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MENÂT Skip to content Hükmün kendisine bağlandığı vasıf, illet anlamında usûl-i fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “iki şey arasında ilgi ve bağ kurmak, bağlamak” anlamındaki niyâta yahut inâta masdarından bir mekân ismi olan menât “ilgi ve bağ kurulan, dayanılacak yer” demektir. Meselâ, “Akıl mükellefiyetin menâtıdır” ifadesinde kelime bu anlamdadır. Fıkıh usulü terimi olarak menât mutlak kullanıldığında “illet” mânasına gelir ve “hükmün menâtı” denildiğinde hükmün kendisine nisbet edildiği, dayandırıldığı, hükme alâmet olarak konulan şey, kısaca hükmün illeti kastedilir. İllete menât denmesi lugavî mecazdır; çünkü hüküm illete bağlanınca bir başkasına bağlanmış somut şey gibi düşünülmüş, soyut olanın (ma‘kūl) somut olana (mahsûs) benzetilmesi yoluyla bir mecaz yapılmıştır. İllet ise usulcüler tarafından farklı biçimlerde tanımlanmakla beraber bunların “hükmü gösteren veya gerekli kılan yahut hükmün kendisine bağlandığı durum, vasıf, mâna, gerekçe” şeklinde özetlenmesi mümkündür (Cessâs, IV, 9; Gazzâlî, el-Müstaṣfâ, II, 230). “Bir şeyin diğer bir şeye illet olmasının menâtı” ifadesinde geçtiği üzere (İbn Emîru Hâc, III, 238) menât “illetin dayanağı” anlamında da kullanılmaktadır.
Fıkıh usulünde hükümlerin amaçlarını kavramayı ve bunların gerekçelerini belirlemeyi hedefleyen ta‘lîl işlemi ve bunun sonucunda tesbit edilen illet, gerek nasların yorumlanması gerekse yorum sınırlarını aşan diğer ictihad metotlarında önemli bir yere sahip olmakla beraber bu meseleyle ilgili tartışmalara daha çok kıyas bahislerinde yer verilmiştir. Usulcüler, nas ve icmâ ile gösterilmiş yahut ictihad yoluyla belirlenmiş illetin belli bir olaya uygulanması, hükmün ilgili nasta yer alan diğer vasıflarından ayıklanması ve illetin ictihad yoluyla belirlenmesi mânalarına gelmek üzere tahkīku’l-menât, tenkīhu’l-menât ve tahrîcü’l-menât adı verilen üç türlü illet ictihadından söz ederler (Gazzâlî, el-Müstaṣfâ, II, 230).
1. Tahkīku’l-menât. İllet nas, icmâ veya istinbat yoluyla bilindikten sonra bunun her bir olayda var olup olmadığını araştırmak demektir. Gerek ibadetlerde gerekse hukuk alanına giren meselelerde naslarda verilen ölçüler veya ictihad yoluyla belirlenen illetler özel olaylara uygulanırken bu yönteme başvurulur. Meselâ yakınların nafakalarını karşılamada yeterlilik, namazın geçerli sayılmasında kıbleye yönelme, şahitliğin kabul edilmesinde adalet ve şarabın haram kılınmasında sarhoşluk verme özelliği anılan konularda hükme dayanak teşkil eden birer menâttır. Bu konularda menât nas, icmâ veya istinbat yoluyla belirlenmiş olmakla beraber nafakaya hükmederken her şahıs için yeterliliği belirlemek, tereddütlü durumlarda belli bir cihetin kıble yönü olduğunu tayin etmek, bir kimsenin şahitliğinin kabul edilebilmesi için onun adalet vasfını taşıdığını tesbit etmek, şarap dışındaki içkilerde sarhoş edicilik özelliğinin bulunup bulunmadığını araştırmak birer tahkīku’l-menât ictihadıdır (a.g.e., II, 230; Seyfeddin el-Âmidî, III, 279; Şâtıbî, IV, 90-91).
Tahkīku’l-menât uygulamaya yönelik bir ictihad olduğundan değişik alanlarda karşılaşılan fıkhî sonuç bağlanabilecek olayların her birine ait hükmün belirlenmesinde başvurulması kaçınılmaz bir yöntemdir. Zira hükmün kapsamına girdiği kabul edilen her olay kendine özgü yeni bir hadise olup daha önce benzeri vukua gelmemiştir; öncekilere ne kadar benzerse benzesin bu olayı değerlendirecek fakihin veya mükellefin başına gelmiş değildir. Dolayısıyla bu olayın da gerçekten o hükmün kapsamında olup olmadığını araştırmak, yani o konuda yeniden ictihad etmek gerekir. Bu bakımdan tahkīku’l-menât fıkhî bir meselenin hükmünü araştırmak isteyen ilim adamı, hâkim veya müftünün, hatta her mükellefin başvurması gerekli bir yöntem olarak görülmüş, bu ictihad usulünün sona ereceğini düşünmenin mükelleflerin fiillerine ilişkin dinî hükümlerin zihin dışındaki varlığını kabul etmemekle aynı anlama geleceği vurgulanarak tahkīku’l-menâtın sürekliliği ifade edilmiştir (Şâtıbî, IV, 91-93). Tahkīku’l-menât ictihadı bütün dinlerin ve hukuk sistemlerinin vazgeçilmez gereklerinden olup kıyasa karşı çıkanların bile onayladıkları bir yöntemdir ve cevazı konusunda usulcüler arasında görüş ayrılığı bulunmamaktadır (Gazzâlî, el-Müstaṣfâ, II, 231).
Diğer usulcülerden farklı olarak Şâtıbî tahkīku’l-menâtın özel ve genel olmak üzere iki kısma ayrılabileceğini söylemiş, özel olanı yukarıda açıklandığı tarzda illetin her bir muayyen hadisede araştırılması, genel olanı ise belli konu başlıklarıyla (türleri) ilgili olarak menât belirleme şeklinde tanımlamış, ancak türlerle ilgili ictihadın muayyen şahıs ve olaylar hakkındaki ictihada duyulan ihtiyacı ortadan kaldırmayacağını vurgulamıştır. Genel olanı izah ederken de hac görevini yerine getiren ihramlı kişinin yasağa rağmen avlanması halinde avladığı hayvana bedel bir kurban kesmesini emreden âyet gereğince (el-Mâide 5/95) öldürülen hayvan türüne bedel olan hayvan türünün, meselâ yırtıcı hayvana bedel koç, ceylana bedel keçi türünün belirlenmesini örnek göstermiştir (el-Muvâfaḳāt, IV, 93-94, 96-99).
2. Tenkīhu’l-menât. Açıkça belirtilmese de nassın illet olduğuna delâlet ettiği bir vasfı, birlikte zikredilen ve hükmün illeti sayılamayacak diğer vasıflardan ayıklamak için yapılan araştırma demektir. Meselâ bir bedevînin derin pişmanlık duygusu içinde gelerek ramazan gününde oruçlu iken karısıyla cinsî münasebete girdiğini söylemesi üzerine Hz. Peygamber’in onun ödemesi gereken kefâreti açıklayan hadisi (Buhârî, “Ṣavm”, 30; “Edeb”, 68; Müslim, “Ṣıyâm”, 81) incelenmiş, adı geçen kimsenin bedevî, Arap veya muayyen bir şahıs olmasının, olayın münhasıran o zamanda meydana gelmesinin, ilişkide bulunduğu kadının kendi karısı veya belli biri olmasının hadiste belirtilen kefâret hükmüne etkisinin bulunmadığı anlaşılmış ve bu hükmün illetinin mükellef bir kişinin ramazan ayında oruçlu olduğunu bilerek cinsî münasebette bulunması olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. İşte hadiste geçen ve hükmün illeti sayılamayacak olan bu vasıfların ayıklanmasına fıkıh usulünde tenkīhu’l-menât adı verilir. Usul açısından tenkīhu’l-menât işlemi bu olmakla beraber anılan örnekte Hanefî ve Mâlikîler yeme ve içmeyi cinsî münasebete kıyas ederek ramazan günü kasten yemek ve içmek suretiyle orucunu bozan kişilere de kefâret gerekeceği sonucuna ulaşmışlardır. Bir başka izaha göre Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler, ayıklama işlemini yukarıda belirtilen noktada durdururken Hanefî ve Mâlikîler bunu ilerleterek “ramazanda orucu bozan fiillerden birini bile bile yaparak ona gösterilmesi gereken saygıyı ihlâl etmek” şeklinde daha kapsamlı bir vasfa ulaşmışlardır. Hanefîler, kefâret konularında kıyas yapılmasına karşı oldukları halde bu meselede “istidlâl” adını kullanarak istisnaî bir hüküm verme yolunu seçmişlerdir. Ancak onlar, ramazan günü kasten yeme ve içme fiillerinden dolayı kefâret gerekeceği hükmüne söz konusu eylemlerin cinsî münasebete kıyas edilmesi yoluyla değil, “Kim ramazanda -kasten- orucunu bozarsa ona zıhâr yapan kişiye verilen ceza gerekir” (bu rivayet hakkındaki değerlendirmeler için bk. İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, I, 279) anlamındaki hadisten hareketle ulaştıklarını ileri sürerler (Şemsüleimme es-Serahsî, II, 163; Gazzâlî, el-Müstaṣfâ, II, 231-233, 284-285; Şifâʾü’l-ġalîl, s. 412-414; Seyfeddin el-Âmidî, III, 264-265; Şâtıbî, IV, 95-96).
Fahreddin er-Râzî, tenkīhu’l-menâtın illeti belirleme yöntemlerinden sebr ve taksim metoduyla aynı olduğunu ileri sürmüştür (el-Maḥṣûl , II, 359). Fakat sebr ve taksim illetin belirlenmesi için, tenkīhu’l-menât ise illetin tayini değil -nasta yer alıp- illet olmaya elverişli bulunmayan vasıfların belirlenip ayıklanması için yapılan çalışmayı ifade ettiğinden (İbnü’l-Hâcib, II, 236; Beyzâvî, III, 87; Zerkeşî, V, 258) bunların birbirinden ayrı yöntemler olarak değerlendirilmesi daha isabetli görünmektedir. Tenkīhu’l-menâtta menât istinbat yoluyla değil nasla bilindiği için bu yöntem kıyası şer‘î bir delil saymayanların çoğunluğu tarafından da onaylanmış; ancak tahkīku’l-menâta göre daha alt mertebede sayılmıştır. Sadrüşşerîa tenkīhu’l-menâtın makbul bir yöntem olması halinde sonuç itibariyle nas, icmâ ya da münasebet metoduna dayandığı için Hanefîler tarafından söz konusu edilmediğini belirtir (et-Tavżîḥ, II, 174). İbnü’l-Hümâm ise bu yönteme her müctehidin başvurmak zorunda olduğunu söyler (et-Taḥrîr, III, 193).
3. Tahrîcü’l-menât. Nas veya icmâda yer alan fıkhî bir hükmün bu kaynaklarda belirtilmeyen illetini ortaya çıkarmak üzere yapılan ictihad demektir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’deki bir âyette (el-Mâide 5/90) kesin dille yasaklanan şarabın haram kılınmasındaki illetin “sarhoş edicilik” vasfı olduğunu ictihad yoluyla belirlemek tahrîcü’l-menât işlemine örnek gösterilebilir. Bazı fakihler ise anılan örnekte hükmün illeti olan bu niteliğin bizzat naslarda (hadisler) belirtildiği, dolayısıyla bunu tesbit etmek için ictihada gerek bulunmadığı kanaatindedir. Usulcüler, illetin ictihad yoluyla belirlenmesi için başvurulabilecek münasebet (ihâle, maslahat, istidlâl, riâyetü’l-makāsıd), te’sîr, sebr ve taksim, devran, tard gibi metotlar üzerinde geniş biçimde durmuşlardır. Bunlar arasında hükümle hükme illet olabilecek vasıf arasındaki uygunluğun araştırılması anlamına gelen “münâsebe” metodu ağırlıklı bir yere sahiptir (bk. MASLAHAT). Usul âlimlerince kabul edilmesi bakımından diğer iki ictihad usulüne göre daha alt mertebede bulunan tahrîcü’l-menât Zâhirîler, Şiîler ve Bağdat Mu‘tezile ekolünün bir kısmı tarafından geçerli bir yöntem olarak görülmez.
Menât kavramı ve bu kavramın üçlü tasnifi daha çok Şâfiî usulcülerince geliştirilmiş olup bilhassa klasik dönem Hanefî usul eserlerinde bu üçlü sınıflamaya rastlanmaz. Ancak İbnü’l-Hümâm, Hanefî ve Şâfiî metotlarını birleştirmek amacıyla kaleme aldığı et-Taḥrîr adlı kitabında Hanefîler’in bu tasnifteki gibi bir terminoloji geliştirmemiş olsalar da bunların hepsinin mânalarıyla amel ettiklerini belirtir. Onun eserini şerheden öğrencisi İbn Emîru Hâc ise Hanefîler’in ihâle (münasebet) yoluyla tahrîcü’l-menât ictihadını benimsemediklerine dikkat çekerek “bunların hepsi” demesine karşı çıkar ve “çoğunlukla” denmesinin daha uygun düşeceğini ifade eder (et-Taḳrīr ve’t-taḥbîr, III, 193). İlleti ve dolayısıyla kıyas işlemini disiplin altına almaya yönelik gayretlerin bir parçası olarak usul literatüründe yer alan menât kavramı etrafındaki açıklama ve tartışmaları illet kavramına ilişkin tesbitler ışığında değerlendirmek uygun olur (bk. İLLET).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Lisânü’l-ʿArab, “nvṭ” md.; Tehânevî, Keşşâf, II, 1415; Buhârî, “Ṣavm”, 30, “Edeb”, 68; Müslim, “Ṣıyâm”, 81; Cessâs, el-Fuṣûl fi’l-uṣûl (nşr. Uceyl Câsim en-Neşemî), Küveyt 1414/1994, IV, 9; Şemsüleimme es-Serahsî, el-Uṣûl (nşr. Ebü’l-Vefâ el-Efgānî), Haydarâbâd 1372 → Beyrut 1393/1973, II, 163; Gazzâlî, el-Müstaṣfâ , II, 230-234, 284-308, 323-324; a.mlf., Şifâʾü’l-ġalîl (nşr. Hamed el-Kübeysî), Bağdad 1390/1971, s. 23, 397-435; Fahreddin er-Râzî, el-Maḥṣûl , Beyrut 1408/1988, II, 311-359; Seyfeddin el-Âmidî, el-İḥkâm fî uṣûli’l-aḥkâm, Kahire 1387/1968, III, 264-265, 279-280; İbnü’l-Hâcib, Muḫtaṣarü’l-Müntehâ, Beyrut 1403/1983, II, 233-244; Beyzâvî, Minhâcü’l-vüṣûl (Sübkî, el-İbhâc fî şerḥi’l-Minhâc içinde, nşr. Şa‘bân M. İsmâil), Kahire 1402/1982, III, 87; Sadrüşşerîa, et-Tavżîḥ şerḥu’t-Tenḳīḥ (Teftâzânî, et-Telvîḥ içinde, nşr. M. Adnân Dervîş), Beyrut 1419/1998, II, 174; Şâtıbî, el-Muvâfaḳāt, IV, 89-105; Zerkeşî, el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ (nşr. Abdüssettâr Abdülkerîm Ebû Gudde), Küveyt 1413/1992, V, 255-259; İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, ed-Dirâye fî taḫrîci eḥâdîs̱i’l-Hidâye, Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-ma‘rife), I, 279-280; İbnü’l-Hümâm, et-Taḥrîr (İbn Emîru Hâc, et-Taḳrîr ve’t-taḥbîr içinde), Beyrut 1403/1983, III, 192-193; İbn Emîru Hâc, et-Taḳrîr ve’t-taḥbîr, Beyrut 1403/1983, III, 192-193, 238; Şevkânî, İrşâdü’l-fuḥûl, Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-ma‘rife), s. 210-222, 238; Abdülkādir Bedrân, el-Medḫal ilâ meẕhebi’l-İmâm Aḥmed b. Ḥanbel, Dımaşk 1919, s. 142-144; M. Mustafa Şelebî, Uṣûlü’l-fıḳhi’l-İslâmî, Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 248-251; Abdülhakîm Abdurrahman Es‘ad es-Sa‘dî, Mebâḥis̱ü’l-ʿille fi’l-ḳıyâs ʿinde’l-uṣûliyyîn, Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 507-520; Zekiyyüddin Şa‘bân, İslâm Hukuk İlminin Esasları (trc. İbrahim Kâfi Dönmez), Ankara 1990, s. 147-148; İdrîs Hammâdî, el-Ḫiṭâbü’ş-şerʿî ve ṭuruḳu istis̱mârih, Beyrut 1994, s. 385-404; Refîk el-Acem, Mevsûʿatü muṣṭalaḥâti uṣûli’l-fıḳh ʿinde’l-müslimîn, Beyrut 1998, II, 1565-1568; H. Yunus Apaydın, “Kıyas”, DİA, XXV, 530.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 119-121 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.