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MENDERES, Adnan Skip to content (1899-1961)
Türk siyaset ve devlet adamı.
Aydın’da doğdu. Babası Kâtipzâdeler’den tahrirat kâtibi İbrâhim Ethem Bey, annesi Kırım Türkleri’nden ve Aydın’ın büyük toprak sahibi ailelerinden Hacı Ali Paşa’nın kızı Tevhide Hanım’dır. Çocuk yaşta annesini ve babasını kaybedince babaannesi Fıtnat Hanım tarafından büyütüldü. 1910 yılında İttihat ve Terakkî İdâdîsi’nde öğrenime başladı. Bu okulu bitirmeden İzmir’deki Kızılçullu Amerikan Koleji’ne geçti ve orta öğrenimini burada tamamladı. I. Dünya Savaşı sonlarında yedek subay olarak askere alındı. Temel eğitimini İstanbul Maltepe Tâlimgâhı’nda tamamladı ve ardından Filistin’e gönderildi. Mondros Mütarekesi’nden (30 Ekim 1918) sonra İzmir’e döndü. İzmir’in Yunanlılar tarafından işgali sırasında Aydın’da bulunan Adnan Bey, 1919 Haziranında Yunanlılar Aydın’a saldırmaya hazırlandıkları esnada birkaç arkadaşıyla birlikte Ayyıldız direniş örgütünü kurdu. Ardından Söke’de piyade alay yaveri olarak İstiklâl Savaşı’na katıldı. Savaştaki hizmetlerinden dolayı kırmızı şeritli İstiklâl madalyasıyla ödüllendirildi.
Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında Aydın’da çiftçilikle uğraştı. Fethi Okyar tarafından 12 Ağustos 1930’da kurulan Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası’nın Aydın’da örgütlenmesine katkıda bulundu ve partinin il başkanlığına seçildi. Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası üç ay sonra feshedilince (17 Kasım 1930) Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası’na geçti ve bu fırkanın Aydın il başkanı oldu. Bu görevi esnasında Mustafa Kemal Paşa ile tanıştı. 1931’de Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası’ndan Aydın milletvekili olarak Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’ne girdi. Milletvekilliği sırasında Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi’ni bitirdi. 1945 yılına kadar Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nde komisyon raportörlüğü ve parti müfettişliği görevlerinde bulundu. Adnan Menderes’in partisiyle ters düşmesi ve muhalif grupta yer alması 1945 yılına rastlar. 1944’te Saraçoğlu hükümeti tarafından Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’ne sevkedilen Köylüyü Topraklandırma Kanunu tasarısı, raportörlüğünü Menderes’in yaptığı bir karma komisyona havale edildi. Bir müddet sonra Menderes komisyondan istifa ederek ziraî mülkiyet üzerine bazı kısıtlamalar getiren bu kanun tasarısı aleyhinde mecliste ateşli konuşmalar yaptı. Toprak reformuna karşı takındığı bu tavır, kendisinin geniş topraklara sahip olması sebebiyle muhalifleri tarafından toprak ağalarını kayırdığı şeklinde yorumlandı. Menderes’in Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi içinde oluşturduğu bu muhalefet Celâl Bayar, Refik Koraltan ve M. Fuad Köprülü ile birlikte “dörtlü takrir” olarak anılan ve yurttaşların hak ve hürriyetlerinin kanunlara uygun olarak sağlanmasını, meclis denetiminin anayasanın öngördüğü şekilde yapılmasını, parti çalışmalarının demokratik esaslara göre yeniden düzenlenmesini isteyen bir önergeyi 7 Haziran 1945’te Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi meclis grubuna vermesiyle daha da belirginleşti. Önergenin Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi grubu tarafından reddedilmesi üzerine görüşlerini basın yoluyla açıkladı. Bu durum, önergeye imza koyan dört milletvekilinin partiden ihraç edilmesine ve onların da 7 Ocak 1946 tarihinde Celâl Bayar’ın liderliğinde Demokrat Parti’yi kurmasına yol açtı. Demokrat Parti’nin kurulmasının ardından 21 Temmuz 1946’da “açık oy, gizli tasnif” usulüyle yapılan seçimlerde Demokrat Parti altmış iki -bazı kaynaklara göre ise altmış dört veya altmış altı- milletvekili çıkardı ve Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nde etkin bir muhalefet oluşturdu.
14 Mayıs 1950 seçimlerinde toplam oyların % 53’ünü alarak mecliste 408 sandalye elde eden Demokrat Parti’nin lideri Celâl Bayar meclis tarafından cumhurbaşkanı seçilince hükümeti kurma görevini Aydın Milletvekili Adnan Menderes’e verdi. Savaş şartlarının sıkıntı içine düşürdüğü kesimler, köylüler, muhafazakâr kitleler, iş çevreleri, toprak ağaları, küçük esnaf ve tüccarlar, çeşitli meslek sahipleri, etnik gruplar ve demokratikleşmeyi Türkiye’nin gelişmesi açısından önemli bir adım olarak kabul eden aydınlar tarafından yeni bir ümit olarak görülen Demokrat Parti’nin iktidara gelmesinde Menderes’in büyük rolü oldu. Bayar’a göre halkın, özellikle de köylülerin temayüllerini çok iyi bilen ve Türkiye’nin kalkınmış Batı ülkelerini yakalaması için başbakanda bulunması gereken özelliklere parti içinde en çok sahip olan kişi Adnan Menderes’ti. Ayrıca Menderes usta bir polemikçi ve etkili bir hatipti. Aynı zamanda Demokrat Parti genel başkanlığına getirilen Menderes, Demokrat Parti’nin iktidara geldiği 22 Mayıs 1950’den iktidardan uzaklaştırıldığı 27 Mayıs 1960’a kadar başbakanlık yaptı ve bu döneme ismini verdi. On yıl içinde beş hükümet kurdu.
Menderes döneminde Türkiye’nin ekonomi politikasında belirgin değişiklikler gözlendi. Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi hükümetlerinin ekonomi alanında ağırlığını hissettiren devletçilik politikası yerini özel teşebbüse daha çok imkân tanıyan yarı liberal bir anlayışa bıraktı. Kırsal ve tarımsal alanda hızlı bir makineleşme politikası izlendi. Sulama ve enerji kaynakları elde etmek için çok sayıda baraj yapıldı. Yollar ve limanların inşası, okul, elektrik ve su gibi birçok hizmetin köy ve kasabalara ulaştırılmasıyla şehir imkânlarından belli ölçülerde bu küçük yerleşim birimleri de yararlanmaya başladı. Ancak Türkiye’nin o günkü malî kaynakları bu büyük hamleleri karşılayacak seviyede değildi. Bu yüzden Menderes gerekli kaynağı borçlanma yoluyla dışarıdan temin etti. Fakat 1955’lerden itibaren dış borç ve faiz ödemelerinin ağırlığı kendini hissettirdi. Ödemelerdeki güçlükler enflasyonu körüklediği gibi gittikçe kötüleşen ülke ekonomisi, 1955’ten itibaren ortaya çıkan çok yönlü kriz ve çalkantıların temel sebeplerinden birini oluşturdu.
Bu dönemde dış politikada da önemli gelişmeler oldu. Türkiye’yi Batı blokuna bağlayan bazı antlaşmalar imzalandı. 20 Temmuz 1950’de Kuzey Kore’ye karşı Güney Kore’yi desteklemek için Batı devletlerinin yanında bu ülkeye asker gönderen Türkiye’nin, sağladığı hizmet karşılığında Kuzey Atlantik Paktı’na (NATO) üyeliği kabul edildi (18 Ocak 1952). Türkiye’nin NATO’ya girişi, askerî bir tehdit olarak görülen Sovyetler Birliği’ne karşı ülkenin savunmasını güvence altına alma amacına yönelikti. Bundan sonra Türkiye’nin dış politikasına hâkim olan esas unsur, Sovyetler Birliği’nin Ortadoğu ve Balkanlar’daki nüfuzunu azaltmak için Batı’nın desteğinde komşusu olan ülkelerle bazı antlaşmaların yapılması ve paktların kurulması oldu. Balkan ülkeleri arasında imzalanan Türkiye-Yugoslavya-Yunanistan Dostluk ve İşbirliği Antlaşması (28 Şubat 1953) ve Balkan Antlaşması ile (9 Ağustos 1954) Türkiye ve Irak’ın kurduğu, daha sonra İngiltere, Pakistan ve İran’ın da katıldığı Bağdat Paktı (24 Şubat 1955) bu temel amaç göz önüne alınarak hayata geçirildi. Öte yandan Kıbrıs konusunda yapılan Zürih (11 Şubat 1959) ve Londra (19 Şubat 1959) antlaşmalarıyla Kıbrıs’ta kurulacak yeni devletin statüsü belirlendi.
Menderes hükümetlerinin iktidarda bulunduğu ilk yıllarda ekonomik alanda yaptığı hamleler o sırada ortaya çıkan ülke içi bazı bunalımları örtmüştü. Ancak 1955 yılından itibaren üstesinden gelinemeyen ekonomik problemler Menderes’e karşı duyulan hoşnutsuzlukları su yüzüne çıkarmaya başladı. 1955’te Kıbrıs’taki Rumlar’ın ENOSİS idealine karşı bir gösteri hareketi olarak İstanbul’da başlayan, fakat birdenbire çapulcular tarafından iş yerlerine ve varlıklı kimselere karşı bir yağma hareketine dönüşen “6-7 Eylül olayları” Menderes hükümetini gerek iç gerekse dış politikada bir hayli sarstı. Demokrat Parti meclis grubunun hükümeti istifaya zorlamasıyla Menderes 30 Kasım 1955 tarihinde kabineyi yeniledi. Ekonomik alanda içine düşülen darboğazdan kurtulmak için II. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında uygulamaya konulan korumacı ve müdahaleci politikalara geri dönüldü. Millî Korunma Kanunu bu amaçla çıkarıldı (6 Haziran 1956). Fakat iki yıl sonra Amerikan iş çevreleri ve IMF’nin tavsiyesiyle tekrar liberal ekonomi benimsendi. Menderes’in olayları kontrol altına almak için başvurduğu idarî ve hukukî tedbirleri antidemokratik bulan on dokuz milletvekili Demokrat Parti’den ayrılarak Hürriyet Partisi’ni kurdu (20 Aralık 1955). Bu ekonomik ve siyasî krizler yüzünden özellikle aydınlar ve bürokratlar arasında Menderes hükümetine karşı memnuniyetsizlikler giderek arttı. 1957 erken genel seçimleri, Demokrat Parti’nin bir önceki seçimlere göre % 16 oranında oy kaybıyla sonuçlandı. Oy oranındaki düşüşe rağmen Demokrat Parti 419 sandalye ile meclisteki çoğunluğunu korudu.
Muhalefetteki Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi ile iktidardaki Demokrat Parti arasındaki çekişmeler 1957 seçimlerinden sonra daha da şiddetlendi. Menderes ülkede huzursuzluk arttıkça buna karşı alınan tedbirleri de sertleştirdi. Bu tedbirler, muhalefet tarafından Menderes’in ülkeyi diktatörlüğe götürdüğünün bir delili olarak gösterildi. Hoşnutsuzluk orduya da yansıdı. Hükümetin basın suçlarının kapsamını genişleten kanunu yürürlüğe koyduğu gün (15 Ocak 1958) hükümeti devirmek için darbe hazırlığı yaptıkları ileri sürülen dokuz subay tutuklandı. Bürokratlar arasında da Menderes yönetimine karşı tepkiler arttı. Menderes’in eski saygınlığını büyük ölçüde yitirdiği bir sırada Kıbrıs meselesi için Londra’ya giderken (17 Şubat 1959) geçirdiği uçak kazasından yara almadan kurtulması halk arasında Menderes sevgisini yeniden alevlendirdi. Bu olay Demokrat Parti için yeni bir propaganda kaynağı oldu. Muhalefet partileri buna karşı iş birliğine gittiler. Demokrat Parti de Vatan Cephesi’ni kurarak buna cevap verdi. Ayrıca Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi ve basının faaliyetlerini denetlemek için Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nde bir tahkikat komisyonu kuruldu (18 Nisan 1960). Aynı zamanda komisyona parti ve gazeteleri kapatma ve sorumluları tutuklama yetkisi tanıyan bir kanunun meclisten geçirilmesi (27 Nisan 1960) muhalefetle iktidar arasındaki gerilimi tırmandırdı. 28 Nisan’da İstanbul’da, 29 Nisan’da Ankara’da üniversite öğrencileri Menderes hükümeti aleyhine gösteriler başlattılar. Gösteriler devam ederken Harp Okulu öğrencileri 21 Mayıs 1960 günü Ankara’da iktidara karşı bir ihtar yürüyüşü yaptı. Halkın kendisine olan bağlılığına çok güvenen Menderes istifa etmemekte direndi. Anadolu’da dolaşarak halkla görüşmeyi sürdürdü. Böyle bir gezi için Eskişehir’de bulunduğu bir sırada daha sonra Millî Birlik Komitesi adını alan bir grup subay yönetime el koydu (27 Mayıs 1960). Ankara Radyosu’ndan Alparslan Türkeş tarafından okunan bildiride demokrasinin içine düştüğü buhran ve kardeş kavgasına meydan vermemek için Türk Silâhlı Kuvvetleri’nin ülke idaresini eline aldığı, partileri içine düştükleri uzlaşmaz durumdan kurtararak tarafsız bir idarenin gözetiminde en kısa zamanda âdil ve serbest seçimler yapılacağı ve idarenin seçimi kazanan tarafa verileceği ilân edildi.
Başta Menderes ve Celâl Bayar olmak üzere Demokrat Parti milletvekilleri ve ileri gelenleri Yassıada’ya götürüldü. Adnan Menderes 14 Ekim 1960 günü ilk duruşmasına kadar bir hücrede tecrit edildi. Avukatlarının ısrarlı talebi üzerine ancak Kasım 1960’ta ailesiyle görüşme izni verildi. Bu dönemde tek meşgalesi elli kelime ile sınırlı da olsa ailesine yazdığı mektuplardı. Duruşmadan önce bir ara uyku hapı içip intihara dahi teşebbüs etti. Durum tesbit edilince midesi yıkanıp oksijen verilerek yeniden hayata döndürüldü.
Soruşturma için geçici kanunla özel tahkikat heyeti kuruldu. 14 Ekim’de başlayan yargılama dokuz ay yirmi yedi günde 287 oturum halinde sürdü. Yassıada Yüksek Adalet Divanı 592 kişiyi on sekiz davadan yargıladı. Adnan Menderes ve Celâl Bayar başta olmak üzere on beş kişi anayasayı ihlâl etmek, muhalefete baskı yapmak, basını susturmak, vatan cephesi kurmak ve 6-7 Eylül olaylarını tahrik etmek suçlarından idama mahkûm edildi (15 Eylül 1961). Adnan Menderes, Fatin Rüştü Zorlu ve Hasan Polatkan’ın cezaları onaylandı. Fatin Rüştü Zorlu ve Hasan Polatkan’ın cezaları hemen infaz edildi. Adnan Menderes hasta olduğu için 17 Eylül 1961 günü idam edildi ve İmralı adasında diğer iki arkadaşının yanına defnedildi. Daha sonra Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nde bir kanun çıkarılarak İmralı’da bulunan mezarların ailelerinin istediği yere nakline izin verildi. Menderes ve arkadaşlarının Yassıada’daki muhakemeleri âdil yargılanma açısından ciddi şüpheler doğurmuştur. Tabii hâkim ilkesi ihlâl edilerek özel bir mahkemenin kurulmuş olması, savunma hakkının sınırlandırılması, zaman zaman mahkeme heyetince, “Sizi buraya getiren güç böyle istiyor” şeklinde, yargı bağımsızlığı açısından ciddi problem doğuran ifadelerin kullanılmış olması bu şüpheyi doğuran sebeplerin başında gelmektedir. Bu sebeple verilen mahkûmiyet kararları kamu vicdanında sürekli rahatsızlık uyandırmış ve neticede 11 Nisan 1990 tarihinde Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nde kabul edilen bir kanunla hüküm giymiş bütün Demokrat Partililer’le birlikte Adnan Menderes’in de itibarı iade edilmiştir. Bunun arkasından Menderes’in mezarı, Polatkan ve Zorlu’nun mezarlarıyla birlikte idam günü olan 17 Eylül 1990’da yapılan bir devlet töreniyle İstanbul Vatan caddesinde hazırlanan anıtmezara nakledilmiştir.
Çocukluğunu dindar bir kadın olan büyükannesinin yanında geçiren Menderes çevresi tarafından dinine bağlı bir kimse olarak tanınırdı. Celâl Bayar hâtıralarında Menderes’ten bahsederken onun Kızılçullu Amerikan Koleji yıllarında bazı misyonerlerin müslüman Türk gençlerine Hıristiyanlık propagandası yaptığını ve bir devlet büyüğü olarak kendisinden bu konuda yardım istediğini söyleyerek Menderes’in dinî konularda duyarlı bir kimse olduğunu ifade eder. Menderes, 1959’daki uçak kazasından yara almadan kurtulmasını Allah’ın bir lutfu olarak görürdü. Demokrat Parti, yeni kurulmuş bir parti olarak din alanındaki siyasetinde çok daha esnek davranması ve dinî talepleri karşılama hususunda Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi’ne nisbetle daha hazırlıklı ve hevesli olmasıyla dikkati çekmektedir. Bu taleplerden ilk olarak gerçekleştirileni, 1933 yılında uygulamaya konan ve 1941’de kanunlaştırılan Arapça ezan üzerindeki yasağın kaldırılması oldu (16 Haziran 1950). Bunu 7 Temmuz 1950 tarihinde ilk defa yürürlüğe konan devlet radyosunda dinî programların yayımı izledi. Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi iktidarının son yıllarında ilkokullarda program dışı okutulan din dersleri konusunda Menderes bir adım daha atarak bu dersleri okul programı içine aldırdı (4 Kasım 1950). Tevhîd-i Tedrîsat Kanunu’na uygun olarak daha önce açılıp kapatılan İmam-Hatip okulları, halkın din görevlisi ihtiyacını karşılamak için Menderes hükümeti tarafından 1951 yılından itibaren tekrar faaliyete geçirildi. Siyasî alanda dinî görünümlü faaliyetlere ise müsamaha edilmedi. “Ticânî hareketi”nin faaliyetleri ve mensuplarının Atatürk heykellerini kırmaya yönelik eylemleri üzerine sert tedbirler alındı. Tarikat üyeleri tutuklandı. Atatürk aleyhtarı faaliyetlere tepki olarak Atatürk’ün hâtırasını kanun yoluyla korumayı amaçlayan Atatürk’ü Koruma Kanunu çıkarıldı (25 Temmuz 1951). Dinî propaganda hürriyetine 1949’da kısıtlamalar getiren Türk Ceza Kanunu’nun 163. maddesinin yeni şeklinden sonra benzer bir yasaklama sol akımların faaliyetlerine de getirildi. 141 ve 142. maddelerde yapılan düzenlemelerle komünizm propagandası yapmak kanunî müeyyidelere bağlandı (3 Aralık 1951). Bir süre sonra da İslâm Demokrat Partisi (3 Mart 1952) ve Türkiye Sosyalist Partisi (18 Haziran 1952) kapatıldı.
1952 yılı sonlarında Vatan gazetesi editörü Ahmet Emin Yalman’a düzenlenen suikasttan sonra bunun sorumlusu olarak görülen İslâmcı ve milliyetçi gruplar yakın takibe alındı. Bunlardan Büyük Doğu gazetesinin editörü şair ve yazar Necip Fazıl Kısakürek tutuklandı. Milliyetçiler Derneği kapatıldı (23 Ocak 1953) ve Demokrat Parti ile nisbeten iyi ilişkiler geliştiren Nurcu hareketinin birçok üyesi hakkında soruşturma açıldı. Bu olayların da etkisiyle dinin siyasî amaçlar için kullanılmasını yasaklayan ve cezalandıran Türk Ceza Kanunu’nun 163. maddesi yetersiz görülerek 6187 sayılı kanunla bu maddedeki cezalar arttırıldı (23 Temmuz 1953). Bu kanunun çıkarılmasından üç ay sonra Millet Partisi din, mezhep ve tarikat esaslarına dayalı bir parti olduğu gerekçesiyle kapatıldı.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 125-128 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.