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MEN Skip to content Eski bir ölçü birimi.
Sözlükte “saymak, hesaplamak, tahsis/tayin/taksim etmek” anlamındaki menn kökünden isim olan kelime “belli miktarda hisse, pay, kısmet” mânasında muayyen bir ölçüyü ifade eder. Aslında daha eski Sâmî dillerden alınan kelimenin Arapça sahih telaffuzu menâdır. Kelime Ugaritçe’de men, İbrânîce’de mâneh ve mânîh, Ârâmîce’de maneyâ, Akkadca’da manû, Sumerce’de mana, Grekçe’de mnâ, Latince’de mina şeklinde yer almaktadır (v. Soden, AHW, II, 604; Arndt – Gingrich, A Greek-English Lexicon, s. 524; Gesenius, A Hebrew and English Lexicon, s. 584; Costaz, Dictionnaire, s. 187). Sanskritçe’de de mâne -ağırlık, uzunluk ve hacim ölçülerinin genel adı olarak- “ölçü” anlamında kullanılmaktadır (Wilson, A Glossary, s. 326; Dihhudâ, XIII, 19031). Türkçe sözlüklerde batmanla karşılanan men/menâ Portekizce’ye maô ve mane, İngilizce’ye maund şeklinde geçmiştir. Sâmî kavimleri arasında -Grek ölçü sistemindeki “litra” gibi- temel ağırlık birimidir. Bazı bölgelerde menne rıtl denildiğine de rastlanmaktadır. Nitekim Mekke ve Medine’de Ortaçağ’ın sonlarına kadar kullanılan ve bazı kaynaklarca 260 dirheme eşitlenen ölçü birimi rıtl olarak adlandırılırdı (Makdisî, s. 99; Kalkaşendî, IV, 276, 302). Aynı şekilde 600 dirhemlik Dımaşk rıtlı “büyük men” şeklinde de anılırdı.
Abbâsîler devrinde 260 dirhemlik Bağdat menni (İstahrî, s. 156; Makdisî, s. 129) İslâm dünyasının hemen her yerinde kullanılan standart ağırlıklardandı. “Şer‘î men” olarak da anılan bu ölçü birimi için Hârizmî’nin verdiği bilgilerden şu hassas eşitlik elde edilmektedir: 1 menâ = 2 rıtl = 24 ukıyye = 40 istâr = 180 miskal = m$257frac{1}{7}$ dirhem (Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm, s. 25, 26). Metrik sistemdeki karşılığı ise 816 gramdır.
Şeyzerî’nin XII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına ait kaydından Suriye’de bu mennin kullanımda olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. XIV ve XV. yüzyıllarda Mısır’da da mevcudiyetini sürdürdüğü görülmektedir. F. B. Pegolotti, 1335’te İskenderiye menninin, her biri 316,75 gramlık 2,57 Ceneviz küçük libresine eşit olduğunu bildirirken (La Pratica, s. 75; Hinz, s. 16) Kalkaşendî 1410 yılında Kahire, Fustat ve civarlarında parfümeri ölçümünde kullanılan 260 dirhemlik (= 26 ukıyye) menne işaret etmektedir (Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ, III, 441).
W. Barret 1584’te Bağdat mennini 7,22 (= 3,275 kg.), Basra mennini 25,725 ağırlık poundu (= 11,6688 kg.) olarak belirlemiştir. J. Fryer’e göre ise 1675’te 28 sîrlik Basra menni 24 pounda (= 10,886 kg.) denktir. Walter Hinz bunun 3600 dirhemlik Osmanlı veznesi (11,546505 kg.) olabileceğini söylemektedir (Islamische Masse, s. 17). XX. yüzyılın başında Osmanlı Bağdat menni 19 okkaya (= 24,375955 kg.) muadildi (Young, IV, 368).
VII. (XIII.) yüzyılın başlarında tereyağı, zeytinyağı, sirke ve şıra ölçümünde kullanılan Mekke yağ menni 800 dirheme (≅ 2,55 kg.) eşitken et, iç yağı, kuyruk yağı, keşkek ve peynirli börek gibi yiyeceklerin tartılmasına mahsus küçük men bunun yarısına denkti. Aynı dönemde kumaş, şeker, bal ve tatlılara has Yemen menni 320 dirheme (≅ 1,02 kg.) tekabül ederdi (İbnü’l-Mücâvir, s. 22; Mortel, sy. 8 [1990], s. 181). Fâsî Mekke’de başka menlerin varlığını bildirir; 721’de (1321) et menni m$6frac{2}{3}$ Mısır rıtlı (= 960 dirhem), yani 3 kg. civarında idi. 728-747 (1328-1346) yılları arasında buğday, bal ve hurma ticaretinde kullanılan men 3 Mısır rıtlına (= 432 dirhem), yani yaklaşık 1,36 kiloya eşitti. 805-847 (1402-1443) yıllarında Mekke yağ menni 30 Mısır rıtlı = 4320 dirhem (veya 28 Mısır rıtlı = 4032 dirhem) yağ ölçerdi. 847’de (1443) Mekke et menni 7 Mısır rıtlına (= 1008 dirhem ≅ 3,17 kg.) denkti (Şifâʿu’l-ġarâm, II, 314, 315, 435, 436, 438; ayrıca bk. Sehâvî, s. 74; Mortel, sy. 8 [1990], s. 181). 1612 yılında Mekke menni 2,3-2,4 ağırlık poundu (1042,5-1080,64 gr.) arasında bir değere sahipti (Hinz, s. 16).
Yer Dirhem Gram Fâris, Şîraz, Ahvaz (küçük men) 260 (2 Bağdat rıtlı) 816 Erdeşîrhurre 240 ve 280 Kūmis, Sâbûr, İsfahan ecnâdeyni Fesâ (ekmek, pamuk, tahıl, şeker, za‘feran, bal, kına, ecza vb.) 300 Fesâ (kadîd, et, demir vb.) 325 (2,5 Bağdat rıtlı) 1020 Neyrîz (ecza hariç her şey)(tekstil)
320 340 Errecân 390 (3 Bağdat rıtlı) 1224 Kirman, İstahr, Cibâl/Hemedan, Mâhân (Rey hariç) 400 Derâbcird (ecza hariç her şey)(tekstil)
440 480 Hûzistan (Ahvaz hariç), Deylem (et ve balık için) 520 (4 Bağdat rıtlı) 1632 Taberistan, Cürcân, Urmiye, Hoy, Rey, Deylem 600 1912,5 Beyzâ 800 Şîraz, Fâris (büyük men) 1040 (8 Bağdat rıtlı) 3264 Erdebil 1200 3825 Verâvî 2080 (16 Bağdat rıtlı) 6528 Kaynaklar: İstahrî, s. 156, 213; İbn Havkal, s. 301, 364, 372, 382; Makdisî, s. 381, 397-398, 417, 452, 470; Yâkūt, V, 426.
İran’da men en önemli ağırlık birimi olma özelliğini korudu; bugün de tamamen ortadan kalkmış değildir. X. yüzyılın Arap coğrafyacıları çok değişik İran menlerinin varlığına işaret eder.
İlhanlı Sultanı Gāzân Han’ın 1300’lerdeki ölçü ıslahatında Tebriz’de kullanılan 260 dirhemlik şer‘î men esas alındı. İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, 1335’te başşehir Tebriz’de buğday ve arpa ticaretinde sadece 2 Bağdat rıtlına eşit olan mennin kullanıldığını belirtir (Mesâlik, III, 100, 102). Kalkaşendî de yaklaşık yüzyıl sonra bu menne işaret eder (Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ, IV, 422-423). Timurlular devrinde hassas mallar hâlâ şer‘î menle ölçülüyordu. Safevîler zamanında bu menne nâdiren de olsa rastlanır. Meselâ XVII. yüzyılda Evliya Çelebi’ye göre Sâve’de hâlâ 2 rıtllık (= 260 dirhem = 8580 arpa) men kullanılırdı. Portekiz kraliyet maliye müfettişi Antonio Nunes’in aktardığı verilere göre 1554’te ham ipek ticaretinde kullanılan Hürmüz menni 216 yöre miskaline (826,2 gr.) eşitken zencefil gibi diğer bazı maddelerin ölçümünde 251,25 miskallik (= 961,03125 gr.) men esas alınırdı (Ferrand, XVI [1920], s. 44, 52). XVI-XVIII. yüzyıllara ait veriler dikkate alınırsa Tebriz menninin 2,9 kg. civarında bir değere sahip olduğu görülür (Hinz, s. 19). XX. yüzyılın başlarında Tebriz menni 640 miskal (= 2,97 kg.) iken diğer İran menleri için şu eşitlik geçerlidir: 1 Hâşim menni = 2 Rey menni = 4 Şah menni = 8 Tebriz menni. 1926’da Avrupa ağırlık sistemine uyum için Tebriz menninin karşılığı resmen 3 kg. olarak belirlenerek standart ölçü kabul edilmiştir (Lambton, s. 406, 407; krş. Système, s. 80).
Daha çok Kuzey İran’da yaygın olan 600 dirhemlik men Güney Rusya’daki Altın Orda Hanlığı topraklarına da geçmiştir. Kazvin-Zencan arasındaki Sultâniye bölgesinde 1335 yılı itibariyle varlığı belgelenmiştir (İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, III, 94; Kalkaşendî, IV, 423). Aynı yıllarda Tebriz’de ipek ticaretinde kullanılan mennin ağırlığı 6 Ceneviz libresi + 2 ons (= 1,9125 kg.) idi (Pegolotti, s. 31). XVI. yüzyılın ortalarında Hürmüz bölgesindeki kervansaraylara has 25 ukıyyelik (= 67,1875 Portekiz onsu = 500 Hürmüz miskali = 1,9125 kg.) kenevir menni bunun aynısı olmalıdır. Ancak men yöredeki dükkânlarda 24 ukıyye (= 64,5 Portekiz onsu = 480 miskal = 1,836 kg.) ediyordu (Ferrand, XVI [1920], s. 61, 271).
XV. yüzyılın üçüncü çeyreğinde Akkoyunlu Hükümdarı Uzun Hasan’ın çıkardığı 1920 dirhemlik (= 6,158136 kg.) batmanın XVI. yüzyıl İran’ında “şah menni” adıyla yaygınlaşmış olması muhtemeldir. Çünkü XVI-XIX. yüzyıllara ait verilere göre şah menninin değeri 6 kg. civarındadır. Bu birimin XVII. yüzyılda “köhne men” olarak bilinen bir başka çeşidi Jean-Baptiste Tavernier’ye göre 9 livre idi (= 4,4064 kg.). Fryer’in “kanal menni” adıyla işaret ettiği m$9frac{3}{8}$ poundluk (= 4,252 kg.) men, muhtemelen İsfahan bölgesine has bir ağırlık olup J. Newberry’nin verdiği bilgilere göre yaklaşık 2,9 kiloluk Şîraz menninin 1,5 katı idi (Hinz, s. 20-21; aralarında değeri 128 kiloya kadar ulaşanların da bulunduğu diğer İran menleri için bk. Delîlü’l-Ḫalîc, I, 16, 174-177; III, 1002; V, 1833, 1834; Lambton, s. 409).
İbn Bîbî’nin bir notundan anlaşıldığı üzere Anadolu Selçukluları’nda 260 dirhemlik küçük şer‘î men hâkimdi. 1335 yılında Sivas menni m$frac{4}{9}$ Magosa rıtlından (= 977 gr.) ibaretti (Pegolotti, s. 91). 1518’de Diyarbekir menni (kumaş ve ipek için) 1580 dirhem = 5,06763275 kg., Harput menni (ipek için) 1800 dirhem = 5,7732525 kg. çekerdi (Barkan, s. 151, 166; Hinz, s. 21; Akgündüz, III, 222, 255, 260; ayrıca bk. BATMAN). XX. yüzyılın başında Cizre’de 6 okkalık (= 7,69767 kg.) Osmanlı küçük menni yanında onun iki katına eşit olan büyük men de kullanılırdı. Bunlardan başka 12,5 okkalık (= 16,0368125 kg.) bir özel menne işaret edilmektedir (Young, IV, 368; ayrıca bk. KANTAR). 1335 yılında Deştikıpçak illerinden Saray’ın menâsı 6 Ceneviz libresi + 2 ons (= 1,9125 kg.) iken Hîve’de (Ürgenç) Otrar’ınki 3 Ceneviz libresi + 9 ons (= 1,88 kg.) kadardı (Pegolotti, s. 23).
Hindistan’da çok değişik ve diğerlerine göre daha ağır menlere rastlanmaktadır. XIV. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Delhi’de her biri 70 Hint miskaline veya m$102frac{2}{3}$ Mısır dirhemine eşit 40 sîrlik (= 12,8282 kg.) bir men kullanılırdı (İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, III, 35; Kalkaşendî, V, 85). İbn Battûta’ya göre 748’de (1347) Delhi menni (rıtlı) 25 Mısır (= 11,_3 kg.) veya 20 Mağrib rıtlına eşitti (er-Riḥle, II, 74; III, 382, 430). Bâbürlüler zamanında çeşitli menler ortaya çıkmıştı. XVI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Ekber menni her biri 30 dâmlık 40 sîre (= 25,1556 kg.) eşitti. XVI. yüzyılda Kandehar menni Hindistan menninin dörtte birine denkti. İkincisiyle 25,1556 kiloluk Ekber menni kastediliyorsa ilkinin değeri 6,289 kg. olur. 1636 yılına kadar Sûret’te kullanılan büyük men her biri 18 dâmlık 40 sîre (= 33 ağırlık poundu), yani yaklaşık 14,969 kilograma eşitken küçük men 25 pound idi (11,44 kg.). Bu tarihten itibaren birincisinin değeri her biri 20 dâmlık 40 sîre (= 34,5 Hollanda pfundu ≅ 16,78 kg.) yükseltildi. Agra büyük menni ya da Şah Cihan menni sonuncunun iki katına denkti (Hinz, s. 22-23).
1960 ve 1964’te değiştirilen 1956 tarihli Ölçü ve Tartı Standartları Kanunu ile (The Standards of Weights and Measures Act) Hindistan menni 82,286 pounda veya 37,3242 kilograma sabitlendi. Bu men Nepal, Singapur ve Pakistan gibi ülkelerde de kullanıldı (Kisch, s. 250). 1980’de Pakistan’da men tam olarak 40 kilograma eşitlendi (Ortadoğu ve Uzakdoğu’da kullanılan diğer menler için bk. Delîlü’l-Ḫalîc, I, 313; II, 849; III, 1001, 1002; IV, 1311-1312, 1432, 1498; Tavernier, I, 38, 419; II, 9, 17, 266; Singh, s. 278-280; Ferrand, XVI [1920], tür.yer.). Nepal’in yaklaşık 0,568 litrelik “mana”sı, Honduras’ın 1,134 kg. civarındaki “mano de maiz”i, Venezuela’daki Tachira eyaletinin 250 gramlık “manojo”su gibi bazı ölçülerin de men ile bağlantısı olabilir.
Men, Batı Hindistan’da alan ölçüsü olarak da kullanılmıştır. Bu birim için şu eşitlik geçerlidir: 1 men = 4 ruka = 16 payali = 32 adholi = 40 çakur. Ayrıca 1 men miktarı tohum ekilen alanın ölçüsüne Uriya dilinde “mana” (= 25 guntha), Tamil ve Telugu dillerinde “manai” (= 2400 kuli) ve “manni” (= 60 × 40 = 2400 ayak2 ) adı verilmektedir (daha geniş bilgi için bk. Wilson, A Glossary, s. 326, 327, 330).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA v. Soden, AHW, II, 604; W. F. Arndt – F. W. Gingrich, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Chicago-London 1979, s. 524; H. Wilson, A Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms, İslâmâbâd 1985, s. 326, 327, 330; Ch. T. Lewis, A Latin Dictionary, Oxford 1993, s. 1145; W. Gesenius, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (trc. E. Robinson, ed. Fr. Brown v.dğr.), Oxford, ts. (Clarendon Press), s. 584; L. Costaz, Dictionnaire syriaquefrançais, Beyrouth, ts. (Imprimerie catholique), s. 176, 177, 187; Epiphanius, Epiphanius’ Treatise on Weights and Measures: The Syriac Version (ed. J. E. Dean), Chicago 1935, s. 60; İstahrî, Mesâlik (de Goeje), s. 156, 191, 203, 213; İbn Havkal, Ṣûretü’l-arż, s. 301, 364, 372, 382; Makdisî, Aḥsenü’t-teḳāsîm, s. 99, 129, 381, 397-398, 417, 452, 470, 481; Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Hârizmî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm, Beyrut 1411/1991, s. 25, 26; Zehrâvî, et-Taṣrîf li-men ʿaceze ʿani’t-teʾlîf (nşr. Fuat Sezgin), Frankfurt 1406/1986, II, 459-460; Bekrî, el-Muġrib, s. 27; Şerîf el-İdrîsî, el-Ekyâl ve’l-evzân (Resûl Ca‘feriyân, Mîrâs̱-ı İslâmî-yi Îrân içinde), [baskı yeri yok] 1375/1416, III, 342; Mahzûmî, el-Münteḳā min Kitâbi’l-Minhâc fî ʿilmi ḫarâci Mıṣr (nşr. Cl. Cahen), Kahire 1986, s. 29; Celâleddin eş-Şeyzerî, Nihâyetü’r-rütbe fî ṭalebi’l-ḥisbe (nşr. Seyyid el-Bâz el-Arînî), Kahire 1365/1946, s. 16; Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân (Cündî), V, 426; İbnü’l-Mücâvir, Târîḫu’l-müstebṣır (nşr. Memdûh Hasan Muhammed), Kahire 1996, s. 22; F. B. Pegolotti, La Pratica della Mercatura (ed. A. Evans), New York 1970, s. 23, 31, 75, 91, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.; İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, Mesâlik, III, 35, 94, 100, 102; İbn Battûta, er-Riḥle (nşr. Abdülhâdî et-Tâzî), Rabat 1417/1997, II, 74; III, 382, 430; Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ, III, 441; IV, 276, 302, 422-423; V, 85; Fâsî, Şifâʾü’l-ġarâm (nşr. Ömer Abdüsselâm Tedmürî), Beyrut 1405/1985, II, 314, 315, 435, 436, 438; Sehâvî, et-Tibrü’l-mesbûk, Bulak 1896, s. 74; Ebü’l-Fazl el-Allâmî, The Ā-īn-i Akbarī (trc. H. Blochmann), Delhi 1989, I, 139, 366; Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme, IV, 381-382; P. Raphaël du Mans, Estat de la Perse en 1660 (ed. Ch. Schefer), Paris 1890, I, 14; Ali Paşa Mübârek, el-Mîzân fi’l-aḳyise ve’l-mekâyîl ve’l-evzân, Kahire 1309, tür.yer.; G. Young, Corps de droit Ottoman, Oxford 1906, IV, 368; Delîlü’l-Ḫalîc (Coğrafya), I, 16, 174-177, 313; II, 849; III, 1001, 1002; IV, 1311-1312, 1432, 1498; V, 1833, 1834; Barkan, Kanunlar, s. 151, 166; W. Hinz, Islamische Masse und Gewichte, Leiden 1955, s. 16-23; B. Kisch, Scales and Weights: A Historical Outline, London 1965, s. 249, 250; J. B. Tavernier, Travels in India, Lahore 1976, I, 38, 418-419; II, 9, 17, 19, 266; A. K. S. Lambton, Landlord and Peasant in Persia, London-New York 1981, s. 406-409; M. P. Singh, Market, Mint and Port in the Mughal Empire: 1556-1707, New Delhi 1985, s. 278-280; Système des mesures, poids et monnaies de l’Empire Ottoman et des principaux états avec de nombreux exercices et des tables de conversion, İstanbul 1988, s. 80; Ahmet Akgündüz, Osmanlı Kanunnâmeleri ve Hukukî Tahlilleri, İstanbul 1991, III, 222, 255, 260; Henri M. Sauvaire, “On a Treatise on Weights and Measures, by Eliyá, Archbishop of Niśíbín”, JRAS , IX/2 (1877), s. 296, 298; a.mlf., “Matériaux pour servir à l’histoire de la numismatique et de la métrologie musulmanes1 ”, JA, IV (1884), s. 280-291; G. Ferrand, “Les poids, mesures et monnaies des mers du sud aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles”, a.e., XVI (1920), s. 5-150, 193, 271, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.; R. T. Mortel, “Weights and Measures in Mecca during the Late Ayyubid and Mamluk Periods”, Ar.S, sy. 8 (1990), s. 181; E. Ashtor, “Mawāzīn”, EI2 (İng.), VI, 119-120; Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme (Muîn), XIII, 19031.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 105-107 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.