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MENDUP Skip to content Şâriin yapılmasını kesin ve bağlayıcı olmayan bir tarzda istediği fiil anlamında usûl-i fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “önemli bir şeye davet ve teşvik etmek, ölüye ağıt yakarken onun iyiliklerini sıralamak” gibi mânalara gelen nedb kökünden türemiş bir ism-i mef‘ûl olan mendûb kelimesi “istenen, arzulanan, kendisine çağrılan şey” demektir. Fıkıh usulü terimi olarak mendup şer‘an yapılması kesin ve bağlayıcı olmaksızın istenen ve terkedilmesi dinî açıdan kınanmayan işleri ifade eder. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de aynı kökten türemiş herhangi bir kelime geçmemekte, hadislerde ise nedb ve türevlerinin sözlük anlamında kullanıldığı görülmektedir (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem, “ndb” md.).
Fıkıh usulünde dinen yapılması ve yapılmaması istenen fiillere bağlanan hükümler talebin kesin ve bağlayıcı olup olmamasına göre vâcip (farz), mendup, haram ve mekruh şeklinde dörtlü bir ayırıma tâbi tutulmuş, yapılıp yapılmaması serbest bırakılanlar mubah şeklinde nitelenmiş, böylece yükümlülük teorisi beş temel terim üzerine oturtulmuştur (bk. EF‘ÂL-i MÜKELLEFÎN; HÜKÜM). Dinen yapılması istenmekle beraber terkedilmesine ceza ve kınama sonucu bağlanmayan durumlarda şâriin hitabı (şer‘î talep) “nedb”, talebe konu olan fiil “el-mendûb ileyh” veya kısaca mendup diye adlandırılır (Bâkıllânî, II, 28; İbn Fûrek, el-Ḥudûd fi’l-uṣûl, s. 136-137). Bununla birlikte nedb ve mendup kelimelerinin eş anlamlı olarak kullanımı da yaygındır (Cüveynî, et-Telḫîṣ, I, 162-163; el-Burhân fî uṣûli’l-fıḳh, I, 310; el-Kâfiye fi’l-cedel, s. 40; Gazzâlî, I, 66). Öte yandan bazı teklifî hükümlerde şer‘î hitapla bunun fıkhî sonucu farklı terimlerle (meselâ vâcipte “îcâb” ve “vücûb” şeklinde) ifade edilebilirken mendupta her ikisi için nedb kelimesi kullanılır.
Fıkıh usulü eserlerinde mendup konusu işlenirken mendubun bu beşli tasnifte yer alan diğer kavramlardan, özellikle vâcip ve mubahtan ayrıldığı noktalara işaret edilmekte, vahiy gelmeden önce insan fiillerinin dinî değerlendirmeye tâbi tutulup tutulamayacağı ve mendubun emir kavramı çerçevesinde ele alınıp alınamayacağı gibi kelâm ve dil ile bağlantılı bazı tartışmalara yer verilmektedir.
Mendubun tanımı yapılırken bazı müelliflerce, “terkedilmesi ceza ve kınamayı gerektirmeyen” ifadesinin yanlış anlaşılmasını önlemek için ayrıca “terki açısından” kaydı eklenir. Bu izaha göre mendubun zıddı olan bir fiilin işlenmesinin günah teşkil etmesi ayrı bir konudur ve tanımdaki bu ifade, karşıtı olan eylemlerin mâsiyet teşkil etmesini ortadan kaldırma anlamına gelmez. Gazzâlî, mendup tanımında vâcibin muhayyer ve muvassa‘ kısımlarını tanım dışı bırakmak üzere terki halinde herhangi bir bedele gerek bulunmadığını belirten bir kayıt koyar. Cüveynî ve Gazzâlî, hüsün-kubuh konusundaki yaklaşımlarının bir yansıması olarak kendi mezheplerine mensup bazı âlimlerce yapılan “terki kınamayı gerektirmemekle birlikte yapılması terkedilmesinden daha iyi olan fiil” şeklindeki tanımı eleştirirler; dinî bildirim öncesinde haz verme ve zararı giderme yönüyle kişi için iyi olan durumlar bulunmasına rağmen bunların nedb diye adlandırılmadığına, dolayısıyla tanıma “şer‘an” kaydının konması gerektiğine dikkat çekerler. Mu‘tezile’ye nisbet edilen “yapılmasından dolayı failinin övgü ve saygıya lâyık olduğu, yapılmamasından dolayı ise yerilmeyi hak etmediği şey” biçimindeki mendup tarifi de Allah’ın lutuf ve ihsanı dahil her fiilinin aynı niteliğe sahip olmasına rağmen mendup diye adlandırılamayacağı gerekçesiyle tenkit edilmiştir (Cüveynî, et-Telḫîṣ, I, 162-163; Gazzâlî, I, 66; Mâzerî, s. 242; krş. Kādî Abdülcebbâr, s. 13, 233, 241).
Fıkıh usulündeki tanımına göre mendup çerçevesine giren durumların fıkıh literatüründe bazan eş anlamlı olarak, bazan derece farkı belirtecek şekilde değişik terimlerle ifade edildiği ve bunların sözlük anlamları ile ilişkilendirilip açıklandığı görülür. Buna göre dinen yapılması tercihe şayan bulunma noktasında birleşen fiillere Allah’a yaklaştıran bir davranış olması açısından “kurbet”, sürekli yapılması ve tutulan bir yol olması veya Hz. Peygamber’e nisbet edilmesi bakımından “sünnet”, Allah’ın sevdiği bir fiil olması açısından “müstehap”, farzlara ve vâciplere ilâve olması yönünden “nefl” (nâfile) ve “fazilet”, üzerine farz olmadığı halde mükellefin kendi isteğiyle yapması açısından “tatavvu”, sevap vaad edilerek mükellefin özendirilmesi sebebiyle “muraggabün fîh” (ragībe), dinen güzel bulunup teşvik edilmesi yahut sevap ve fazileti açıkça belirtilmiş olması bakımından “nedb” (mendup), başkasına ulaşması ve ona faydalı olması açısından “ihsan” adı verilmiştir (Mâzerî, s. 240-242; Fahreddin er-Râzî, I, 21-22; İbn Âbidîn, I, 123). Bazı usulcüler bu terimlerin asılsız olduğunu söylerken bazıları da bunların farklı kavramları anlattığını ve aralarında birtakım derece farklılıklarının bulunduğunu belirtmiştir. Zira aynı şer‘î hükümle nitelenen fiillerde de sevap açısından farklılıklar vardır. Bu bakımdan anılan kavramlar, mâna bakımından bazı farklar taşımakta olup gerçekte mendubun birer çeşidi niteliğindedir. Sevap yönünden olan bu farklılığa işaret etmek üzere fakihler tarafından ayrı terimler geliştirilmiş, böylece mendup kavramı sırasıyla sünnet, fazilet ve nâfile şeklinde derecelendirilmiş, Resûl-i Ekrem’in fazlaca özendirdiği sevap derecesi en yüksek olana sünnet, son sırada olana nâfile ve tatavvu, ikisi arasında yer alana ise fazilet ve ragībe deneceği ifade edilmiştir (Mâzerî, s. 241; Zerkeşî, I, 285; İbnü’n-Neccâr, I, 404-405). Hanefîler ise kesin tarzda olmaksızın dinen yapılması istenen fiilleri sünnet ve nefl kısımlarına ayırırlar. Birinci kısmın ortak özelliği öncelikli olarak Resûlullah’ın ve ardından sahâbenin davranışlarının örnek alınmasıdır. İkinci kısım, mükellefin dinî vecîbe olmadığı halde yaparak sevap kazanacağı fiilleri ifade eder; bunlar müstehap, mendup, nâfile, tatavvu, edep olarak da adlandırılır (Şemsüleimme es-Serahsî, I, 110, 113-116; Abdülazîz el-Buhârî, II, 548, 563-575; İbn Âbidîn, I, 103, 123; ayrıca bk. NÂFİLE; SÜNNET).
Fıkıh usulünde mendup kavramı etrafında yapılan tartışmaların mendubun emir kapsamında sayılıp sayılmayacağı ve teklifî hükümlerden olup olmadığı meseleleri üzerinde yoğunlaştığı görülür. Usul âlimlerinin bir kısmına göre mendup hakikat anlamında olmak üzere emir kapsamındadır. Nitekim, “Allah adaleti ve ihsanı emreder” meâlindeki âyette (en-Nahl 16/90) mendup olduğu halde ihsan emredilmiştir. Öte yandan mendubun işlenmesine taat adı verileceğinde ittifak bulunmaktadır, taat ise “emre uyma” mânası taşır. Bu görüşe karşı çıkan usulcülere göre mendup ancak mecazi anlamda olmak üzere emir çatısı altına sokulabilir. Onlar bu görüşü desteklemek için özellikle şunları delil gösterirler: Hz. Peygamber’in, “Ümmetime zor geleceğini bilmeseydim onlara her namazda misvakı emrederdim” meâlindeki hadisinden anlaşıldığı üzere (Buhârî, “Cumʿa”, 8, “Ṣavm”, 27, “Temennî”, 9; Müslim, “Ṭahâret”, 42) misvak mendup olmakla beraber emredilmiş değildir. Yine Resûl-i Ekrem, Hz. Âişe’nin âzatlı câriyesi Berîre’ye eski kocası Mugīs b. Cahş ile evliliğini devam ettirmesi konusunda, “Ona dönsen olmaz mı?” dediğinde Berîre, “Ey Allah’ın resulü! Bana emir mi buyuruyorsunuz?” diye sormuş, Hz. Peygamber de, “Ben sadece aracılık ediyorum” deyince Berîre, “Öyleyse benim kendisine ihtiyacım yok” cevabını vermiştir (Buhârî, “Ṭalâḳ”, 15, 16). Bu olaydan, Resûlullah’ın Berîre’ye eski eşine dönmesi için yaptığı teşvikin emir niteliği taşımadığı, dolayısıyla mendubun emir olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca emir kesin biçimde bir şeyin yapılmasını istemektir ve bunda muhayyer tutma söz konusu değildir. Nedb ise işlenmesi ve terkedilmesi muhayyer tutulan şeydir. Mendup emredilmiş olsaydı onu işleyene emre itaatkâr, terkedene ise emre itaatsiz denmesi gerekirdi. Halbuki mendubu terkedene âsi denemez (Bâcî, I, 194; Ebû İshak eş-Şîrâzî, I, 288-289; İbnü’n-Neccâr, I, 405). Bedreddin ez-Zerkeşî, burada “me’mûr bih” (emredilmiş) denirken tartışmanın “yap” şeklindeki emir kipi değil “buyurma” anlamına gelen “emr” lafzı bağlamında yapıldığına dikkat çeker (el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ, I, 287). İmâmü’l-Haremeyn el-Cüveynî ise mendubun gerekli (muktezâ) olduğunu kabul etmekle birlikte her muktezânın emredilmiş olarak nitelenmesine karşı çıkmakta, bu konudaki tartışmaların lafzî ve yararsız olduğunu savunmaktadır (el-Burhân fî uṣûli’l-fıḳh, I, 249-250). Buna karşılık bazı usulcüler, bu tartışmanın özellikle râvilerin, “Hz. Peygamber şöyle emretti” tarzındaki ifadelerinin anlamını belirlemeye ışık tutması açısından yararlı ve önemli olduğunu söyler (Mâzerî, s. 220; Zerkeşî, I, 287-289). Öte yandan mendubun emir kavramı içinde ele alınması bu kapsamdaki fiillerin ilk vaktinde yapılması, tekrar etmesi gibi literatürde genellikle vâcip üzerinden yürütülen tartışmaların mendup bakımından da yapılmasını beraberinde getirmiştir (İbnü’n-Neccâr, I, 406-407).
Mendubun teklifî hükümlerden olup olmadığı da tartışılmış, konuya “teklif” kelimesinin “külfet ve meşakkat” anlamı içermesi ve mendupta fiilin işlenmesiyle terkedilmesi arasında muhayyer bırakma özelliğinin bulunması açısından bakan usulcüler mendubun teklifî hükümlerden sayılamayacağını ileri sürmüştür. Bununla birlikte mendubun gereklilik içeren (iktizâî) hükümlerden olduğu genel kabul gören bir husustur (Seyfeddin el-Âmidî, I, 113; İbnü’l-Hümâm, II, 142-143; M. Sellâm Medkûr, s. 58).
Mendupla ilgili diğer bir tartışma konusu da mendup bir ibadete başlanıp yarım bırakılması halinde bunun tamamlanmasının gerekip gerekmediği meselesidir. Hanefî ve Mâlikîler, tıpkı adakta olduğu gibi başlanılan mendup bir ibadetin tamamlanmasını ve bozulması halinde kazâ edilmesini vâcip sayarken Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler hac ve umre dışındaki mendup ibadetlerin başlamakla bağlayıcı hale gelmeyeceğini, kişinin istemesi durumunda yarıda bırakabileceğini ve kazâsının da gerekmeyeceğini savunur (Habbâzî, s. 86; Sadrüşşerîa, II, 274; Zerkeşî, I, 289-290; İbnü’n-Neccâr, I, 407-411).
Bir fiilin mendup olduğu ya naslardaki açık ifadelerden yahut karînelerden anlaşılır. 1. Bir fiilin işlenmesinin şâri‘ tarafından tasvip ve teşvik edildiğini, fakat bağlayıcı olmadığını gösteren bir ifadenin kullanılması. Meselâ Hz. Peygamber, İslâm’ın mahiyeti hakkında çeşitli sorular soran bir bedevîye İslâm’ın beş vakit farz namazı kılmak, ramazan orucunu tutmak ve farz olan zekâtı vermek olduğunu söylemiş; bedevî bu ibadetlerin her birinden sonra, “Başka bir yükümlülüğüm var mı?” diye sorunca Resûl-i Ekrem, “Hayır! Ancak tatavvu olarak yapman müstesna” demiştir (Buhârî, “Îmân”, 34, “Ṣavm”, 1; Müslim, “Îmân”, 8). Bu hadiste işlenmesi bağlayıcı bir tarzda istenen fiillerin farz olan miktardan fazla işlenmesi olumlu karşılanmış, fakat tatavvu şeklinde nitelenerek zorunlu sayılmadığı açıkça belirtilmiştir. 2. Emir sîgası kullanılmakla beraber bunun bağlayıcı olmadığını gösteren bir karînenin bulunması. Fıkıh usulü eserlerinde emir sîgasının mutlak kullanımı halinde mendupluk ifade edeceği görüşünü ileri süren bazı usulcülerin bulunduğu kaydedilmekle beraber usulcüler arasında genel kabul gören anlayışa göre emir sîgası vücûb ifade eder ve mendupluğa yorumlanabilmesi karîneye bağlıdır. Bu karîne herhangi bir nas olabileceği gibi genel fıkıh kaidelerinden biri veya fiilin terkine ceza bağlanmaması şeklinde bir belirti de olabilir. Bu duruma, “Ey iman edenler! Belirli bir süreye kadar birbirinizle bir borç ilişkisi kurduğunuz zaman onu yazın” meâlindeki âyette (el-Bakara 2/282) geçen “yazın” emri örnek gösterilebilir. Çünkü daha sonra gelen âyetteki, “Eğer birbirinize güvenirseniz kendisine güvenilen taraf emanetini tastamam yerine getirsin” ifadesi (el-Bakara 2/283) bu emrin bağlayıcı olmadığını gösteren bir karînedir.
Mâlikîler’den Şehâbeddin el-Karâfî, vâciple mendup çatıştığı zaman vâcibin takdim edilmesi genel kural sayılmakla beraber istisna olarak bazı konularda mendubun vâcipten daha faziletli olabileceğine işaret ederek mendupları iki kısma ayırmıştır. Birinci kısmı vâciplerin taşıdığı maslahatlardan daha az maslahat içeren menduplar oluşturur ki çoğunluğu bu şekildedir. İkinci kısım ise vâciplerden daha büyük maslahat içermesi sebebiyle onlardan faziletli olan menduplardır. Meselâ zor durumda bulunan borçluya mühlet vermek vâcip, alacağından vazgeçerek onun borcunu silmek ise menduptur ve bu örnekte mendup fiili işlemek vâcipten daha faziletlidir (el-Furûḳ, II, 122-131; krş. Zerkeşî, I, 294-295).
Şâtıbî mendupların vâcipler için hazırlayıcı ve hatırlatıcı bir role sahip olduğuna, öte yandan münferit olarak ele alındığında mendup bir fiilin bütünü itibariyle vâcip hükmünü alabileceğine, zira dinî sembol (şeâirü’d-dîn) niteliğindeki mendup hükümlerin mükellef veya toplum tarafından tamamıyla terkedilmesinin dinin fert ve toplum hayatındaki konumunu olumsuz etkileyeceğine dikkat çeker (el-Muvâfaḳāt, I, 132-133, 151).
Fakihler, mendup ve vâcibin “mükellefi Allah’a yaklaştırmak” şeklinde özetlenebilecek ortak bir amacı bulunmakla beraber bu iki tür fiil arasındaki kavramsal sınırların korunmasına özen gösterilmesi gerektiğini belirtmişlerdir. Aksi halde kişilerin dinî yükümlülükleri hakkında karmaşa yaşanabilir ve bu durum toplumdaki istikrar ve güveni sarsabilir. Çünkü inanç bakımından vâciple mendubu birbirine eşit tutmanın, yani vâcip olmayan bir şeyin vâcip olduğuna inanmanın bâtıl sayıldığı konusunda âlimler arasında ittifak bulunmaktadır. Bu sebeple bir şeyin gerçek anlamda mendup olarak yerleşebilmesi için onun söz, fiil, inanç bakımından vâciple eş tutulmaması, eğer söz veya fiil bakımından vâciple aynı muameleye tâbi tutulmak istenirse herhangi bir inanç ilkesini ihlâl etmemesine dikkat edilmesi ve özellikle toplumda davranışları örnek alınan kimselerin mendup olan bedenî bir ibadeti yapmak istemeleri halinde bu ibadeti sürekli yapmamaları gerektiği ifade edilmiştir (a.g.e., III, 321-322, 332-335). Ancak Zerkeşî, bu görüşü İmam Mâlik’e ve Şâfiîler’den Ebû İshak el-Mervezî’ye nisbet ederek halkın vâcipliğine inanacağı endişesiyle mendubun terkedilemeyeceğini söyler, ayrıca bid‘atçıların alâmeti haline gelen bir mendubun terkedilip edilmeyeceği konusundaki tartışmaya yer verir (el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ, I, 291). Diğer taraftan Şâtıbî, emir ve yasaklara Allah’a yakınlaştırıcı veya O’ndan uzaklaştırıcı olmaları açısından bakan sûfîlerin talebin gereğini yerine getirme bakımından vâciple mendup, mekruhla haram arasında pratikte bir ayırım yapmadıklarına, hatta bazılarının tasavvuf yolunda ilerleyen sâlike mendubu vâcip, mekruhu da haram olarak tanıttığına temas ettikten sonra onların bu tutumu halktan gizli tutmaları halinde yukarıda belirtilen sakıncaların söz konusu olmadığını, ancak bu noktaya gereken özenin gösterilmemesinin yanlış anlamalara ve olumsuz yorumlara kapı araladığını ifade eder (el-Muvâfaḳāt, III, 239-240, 335).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 128-130 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.