talebeden bazılarıdır. Güzel ahlâkı ve mütevazi kişiliğiyle tanınan Mekkî b. Ebû Tâlib 2 Muharrem 437’de (20 Temmuz 1045) vefat etti ve oğlu Ebû Tâlib Muhammed’in kıldırdığı cenaze namazının ardından Kurtuba’da Rabaz Kabristanı’na defnedildi. Akîdede Selef yolunu seçmiş, fıkıhta Mâlikî mezhebini benimsemiş, vakur kişiliğiyle halkın yanında devlet adamlarının ve idarecilerin de saygısını kazanmıştır.
Eserleri. 1. el-Hidâye ilâ bulûġi’n-nihâye fî ʿilmi meʿâni’l-Ḳurʾân ve tefsîrihî ve aḥkâmihî ve cümelin min fünûni ʿulûmih . Bir rivayet tefsiri olan, müellifin Arapça’ya ve kıraat ilmine vukufu sebebiyle ayrı bir değer kazandığı belirtilen eserin yazma nüshaları üzerinde Ahmed Hasan Ferhât tahkik çalışması yaptığını ve bu çalışmanın yakında neşredileceğini belirtmektedir (Mekkî b. Ebî Tâlib ve tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân , s. 7). Hocası Üdfüvî’nin el-İstiġnâ fî ʿulûmi’l-Ḳurʾân adlı eserinden geniş çapta yararlanan müellif Mu‘tezile’nin görüşlerini cerhetmeye çalışmış, muhtelif kaynaklardan yaptığı nakiller yanında herhangi bir tenkide tâbi tutmadan İsrâiliyat’a da yer vermiştir (a.g.e. , s. 274, 336).
2. Tefsîrü’l-müşkil min ġarîbi’l-Ḳurʾân . 389’da (999) Mekke’de kaleme alınan eser bu adla Ali Hüseyin el-Bevvâb (Riyad 1985), Kitâbü Tefsîri’l-müşkil min ġarîbi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-ʿaẓîm adıyla Muhyiddin Ramazan (Amman 1985), Tefsîrü’l-müşkil min ġarîbi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-ʿaẓîm ʿale’l-îcâz ve’l-iḫtiṣâr adıyla Hüdâ et-Tavîl el-Mar‘aşlî (Beyrut 1408/1988) tarafından yayımlanmıştır.
3. Müşkilü iʿrâbi’l-Ḳurʾân . 391 (1001) yılında Kudüs’te yazılan, pek çok dilci ve nahivcinin görüşlerine yer verilen eser İbn Atıyye el-Endelüsî, İbnü’ş-Şecerî, Kemâleddin el-Enbârî, Ukberî, İzzeddin İbn Abdüsselâm, İbn Usfûr el-İşbîlî, Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Kurtubî, Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî gibi âlimlerin dil ve tefsire dair eserlerinin belli başlı kaynaklarından biridir (Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin, L/2 [1975], s. 440). Yâsîn Muhammed es-Sevvâs (Dımaşk 1394/1974) ve Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin’in (Bağdat 1973, 1975; Beyrut 1985, 1407/1987 [3. bs.]) tahkikiyle neşredilen kitap üzerinde Yahyâ Beşîr Mısrî Müşkilü iʿrâbi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm li-Mekkî b. Ebî Ṭâlib: Dirâse naḥviyye adıyla yüksek lisans çalışması yapmıştır (1402, Câmiatü’l-İmâm Muhammed b. Suûd el-İslâmiyye).
4. el-Îżâḥ li-nâsiḫi’l-Ḳurʾân ve mensûḫih . Mukaddimesinde ve hâtime kısmında belirtildiğine göre 391-419 (1001-1028) yılları arasında yazılan eserde nâsih ve mensuh konusunda daha önce yazılanlar geniş ölçüde bir araya getirilmiş, değişik görüşler nakledildikten sonra bunların içinden tercihler yapılmıştır. Eser Ahmed Hasan Ferhât’ın tahkikiyle yayımlanmış (Riyad 1396/1976; Cidde 1406/1986) ve Musa K. Yılmaz tarafından Kur’ân’da Nâsih ve Mensûh Var mıdır? adıyla Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir (İstanbul 1998).
5. Şerḥu kellâ ve belâ ve neʿam ve’l-vaḳf ʿalâ küllî vâḥidetin minhünne fî kitâbillâhi ʿazze ve celle . Önce Hüseyin Nassâr’ın tahkikiyle Mecelletü Külliyyeti’ş-şerîʿa içinde yayımlanan eser (sy. 3 [Bağdad 1967]) daha sonra Ahmed Hasan Ferhât’ın tahkikiyle neşredilmiştir (Dımaşk 1398/1978, 1404/1983).
6. et-Tebṣıra fi’l-ḳırâʾâti’s-sebʿ . Yedi kıraat hakkında imamların râvilerini iki ile sınırlayarak yazılan ilk eserlerden biri olan ve 392 (1002) yılında kaleme alınan kitap İbnü’l-Cezerî’nin en-Neşr ’inin kaynakları arasında yer almıştır (I, 70-71). Müellif, bu çalışmasında daha çok hocası Ebü’t-Tayyib İbn Galbûn’dan öğrendiği kıraat sistemini esas kabul etmiştir. et-Tebṣıra ilk defa tahkiksiz olarak (Bombay 1972), ardından Muhammed Gavs Nedvî’nin tahkikiyle (Bombay 1399/1979, 1402/1982, 1404/1984) yayımlanmış, ayrıca Muhyiddin Ramazan tarafından neşredilmiştir (Küveyt 1405/1985). et-Tebṣıra ’yı Ebû Ca‘fer Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Kaysî ihtisar etmiştir (Zehebî, Maʿrifetü’l-ḳurrâʾ , III, 1278).
7. el-Keşf ʿan vücûhi’l-ḳırâʾâti’s-sebʿ ve ʿilelihâ ve ḥucecihâ . Bir önceki eserin şerhi olan, özellikle kıraat farklılıklarının illetlerinin açıklandığı kitap 424 (1033) yılında yazılmış olup müellif mukaddimesinde bir önceki eserinin rivayete dayandığını, bu çalışmasının ise bir dirayet eseri olduğunu belirtmiştir (el-Keşf , I, 4, 6). Kitap Muhyiddin Ramazan’ın tahkikiyle iki cilt halinde yayımlanmıştır (Dımaşk 1394/1974; Beyrut 1401/1981, 1404/1984, 1407/1987).
8. el-İbâne ʿan meʿâni’l-ḳırâʾât . Yedi harf meselesi, meşhur yedi kıraatle yedi harf arasındaki ilişki, kıraat ihtilâflarının sebepleri, şâz kıraatlerle okumanın hükmü, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in cem‘i, yedi kıraat imamının diğer imamlara göre meşhur olmasının sebebi gibi konuları soru-cevap şeklinde ele alan müellif bu risâlesini el-Keşf ’ten önce kaleme almış ve el-Keşf ’in sonuna eklenmesini tavsiye etmiştir (a.g.e. , I, 5). Abdülfettâh İsmâil Şelebî’nin tahkikiyle yayımlanan eseri (Kahire 1379/1960, 1384/1964; Mekke 1405/1985) Muhyiddin Ramazan da neşretmiştir (Dımaşk 1399/1979).
9. İḫtiṣârü’l-Ḥucce li’l-Fârisî . Ahmed Hasan Ferhât, Ebû Ali el-Fârisî’nin el-Ḥucce li’l-ḳurrâʾi’s-sebʿa adlı eserinin muhtasarı olan bu eseri Mekkî b. Ebû Tâlib’in günümüze ulaşıp ulaşmadığı bilinmeyen eserleri arasında zikrederken (Mekkî b. Ebî Ṭâlib ve tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân , s. 122) Hüdâ et-Tavîl’in, kitabı Ahmed Hasan Ferhât’ın neşrettiğini (Dımaşk 1402/1982) söylemesi (Tefsîrü’l-müşkil , neşredenin girişi, s. 45) eserin daha sonra bulunup yayımlandığını göstermektedir.
10. İḫtiṣârü’l-ḳavl fi’l-vaḳf ʿalâ kellâ ve belâ ve neʿam . Mecelletü ʿÂlemi’l-kütüb içinde neşredilen eserin (I/2 [Kahire 1980], s. 178-183) Ahmed Hasan Ferhât’ın tahkikiyle müstakil baskıları yapılmıştır (Dımaşk 1978, 1402/1982, 1404/1983).
11. Temkînü’l-med fî âtâ ve âmene ve âdeme ve şibhihî (nşr. Ahmed Hasan Ferhât, Küveyt 1404/1984).
12. er-Riʿâye li-tecvîdi’l-ḳırâʾe ve taḥḳīḳi lafẓi’t-tilâve . Tecvid konusunda günümüze ulaşan ilk çalışma olduğu kabul edilen eser Ahmed Hasan Ferhât’ın tahkikiyle yayımlanmış (Dımaşk 1393/1973; Amman 1404/1984), Muhyiddin Ramazan bu tahkikle ilgili bir eleştiri kaleme almıştır. Abdullah Rebî‘ Mahmûd, “Asvâtü’l-Arabiyye ve’l-Kur’ânü’l-Kerîm” başlığını taşıyan makalesindeki değerlendirmelerinde Mekkî’nin bu çalışmasını esas almıştır (bk. bibl.).
13. el-Yâʾâtü’l-müşeddedât (nşr. Ahmed Hasan Ferhât, Dımaşk 1402/1982).
Ahmed Hasan Ferhât, Yûsuf Abdurrahman el-Mar‘aşlî’nin Mekkî b. Ebû Tâlib’e nisbet ederek neşrettiği (Beyrut 1404/1984) el-ʿUmde fî ġarîbi’l-Ḳurʾân adlı eserin Mekkî’ye aidiyetini reddetmiş, bu kitabın Ebû Tâlib el-Mekkî’ye ait olduğunu ileri sürmüştür (Mecelletü’ş-Şerîʿa ve’d-dirâsâti’l-İslâmiyye , I/1 [1984], s. 55-69; Mekkî b. Ebû Tâlib’in kaynaklarda zikredilen ve bazıları günümüze ulaşan diğer eserleri için bk. Tefsîrü’l-müşkil , neşredenin girişi, s. 34-45; Ahmed Hasan Ferhât, Mekkî b. Ebî Ṭâlib ve tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân , s. 109-144; Hasan Hüsnî Abdülvehhâb, I, 130-146). Durmuş Ali Kayapınar, Mekkî İbnü Ebî Tâlib el-Kaysî Asrı-Hayatı ve Eserleri adıyla bir doktora tezi hazırlamış (1986, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü), Abdülazîz b. Nâsır es-Sebr İʿrâbü’l-Ḳurʾân beyne’n-Neḥḥâs ve Mekkî ve’bni’l-Enbârî ismiyle yüksek lisans çalışması yapmıştır (1402, Câmiatü’l-İmâm Muhammed b. Suûd el-İslâmiyye).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Mekkî b. Ebû Tâlib, el-Keşf ʿan vücûhi’l-ḳırâʾâti’s-sebʿ (nşr. Muhyiddin Ramazan), Beyrut 1404/1984, I, 4-6.
a.mlf., Tefsîrü’l-müşkil min ġarîbi’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Hüdâ et-Tavîl el-Mar‘aşlî), Beyrut 1408/1988, neşredenin girişi, s. 33-50.
Humeydî, Ceẕvetü’l-muḳtebis (nşr. İbrâhim el-Ebyârî), Kahire 1410/1989, II, 561.
İbn Hayr, Fehrese , s. 41, 44, 51, 67, 76, 429.
İbn Beşküvâl, eṣ-Ṣıla , s. 631-633.
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İbnü’l-Kıftî, İnbâhü’r-ruvât , III, 313-319.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât , IV, 361-364.
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a.mlf., Târîhu’l-İslâm : sene 421-440 , s. 452-455.
İbn Ferhûn, ed-Dîbâcü’l-müẕheb , II, 342-343.
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a.mlf., en-Neşr , I, 70-71.
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Ahmed Hasan Ferhât, Mekkî b. Ebî Ṭâlib ve tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân , Amman 1404/1983.
a.mlf., “Kitâb: el-ʿUmde fî ġarîbi’l-Ḳurʾân lâ teṣıḥḥu nisbetühû ilâ Mekkî b. Ebî Ṭâlib el-Ḳaysî”, Mecelletü’ş-şerîʿa ve’d-dirâsâti’l-İslâmiyye , I/1, Küveyt 1984, s. 55-69.
Hasan Hüsnî Abdülvehhâb, Kitâbü’l-ʿÖmr fi’l-muṣannefât ve’l-müʾellifîne’t-Tûnisiyyîn (nşr. Muhammed el-Arûsî el-Matvî – Beşîr el-Bekkûş), Beyrut 1990, I, 128-146.
Muhyiddin Ramazan, “Naḳdü’l-kütüb er-Riʿâye li-tecvîdi’l-ḳırâʾe ve taḥḳīḳi lafẓi’t-tilâve li-Ebî Muḥammed Mekkî b. Ebî Ṭâlib”, MMMA (Kahire) , XXIII/1 (1977), s. 117-124.
Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin, “Kitâbân fî iʿrâbi’l-Ḳurʾân”, MMLADm. , L/2 (1975), s. 440-445.
Abdullah Rebî‘ Mahmûd, “Eṣvâtü’l-ʿArabiyye ve’l-Ḳurʾânü’l-Kerîm”, Mecelletü Külliyyeti’l-luġati’l-ʿArabiyye , sy. 10, Riyad 1980, s. 227-280.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2003 yılında Ankara’da basılan 28. cildinde, 575-576 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.