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MELEK AHMED PAŞA Skip to content (ö. 1073/1662)
Osmanlı vezîriâzamı.
İstanbul Fındıklı’da doğdu. Ayrıntılı biyografisi, anne tarafından yakın akrabası olup yirmi bir yıl hizmetinde bulunduğunu söyleyen Evliya Çelebi’nin Seyâhatnâme’sinde yer alır. Dağıstan Abazaları’ndan olan babası, çeşitli seferlerine katıldığı Özdemir ve Özdemiroğlu Osman paşaların kapıcılar kethüdâsıydı. Gelenekleri üzere üç yaşında sütannesi için memleketine gönderildi. Ardından hediye edildiği Sultan I. Ahmed ona “Melek” lakabını verip yetiştirilmek üzere Dârüssaâde Ağası Hacı Mustafa’ya gönderdi. Babasının deniz beylerinden Pervâne Kaptan olduğu, şişmanlığı sebebiyle takılan “Malak” (manda yavrusu) lakabının zamanla Melek’e dönüştüğü şeklinde bilgiler de vardır. Enderun’daki görevlerinden birini gösteren “Tırnakçı” lakabı ise çok daha az kullanılır.
IV. Murad döneminde nakledildiği Has Oda’da musâhib, rikâbdar ve çuhadar ağalık vazifelerinde bulundu. IV. Murad’ın Üsküdar’dan 1047’de (1638) hareket ettiği Bağdat seferine katılarak 23 Rebîülâhir – 2 Cemâziyelevvel 1048’de (3-11 Eylül 1638) Diyarbekir’de silâhdar ağası oldu (BA, MAD, nr. 14357, s. 19). Bağdat’ın fethiyle birlikte 26 Şâban 1048’de (2 Ocak 1639) vezirlikle Diyarbekir beylerbeyiliğine tayin edildi (BA, KK, nr. 266, s. 75). Safevîler’i barışa zorlamak üzere Hemedan’a yürüyüşe geçen vezîriâzamla beraber Şehriban ile Derne ve Derteng Kalesi’ne ilerledi. Kasrışîrin Antlaşması protokolünün 14 Muharrem 1049’da (17 Mayıs 1639) imzalanmasından sonra Diyarbekir’e dönülürken ihtiyaten seraskerlikle Musul muhafazasında bırakıldı.
27 Cemâziyelâhir 1050’de (14 Ekim 1640) Halep mutasarrıflığına tayin edildi, ardından Şam valiliğinde bulundu (6 Rebîülâhir 1052 – 4 Receb 1053 / 4 Temmuz 1642 – 18 Eylül 1643; bk. BA, A.RSK, nr. 1512, s. 61). Hac kervanlarına yapılan baskınları önlemeye çalıştığı Şam’dan azli ve ardından getirildiği Erzurum valiliğinden 20 Muharrem 1054’te (29 Mart 1644) İstanbul’a çağrılıp kubbe veziri yapılması, IV. Murad’ın kızı ve 1042 (1632-33) doğumlu Kaya İsmihan Sultan’a Kösem Sultan’ın kararıyla namzet ilân edilmesi sebebiyledir. Bu sırada onun için hazırlanan Özü valiliği beratı iptal edilerek 16 Rebîülevvel 1054’te (23 Mayıs 1644) kendisine Anadolu eyaleti pâyesi verilmiş ve aynı yıl 8 Receb’de (10 Eylül) Kaya Sultan’la evlendirilmiştir. Üzerindeki eyalet 15 Zilkade 1054’te (13 Ocak 1645) bir başkasına verilirken 6 Muharrem 1055’te (4 Mart 1645) aldığı Diyarbekir beylerbeyiliği pâyesi de aynı yıl 26 Cemâziyelevvel’de (20 Temmuz) tekrar Anadolu ile değiştirilmiştir (BA, A.RSK, nr. 1512, s. 77; nr. 1516, s. 13, 59; nr. 1517, s. 5, 26). Melek Ahmed Paşa aynı zamanda Rumeli’den Girit’e asker sevkiyle de görevlendirildi ve Benefşe’ye kadar gitti. Bu arada Bozcaada muhafızlığı yaptığı da kaydedilen Ahmed Paşa 6 Şâban 1056’da (17 Eylül 1646) Diyarbekir eyaletine gönderildi (BA, A.RSK, nr. 1517, s. 118). IV. Mehmed’in tahta çıkışıyla birlikte Bağdat’a nakledildi. Bu görevi sırasında Bağdat’ta yeniçerilerin ve bazı bedevîlerin yol açtığı karışıklıklara son verdiği birtakım icraatla halkın sevgisini kazandığı belirtilir.
Melek Ahmed Paşa 20 Zilkade 1059’da (25 Kasım 1649) azledilince İstanbul’a geldi ve dördüncü kubbe veziri oldu. 3 Şâban 1060’ta (1 Ağustos 1650) tekrar Bağdat beylerbeyiliğine getirildiyse de (BA, A.RSK, nr. 1520, s. 21) Kara Murad Paşa’nın mührü iadesi ve onun tavsiyeleri üzerine dört gün sonra vezîriâzam oldu. On bir yaşındaki padişahın annesi Hatice Turhan Sultan ile Kösem Sultan’ın yeniçeri ağalarıyla beraber devlete hâkim olması sebebiyle Ahmed Paşa kendisine karışılmamak kaydıyla görevi kabul etti ve bütün müdahalelerin kesileceğine dair hatt-ı şerif aldı. Kapıkulunun ödenmemiş maaşlarının bir bölümünü saraydan karşıladı, narhla ilgilendi ve kendi kalemiye gelirini hazineye bıraktı. Başdefterdar Zurnazen Mustafa’yı İstanbul’dan uzaklaştırdı. Bu yüzden aleyhine dönen ocak ağalarıyla birtakım sözler vererek uzlaştı. Şeyhülislâm Bahâî Mehmed Efendi’nin İngiltere elçisini tevkif etmesiyle gelişen hadisede ocağın ve büyük vâlidenin karşısında duramadı. Vezîriâzamların arza çıktıklarında padişahın karşısındaki sedir kenarında oturmaları mûtat iken Ahmed Paşa oturmayarak ayakta durmayı tercih etti ve kendisinden sonrakiler de bu davranışı izledi.
Sadâreti sırasında Venedikliler’le devam eden savaşta Midilli’ye çekilen kaptan-ı deryânın yerine göreve getirilen Rodos Beyi Hüsambeyzâde kumandasındaki donanmayı Girit’e gönderdi, asker ve mühimmat takviyesinde bulundu. 9 Safer 1061’de (1 Şubat 1651) divana gelen Avusturya-Macaristan elçisiyle de barış antlaşmasını yeniledi. Tekrar inşa edilenlerle beraber sayısı 150-180’e ulaşan donanmanın Nakşa (Naxos) ve Para (Paros) adaları yakınında karşılaştığı Venedik donanması ile yaptığı çarpışmada başarısızlığa uğraması üzerine (21 Receb 1061 / 10 Temmuz 1651) görevinden istifa etti. Fakat istifası geri çevrildi. Öte yandan Bahçekapı’da inşa ettirdiği 60 zirâ uzunluğundaki büyük bir kalyon 25 Cemâziyelevvel 1061’de (16 Mayıs 1651) denize indirilirken yana devrilip kısmen batmış ve bazı kişilerin telef olduğu bu hadise halk tarafından pek çok tahsisatı (duâgûyân, eytâm vb.) kaldırmasına yorulmuştu. Yeni İl Voyvodası / Türkmen Ağası Abaza Hasan’ın isyan ve yağma hareketleri ise sıkı bir takiple sona erdirildi.
Vezîriâzamın malî darlığı aşmak için bedel-i timar ve ordu akçesi gibi isimlerle talep ettiği ek vergiler, tayinlerde verilen câizelerin/bahşişlerin hazineye kaydına bakmak üzere “bahşişler muhasebesi” adıyla bir büro ihdası, İstanbul halkını tahrirle vezirlerin has gelirlerini iki yıllığına hazineye alma planları geniş bir kesimin muhalefetine yol açtı. “Şehirli vak‘ası” adıyla da anılan ilk esnaf isyanı patlak verdi. Defterdar Emîr Paşa’nın Azak Kalesi kul mevâcibi için ocak ağalarının telkiniyle Bosna ve Belgrad’da bastırdığı ayarı düşük sikkelerle meyhânelerden topladığı 120 yük hurda züyuf akçelerin 118’inin bir altına değiştirilmesi teklifi, esnafın büyük tepkisine yol açmış ve 4 Ramazan 1061 (21 Ağustos 1651) tarihinde 10-20.000 kişilik bir kalabalık kepenk kapatarak Şeyhülislâm Karaçelebizâde Abdülaziz Efendi’yi önlerine katıp şikâyetlerini saraya bildirmişler, bunun üzerine yeniçerilerin desteğine rağmen buraya gelmeyen vezîriâzam mührü iade etmişti (BA, A.RSK, nr. 1524, s. 12). Ahmed Paşa büyük vâlidenin himayesinde aynı gün Özü beylerbeyiliğine tayin edildi (22 Zilkade 1061 / 6 Kasım 1651) ve yeni sadrazam tayinleri sırasında da mevkiini korudu (21 Receb 1062 / 28 Haziran 1652; bk. BA, A.RSK, nr. 1519, s. 128, 172; nr. 1524, s. 12, 80; nr. 1526, s. 8).
Melek Ahmed Paşa 8 Şevval 1062’de (12 Eylül 1652) Rumeli beylerbeyi oldu. Vezîriâzam Derviş Mehmed Paşa’nın davetiyle ve esasen hastalığı sebebiyle (BA, A.RSK, nr. 1519, s. 170) 19 Cemâziyelâhir 1063’te (17 Mayıs 1653) görevden alınarak İstanbul’a geldi ve Karahisarısâhib sancağı hassıyla ikinci vezir oldu. Vezîriâzam ve kubbe vezirlerinin onu konağında ziyaret etmeleri bir anlamda Kösem Sultan’dan geriye kalan ekibin buluşması idi. Felç geçiren sadrazamın görevden alınması üzerine Melek Ahmed Paşa’ya bir defa daha görev teklif edilerek hil‘ati giydirilmişse de onun görüşleri doğrultusunda eski bir Has Odalı olan Halep Valisi İpşir Mustafa Paşa’ya 16 Zilhicce 1064’te (28 Ekim 1654) mühür gönderildi ve kendisi sadâret kaymakamı oldu (BA, A.RSK, nr. 1526, s. 348; nr. 1527, s. 95). Bu uzun kaymakamlık döneminde Ahmed Paşa sarayın ciddi ve açık desteğine rağmen vezîriâzamlığı üstlenemedi. 123 gün sonra gelen Vezîriâzam İpşir Mustafa Paşa, onu ve birtakım ileri gelenleri bölükbaşılarına Üsküdar’da rehin bırakıp saraya gitmiş ve ikinci defa İstanbul’a geçtiğinde de Ahmed Paşa’yı Van beylerbeyiliğine tayin ettirmişti (20 Rebîülâhir 1065 / 27 Şubat 1655; bk. BA, A.RSK, nr. 1526, s. 395). Hızla İstanbul’dan ayrılması istenen eski kaymakamın bazı mülk ve malları zaptedilirken yakın çevresinden Mevkūfâtî Mehmed ve Gudde Mehmed bir süre sonra idam edildi. Eski bir vezîriâzamın ilk defa Van’a tayininin hakaret olduğunu ifade etmesi üzerine kendisine Acem serdarı olarak birtakım imtiyazlarını bildiren hatt-ı hümâyun verildi.
Melek Ahmed Paşa, Kara Murad Paşa’nın ikinci defa mührü elde etmesinin ardından 15 Receb 1065’te (21 Mayıs 1655) ve daha sonra 18 Şevval’de (21 Ağustos) Van beylerbeyiliğinde bırakıldı. Bir defa daha vezîriâzam olan Siyavuş Paşa ısrarla onun İstanbul’da bulunmasını istediğinden 4 Rebîülevvel 1066’da (1 Ocak 1656) bir başkası Van’a tayin edildi (BA, A.RSK, nr. 1529, s. 36, 95, 165). 25 Ramazan 1065’te (29 Temmuz 1655) Bitlis Kalesi’ne girilmesiyle sonuçlanan Abdal Han seferi ve civardaki birtakım isyancıların ortadan kaldırılması bu valilik dönemindedir. İstanbul’da kubbe veziri iken Boynuyaralı Mehmed Paşa’nın talebi üzerine 4 Şevval 1066’da (26 Temmuz 1656) Niğbolu livâsıyla birlikte Özü eyaletine tayin edildi ve Köprülü Mehmed Paşa’nın sadâret mührünü almasıyla da 1 Zilhicce 1066’da (20 Eylül 1656) yerinde bırakıldı (BA, A.RSK, nr. 1529, s. 280, 320). 12 Şâban 1067’de (26 Mayıs 1657) Leh seferi için Silistre’den hareket etti. Kırım hanıyla birlikte çarpışmalara katıldı ve bu arada kethüdâsı Yûsuf Ağa Özü Kalesi’ni Kazaklar’dan kurtardı. Yerine bir başkası tayin edildiğinden 2 Rebîülâhir 1068’de (7 Ocak 1658) İstanbul’a geldi ve 3-17 Şâban 1068’de (6-20 Mayıs 1658) Köprülü’nün sadâret kaymakamlığını yaptı. Kaya Sultan’ın, kızı Fâtıma’nın doğumu sırasında ölümü onu oldukça etkiledi. Bundan yirmi gün sonra tayin edildiği Bosna beylerbeyiliği için 20 Cemâziyelâhir 1069’da (15 Mart 1659) İstanbul’dan yola çıktı. Venedikliler’in Bosna topraklarına saldırılarını önlemek için tayin edildiği seraskerlikle (BA, MD, nr. 93, s. 16/104) Zadra ve Şibenik gibi değişik kalelerin fethine katıldı. Bilhassa Klis’e sevkettiği kuvvetlerin galibiyeti Varad (Várad) zaferiyle birlikte çifte bir sevinç oluşturmuştu.
12 Rebîülevvel 1071’de (15 Kasım 1660) Rumeli beylerbeyi olan Melek Ahmed Paşa’nın görevi Erdel seferi sırasında ordunun gerisindeki kuvvetlerin kumandanlığıydı. Tımışvar’da buluştuğu serdarla birlikte savaşa katılırken Erdel prensliğine Mihály Apafi’nin tayinine ön ayak oldu. Bu seferde iken Köprülü Mehmed Paşa’nın kendisini namzet yaptığı I. Ahmed’in 1013 (1604) doğumlu kızı Fatma Sultan’la nikâhlanması için İstanbul’a çağrıldı ve 10 Ramazan 1072’de (29 Nisan 1662) bu merasim gerçekleşti. Kendisine kabul ettirilen bu evlilik dolayısıyla pek çok dedikodu çıkmıştı. Bir süre sonra hastalanan ikinci kubbe veziri Melek Ahmed Paşa 17 Muharrem 1073 (1 Eylül 1662) tarihinde vebadan öldü. Ayasofya Camii’nden büyük bir kalabalıkla kaldırılan cenazesi vasiyeti üzerine üstadı Dersiâm Kiçi Mehmed Efendi’nin ayak ucuna gömüldü ve mezarına yazısız iki büyük küfeki taş dikildi. Tariflere uyan kabir bugün Eyüp Bahariye’deki Lâgarî (Taşlıburun) Tekkesi hazîresindedir. Oğlu İbrâhim ve kızları dolayısıyla neslinin Melekahmedpaşazâdeler olarak ve bazan karıştırılarak sürdürüldüğü anlaşılmaktadır.
Onun hakkında Risâle-i Menâkıb-ı Melek Ahmed Paşa adlı bir eseri olduğunu bildiren ve geniş biyografisini de kaleme alan (Seyahatnâme, VI, 78-84) Evliya Çelebi başta olmak üzere pek çok kimse Melek Ahmed Paşalı künyesini taşımaktadır. Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur’un mütercimi Mehmed Efendi en yakınlarından biriydi. Mevlevî şeyhlerinden Pârsâ / Sâbir Mehmed Efendi onun adına Taṣavvurât’ı şerh etmiş ve Molla Celâl’in Gül ü Nevrûz’unu Türkçe’ye çevirmişti. Evliya Çelebi’nin bilinen övgüleri dışında diğer Osmanlı müellifleri de Melek Ahmed Paşa’nın edepli, ağır başlı, takvâ sahibi olduğunu ve kötü sözü duyulmadığını kaydeder. Bazı Osmanlı tarihçileri ise onun aceleci huyuna ve yanındakilerin uygunsuz işlerine göz yumduğuna işaret eder. Ahmed Paşa vazifesi gereği yaptırdığı kale, kule vb. tesisler dışında birtakım hayır eserler, meydana getirmişti. Kosova’daki Meşhed-i Murâd-ı Hüdâvendigâr’ı (Hudâvendigâr Meşhedi), Malatya’daki Seyyid Battal Gazi Tekke ve Türbesi’ni, Bağdat’taki Ma‘rûf-i Kerhî kubbe, cami ve hücrelerini, İmâm-ı Âzam Âsitânesi’ni ve Peçe Mevlevîhânesi’ni tamir ettirmişti. Bir Halvetî tekkesi inşa ettirdiği Yayça’da yeniden yaptırdığından kendi ismini taşıyan cami ile medrese, imaret ve sıbyan mektebi, Silistre’de han ve diğer yapılar yanında bir de musallâsı bulunmaktaydı.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 42-44 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.