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MENŞUR Skip to content Hükümdar tarafından yapılan bir tayini, bir görev veya muafiyeti yahut iktâ tevcihini bildiren belge.
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Sözlükte “yaymak, dağıtmak, kitabı basıp yayımlamak; diriltmek” anlamlarına gelen neşr kökünden türemiş olup “dağılmış, yayılmış” demektir. Herkese duyurulmak, açıklanmak ve yayılmak amacıyla yazıldığı için bu belgelere menşûr denilmiştir.
Asr-ı saâdet’te, Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn ve Emevîler devrinde menşur tabirinin “buyruk ve ferman” mânasında kullanıldığına dair bir kayda rastlanmamıştır. Bu dönemde “buyruk” anlamında kitap, mektup ve ahidnâme kelimelerinin kullanıldığı görülmektedir (Abdülhay el-Kettânî, bk. İndeks). Abbâsîler’de ise iktâ tevcihiyle ilgili bir belgede hiç kimsenin iktâ sahibinden menşur, tevkī‘ veya hüccet ibraz etmesini isteyemeyeceği belirtilmektedir (Kalkaşendî, XIII, 130). Taberî’nin 187 (1803) yılı olaylarını anlatırken zikrettiği menşurun da (Târîḫ, VIII, 290) genel anlamda belge karşılığı kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Ancak İbnü’l-Esîr, 354 (965) yılı olaylarını kaydederken halifelik divanından Ebû Ahmed Hüseyin b. Mûsâ’nın nakîbü’t-tâlibiyyîn ve emîr-i hac tayin edildiğine dair bir menşur yazıldığını belirtir (el-Kâmil, VIII, 565-566). Bu da IV. (X.) yüzyılda Abbâsîler’de menşur kelimesinin “halifenin buyruğu” mânasında kullanıldığını gösterir.
Fâtımîler’in her türlü resmî yazışma ve çeşitli görevlere yapılan tayinler için çok defa sicil, bazan menşur, bazan da sicil ve menşuru birlikte kullandıkları görülmektedir (Ebü’l-Kāsım İbnü’s-Sayrafî, s. 16; Kalkaşendî, X, 449-465; Eymen Fuâd Seyyid, s. 256-257, 259, 325, 332). Fâtımîler döneminde kâtipler sicil ve menşurun sonuna belge hangi divandan çıkmışsa onun adını kaydederlerdi. Fâtımî Halifesi Hâkim-Biemrillâh, 407 (1016-17) yılında Halep ve civarında yaşayan halkın haraçtan muaf tutulmasına dair bir menşur yayımlamıştır.
Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nde tayin belgelerine menşur, sak ve sicil denilirdi. Eyyûbîler’de sultan tarafından tayin edilen görevlilere verilen tayin belgesine menşur adı verilirdi. İktâlar da sultanın tuğrasını taşıyan bir menşurla tevcih edilirdi. Ancak Eyyûbîler’de taklit, menşur ve sicil kelimelerinin birbirinin yerine kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Misal kelimesi de menşur ve askerlere verilen iktâ beratı yerine kullanılmaktadır (Şeşen, s. 125-126).
Halep’teki Hanefî medreseleri müderrisliğine tayin edilen Alâeddin el-Kâsânî’ye Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî tarafından bir menşur verilmişti (a.g.e., s. 136). Yine Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî 3 Safer 567’de (6 Ekim 1171) Kādî el-Fâzıl’ın yazdığı bir menşuru (sicil) Kahire Camii’nde okutarak meksleri (sanat ve ticaret erbabından alınan gayri şer‘î vergi) kaldırmıştı (Ebû Şâme, 1/2, s. 522). 580’de (1184-85) Selâhaddin tarafından çıkarılan bu menşurlarda el-Melikü’l-Efdal el-Melikü’l-Âdil’in kefaletiyle Suriye’de, el-Melikü’l-Azîz ise Takıyyüddin’in kefaletiyle Mısır’da babasının nâibi tayin edilmiştir (İbnü’l-Esîr, XI, 449). Sultanın merkezde bulunmadığı zamanlarda onun yetkilerini kullanan nâiblere savaş kararı, idamlar, azil ve tayinler, iktâ dağıtımı, kabileler arasındaki anlaşmazlıklarda hakemlik ve orduya kumanda etme gibi çeşitli konularda yetki verildiğini ifade eden menşurlar tevcih edilirdi. Eyyûbîler’de bir kişiye verilen menşurda önce hutbe kısmı yer alır, daha sonra görev verilen kişinin liyakatinden, görev ve yetkisinden bahseden bölüm gelir ve menşur göreve tayin edilen şahsa yapılan nasihatlerle son bulurdu.
İlhanlılar çeşitli tayinlerle ilgili olarak yarlık (yarlıg), taklit ve ferman yanında menşur kelimesini de kullanmışlardır (Özkuzugüdenli, s. XIX vd.). Delhi Türk Sultanlığı’nda menşur karşılığında ferman, ahkâm-ı tevkī‘ ve tuğra kelimelerine yer verilmiş, ancak saltanatlarının tasdiki için hükümdarlar Abbâsî halifelerinden menşur istemişlerdir. Nitekim Muhammed Tuğluk, 744’te (1343-44) Kahire’ye bir elçilik heyeti göndererek Halife Hâkim-Biemrillâh’tan menşur talep etmiş, halifenin elçisi saltanatını tasdik eden bir menşur getirince onu büyük saygıyla karşılamıştı.
Memlükler devrinde her belge için ayrı ayrı tabirler ortaya çıkınca menşur kelimesi daha çok iktâ tevcihiyle ilgili olarak kullanılmıştır. İktâlara dair menşurlar daima Dîvân-ı İnşâ’dan sultan adına yazılır ve onun tasdikine arzedilirdi. İktâ menşurları hacim ve yazı bakımından iktâ sahiplerinin askerî rütbesine göre değişirdi. İbn Abdüzzâhir tarafından Kalavun’un oğlu Muhammed için yazılan ve güzelliğinden dolayı “sultânü’l-menâşîr” denilen menşurla çeşitli kavimlere mensup emîrlere verilen iktâ menşurlarını Kalkaşendî kaydetmiştir (Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ, XIII, 167-198).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Taberî, Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl), VIII, 290; Hilâl b. Muhassin es-Sâbî, Rüsûmü dâri’l-ḫilâfe (nşr. Mîhâîl Avvâd), Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 142; İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, et-Taʿrîf bi’l-muṣṭaḥi’ş-şerîf (nşr. Semîr ed-Dürûbî), Kerek 1413/1992, s. 5, 85, 119, 159-160; Ebü’l-Kāsım İbnü’s-Sayrafî, el-Ḳānûn fî dîvâni’r-resâʾil (nşr. Eymen Fuâd Seyyid), Kahire 1410/1990, s. 16-17, 19, 28, 33, 49, 63, 65, 67, 71, 76, 107; İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil, VIII, 565-566; XI, 449; Ebû Şâme, Kitâbü’r-Ravżateyn, I/2, s. 522; Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ, X, 449-465; XIII, 130, 167-198; ayrıca bk. İndeks; Makrîzî, el-Ḫıṭaṭ, I, 85, 395; II, 211; Muhammed b. Müeyyed el-Bağdâdî, et-Tevessül ile’t-teressül (nşr. Ahmed Behmenyâr), Tahran 1315, tür.yer.; Yusuf Hikmet Bayur, Hindistan Tarihi, Ankara 1940, I, 327; Abdülhay el-Kettânî, Terâtîbü’l-idâriyye (Özel), bk. İndeks; Muhammed Hamîdullah, el-Ves̱âʾiḳu’s-siyâsiyye, Beyrut 1389/1969, s. 117-120, 213-214, 241, 260, 269, 281, 404-405, 457, 485, 488, 502; Ramazan Şeşen, Salâhaddîn Devrinde Eyyûbîler Devleti, İstanbul 1983, s. 100, 105, 113, 125-126, 136, 178, 180; M. Mâhir Hammâde, el-Ves̱âʾiḳu’s-siyâsiyye ve’l-idâriyye, Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 134, 153, 324; Eymen Fuâd Seyyid, ed-Devletü’l-Fâṭımiyye fî Mıṣr, Kahire 1413/1992, s. 256-257, 259, 325, 332, 334-335, 355-356; Osman G. Özkuzugüdenli, Gâzân Hân ve Reformları (doktora tezi, 2000), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. XIX vd.; W. Björkman, “Menşûr”, İA, VII, 721-722; a.mlf., “Mans̲h̲ūr”, EI2 (İng.), VI, 423-424.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 148-149 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
İlk Müslüman Türk Devletlerinde Menşur. Gazneliler’de menşur genellikle makam veya görev tevcihi sebebiyle kullanılmaktaydı. Herhangi bir kişi görevlendirileceği veya kendisine bir vilâyetin idaresi verileceği zaman sultanın emriyle sâhib-i dîvân-ı risâlet yahut yardımcısı tarafından önce müsvedde bir menşur hazırlanır, ardından temize çekilen menşur sultanın imzasına (tevkī‘) sunulurdu. Gazneli hükümdarları da geleneğe uyarak Abbâsî halifesinden saltanatlarının tasdik edildiğini gösteren menşur alırlardı. Gazneli Mahmud, Hindistan’a yaptığı bir seferden sonra Nandana’yı fethedince Abbâsî Halifesi Kādir-Billâh’tan Horasan ve diğer yerlerdeki hâkimiyetini tasdik eden bir menşur istemiş ve bu arzusu yerine getirilmişti. Sultan Mahmud, kendisi de on beş kalenin yönetiminin Raca Ganda’ya verilmesi için bir menşur yazılmasını emretmiş, bu menşurla birlikte zengin hediyeler de göndermişti. Sultan Mesud’un Halife Kāim-Biemrillâh’a biat etmek için öne sürdüğü şartlardan biri de babasının sahip olduğu ülkelerin idaresinin yeni bir menşurla kendisine verilmesiydi. Abbâsî halifesi bunu kabul etmiş ve Mesud’a menşur yollamıştı. Sultan Mesud, halifenin tavassutuyla İsfahan’ın idaresini Kâkûyîler’den Alâüddevle’ye bırakmış, bununla ilgili olarak bir menşur ve hil‘atler göndermişti. Yine Sultan Mesud sâhib-i dîvân-ı risâlet Ebû Nasr’a, Serahs sâhib-i berîdliğine tayin ettiği Abdullah ile Belh ve Tohâristan müşrifliğine gönderdiği Ebü’l-Feth Hâtemî için birer menşur yazılmasını ve tevkī‘ için kendisine sunulmasını emretmişti.
Resmî yazışmalarda vezirden başlamak üzere devlet memuriyetlerine yapılan tayinler ve iktâ belgeleri için kullanılan menşur terimi Selçuklu devletlerinde de görülmektedir. Bu belgelerin kaleme alındığı dil genelde Farsça’dır. Ancak Arapça konuşulan bölgelerdeki görevlere tayin edilmiş memurlara gönderilen belgeler istisna teşkil eder. Her göreve tayin menşurunun metni için belirli kurallar mevcuttu. Büyük Selçuklular’da tesbit edilebildiği kadarıyla menşurlarda göreve tayin edilen şahsın meziyetleri sıralanır, görevin neleri kapsadığı ve nasıl yapılacağı belirtilir, diğer memurlara da gönderilen şahsın emirlerine uyulması, destek olunması ve kolaylık sağlanması, toplumda her sınıfın kendi özel yeri ve sırası içinde tutulması istenirdi.
Hükümdarın çıkardığı menşur ve emirnâmelere tuğra konulurdu. Vezirler de menşurlara imza koyabilirdi. Hatunların vezirleri de beraberinde çalışan görevlilerin tayini için menşur yazabilirdi. Tahta çıkan Selçuklu sultanları vasal bir hükümdara veya bir şehrin hâkimine bulundukları yeri yönetmeye devam etmeleri için menşur verirlerdi.
Selçuklu sultanlarının hâkimiyetlerini meşrû kılmak için halifelerden tasdik almaları uyulması gereken bir gelenekti. Halifeler sultanlara bir menşurla birlikte bazı hükümdarlık alâmetlerini de gönderirlerdi. Yeni tahta çıkan hükümdarlara halifenin emirlik tevcihi iki şekilde oluyordu. Ya yeni hükümdar bizzat halifelik merkezi Bağdat’a giderek menşuru almaktaydı veya menşur ve hükümdarlık alâmetleri bu işle görevlendirilmiş bir elçiyle kendisine gönderiliyordu. Bazı emîrlere hem Selçuklu sultanı hem de halife tarafından menşur verildiği görülmektedir. Nitekim Dânişmendli Emîr Gazi’ye hâkimiyetini tasdik maksadıyla Sultan Sencer ve Halife Müsterşid-Billâh tarafından menşur gönderilmişti.
İktâların tevcihiyle ilgili menşurlar daha çok tahta geçme merasimlerinde veya kazanılan bir zafer dönüşü yazılırdı. Sultan Sencer, Sâve savaşını kazandıktan sonra Horasan sınırlarından Beledürrûm’a (Anadolu) ve Suriye’ye kadar olan ülkeleri bir menşurla yeğeni Mahmud’a iktâ etmişti. İbnü’l-Esîr bu menşuru bizzat gördüğünü söyler (et-Târîḫu’l-bâhir, s. 21). Öte yandan iktâını iyi idare edemeyen, zulüm yapan iktâ sahiplerinden iktâları bir menşurla geri alınırdı.
Anadolu Selçukluları’nda da vezir, divan üyeleri ve diğer memurların tayininde, emirlik veya iktâ tevcihinde menşur verilmekteydi. Bu dönemle ilgili tayin menşurları bazı değişiklikler dışında Büyük Selçuklular’daki menşurların aynıdır. Uygurlar’dan beri devam eden inanç, bilge, inanç bilge ve uluğ, uluğ has gibi bazı Türkçe unvan ve lakapların bütün Anadolu Selçuklu emîrlerine tevfîz edilen ferman ve menşurlarda bulunduğu, hatta halifeden ve diğer İslâm devletlerinden gelen menşur ve belgelerde de bunların yer aldığı görülmektedir. Anadolu Selçukluları’nda vezirlik, müstevfîlik, zeâmet, temliknâme, müşriflik, Dîvân-ı İnşâ ve tuğraya yapılan tayinlerle emîr-i şikâr tayini, muhtesip tayini, mûsikişinasların tayini, kadılık, müderrislik, hassa hâfızlığına, mescid imamlığına, zâviye şeyhliğine, hastahane tabipliğine, nakibliğe, vilâyet imamlarının vergiden muafiyetine, nâiblik ve kedhüdâlığa tayin hakkındaki çok sayıda menşur günümüze ulaşmıştır (Osman Turan, Türkiye Selçukluları Hakkında Resmî Vesikalar, Ankara 1958). Tahta yeni çıkan bir sultan saltanat hukukuna göre kendisine biat eden emîrlerin iktâ, emlâk ve tayin menşurlarını yeniliyordu. I. Alâeddin Keykubad devrinde her yıl hâkimiyet menşurlarını yenileyen vasal hükümdarlar vardı. Bir savaş sonrası tekrar itaat arzeden vasalın hâkimiyet menşuru yenileniyordu. Ermeni Kralı Leon, I. İzzeddin Keykâvus’a itaat ettiği zaman ona hâkimiyet menşuru gönderilmiş ve bu menşur Ermeni sarayında büyüklerin huzurunda okunmuştu. Ülke bir tehlike ile karşı karşıya kaldığında müslüman ve hıristiyan vasal hükümdarlardan menşur ve fermanlarla yardım isteniyordu. Bu yardım karşılığında bir şehrin mülkiyet menşuru gönderiliyordu.
Anadolu Selçuklu sultanları da halifeden hâkimiyet menşuru istemekteydiler. I. İzzeddin Keykâvus bunun için Şeyh Mecdüddin İshak’ı Bağdat’a yollamış, Halife Nâsır-Lidînillâh da ona bir menşur göndererek saltanatını tasdik etmişti. Aynı halife, I. Alâeddin Keykubad’ın saltanatını tasdik etmek üzere Şehâbeddin es-Sühreverdî vasıtasıyla menşur ve diğer hâkimiyet alâmetlerini göndermişti.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Muhammed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, Târîḫ (nşr. Kāsım Ganî – Ali Ekber Feyyâz), Tahran 1324 hş., s. 11, 17, 146, 291, 355, 430, 492, 530, 689; Müntecebüddin Bedî‘, ʿAtebetü’l-ketebe (nşr. Muhammed Kazvînî – Abbas İkbâl), Tahran 1329 hş., s. 27, 30, 57, 63, 66, 69, 74, 77, 80, 82, 84-85, 97; Muhammed b. Abdülhâliḳ el-Meyhenî, Destûr-i Debîrî (nşr. Adnan Sadık Erzi), Ankara 1962, s. 30, 106-114; İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil (trc. Abdülkerim Özaydın), İstanbul 1987, X, 91, 176, 183, 195, 302, 509; a.mlf., et-Târîḫu’l-bâhir fi’d-devleti’l-Atâbekiyye bi’l-Mevṣıl (nşr. Abdülkādir Ahmed Tuleymât), Bağdad-Kahire 1382/1963, s. 21; Bündârî, Zübdetü’n-Nuṣra, s. 112-113, 129-130, 289; a.e. (Burslan), s. 111-112, 124-125, 258; İbn Bîbî, el-Evâmirü’l-ʿAlâʾiyye, s. 31, 33-34, 87, 113, 121, 128, 139, 146, 158, 168, 170, 183, 210, 220, 229-230, 248, 282, 362, 411, 432, 486, 497, 518-519, 543, 550, 558, 569, 571, 588, 614, 629, 641-643, 650; Aksarâyî, Müsâmeretü’l-aḫbâr, s. 37, 63, 83, 95, 138, 146, 228; a.e. (trc. Mürsel Öztürk), Ankara 2000, s. 28, 47, 73, 108, 115, 143; Şebânkâreyî, Mecmaʿu’l-ensâb (nşr. Mîr Hâşim-i Muhaddis), Tahran 1363 hş., s. 78, 99, 116; Abbas İkbâl-i Âştiyânî, Vizâret der ʿAhd-i Selâṭîn-i Büzürg-i Selcûḳī (nşr. M. Takī Dânişpejûh – Yahyâ Zükâ’), Tahran 1338 hş., s. 25-26, 29; Hasan-ı Enverî, Iṣṭılâḥât-ı Dîvânî: Devre-yi Ġaznevî ve Selcûḳī , Tahran 2535 şş., s. 171; Osman Turan, Türkiye Selçukluları Hakkında Resmî Vesikalar, Ankara 1958, s. XVI, 1-9, 12, 16, 20-23, 32, 35-38, 41-43, 46-48, 50, 55-57, 60, 62; a.mlf., Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye, İstanbul 1971, tür.yer.; a.mlf., “İktâ”, İA, V/2, s. 949, 954-956, 958; Nejat Kaymaz, Pervâne Mu‘înü’d-dîn Süleyman , Ankara 1970, s. 24, 37, 65, 73, 87-88, 106, 114, 125; Refik Turan, Türkiye Selçuklularında Hükümet Mekanizması, İstanbul 1995, s. 68-70, 81; Güller Nuhoğlu, Beyhaki Tarihine Göre Gaznelilerde Devlet Teşkilâtı ve Kültür (doktora tezi, 1995), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 255-256; M. Hanefi Palabıyık, Valilikten İmparatorluğa Gazneliler Devlet ve Saray Teşkilatı , Ankara 2002, bk. İndeks; M. Altay Köymen, “Selçuklu Devri Kaynaklarına Dair Araştırmalar I: Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu Devrine Âit Münşeat Mecmuaları”, DTCFD, VIII/4 (1951), s. 547-548, 550-553, 577, 582, 590; A. K. S. Lambton, “Atebetü’l-Ketebe’ye Göre Sancar İmparatorluğunun Yönetimi” (trc. Nejat Kaymaz), TTK Belleten , XXXVII/147 (1973), s. 366-367.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 149-150 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Osmanlılar’da Menşur. Osmanlı bürokrasisinde sadrazam, vezir, beylerbeyi gibi devletin en yüksek mevkilerindeki şahıslara göreve tayin veya bir hizmetle görevlendirme dolayısıyla verilen bir berat cinsinin adı olarak geçer. Ancak reîsülküttâb tarafından yazılmış mansıba bağlı olmayan menşurlar da vardır. Bu tür menşurları nişancı gözden geçirirdi (Uzunçarşılı, Merkez-Bahriye, s. 217).
XVI. yüzyıl başlarında Mısır’ın fethinden sonra Yavuz Sultan Selim’e itaat arzeden Mekke emîrine verilen, eski statüsüyle görevini sürdürmesiyle ilgili berat, Bahreyn hâkimi Murad’ın vefatı üzerine yerine kardeşinin geçişini tasdik eden hüküm eski geleneğe uygun olarak menşur şeklinde belirtilmiştir (Feridun Bey, I, 491, 611-612). Vezirler, beylerbeyiler gibi yüksek devlet ricâlinin tayin beratları için menşur tabiri süreklilik arzedecek ölçüde yaygınlık kazanmamakla birlikte zaman zaman kullanılmıştır. XVI. yüzyıl sonlarında Selânikî’nin Târih’inde “menşur, menşûr-ı al tamga, menşûr-ı hümâyun, hanlık menşuru” tabirleri geçer (I, 144, 198; II, 663, 681); özellikle bu sonuncusu Kırım hanlarına verilen tayin belgesini ifade etmektedir. Osmanlı bürokrasisinde eyalet menşuru, vezâret menşuru, son dönemlerde ise müşiriyet menşuru gibi adlandırmalara rastlanır. XVII. yüzyıl tarihçilerinden Karaçelebizâde’nin eserinde ilgili tayin ve görevlendirme beratı daima menşur şeklinde belirtilmiştir. Gürcü Mehmed Paşa’nın, Anadolu beylerbeyi olarak bu kesimdeki timar ve zeâmet teftişiyle görevlendirilmesi dolayısıyla zeâmet ve timar teftişi menşurunun onun adına hazırlandığına işaret edilir (Ravzatü’l-ebrâr, s. 576).
Menşur XIX. yüzyılda da beratları belirtmek üzere geçer. Divan defterleri arasında tayin kayıtlarıyla ilgili defterler içinde menşur defterleri de bulunmaktadır. Menşur özellikle Osmanlı ilmiye teşkilâtında yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmıştır (Uzunçarşılı, İlmiye Teşkilâtı, s. 78, 97). 1913’te yapılan anlaşma uyarınca Bulgaristan ve Yunanistan’a tayin edilecek başmüftülerin menşurlarını şeyhülislâmdan alacakları karara bağlanmıştı. Müftülerin tayin beratı için de yine menşur kelimesine yer verilmiştir. Hıristiyan patrik ve piskoposların ruhanî dairelerine yazdıkları mektuplara da menşur dendiği bilinmektedir. Bosna’da reîsülulemâ tayini hakkındaki belgeye menşur adı verilmekteydi. Nitekim 1975’te Naim Mehmed Hacıabdiç’in ulemâ heyeti tarafından Yugoslaya Cumhuriyeti’ndeki müslümanların reîsülulemâsı seçilmesiyle ilgili olarak eski harflerle Türkçe yazılan belge menşur adıyla anılmıştır.
Bütün bu özellikleri sebebiyle menşur yapı bakımından diğer beratlardan fazla farklılık göstermez. Ancak elkāb ve dua rükünleri diğer beratlara nazaran daha ağdalıdır. Münşeat mecmualarında menşurların yedi rüknünden söz edilir. Bunlar Allah’a hamd (tahmîd-i bârî), Hz. Muhammed’e salâtüselâm (tasliye), yazılma sebebi, kimin namına yazıldığı, beğenilen yolda icra edilmesini tekit, mazmunu ve aykırı davrananı korkutma olarak sıralanır. Şartları ise dörttür. Hamd ü salâtın güzel sözler kullanılarak (berâat-i istihlâl) yazılması, tahmîd ve tasliyenin kullanılmaması halinde Allah’ın adıyla başlanması, hükümdara yakışır ifade kullanılması ve verilen şahsın rütbesine uygun olarak kaleme alınmasıdır. Menşurlar şekil bakımından mükemmelliğe erişmiştir. En kaliteli kâğıt olan âbâdî cinsleri kullanılmış ve gönderilenin mevkiiyle mütenasip olarak “battal” denilen çok büyük boy tercih edilmiştir. Kullanılan yazı ise divanî veya girift bir yazı olan celî divanîdir. Menşurlar ya tamamen altın varak yahut münâvebeli olarak bir satır siyah is mürekkebi, bir satır altın varakla yazılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Menşur örnekleri: TSMA, nr. E. 7894, 7912/2, 7913; Feridun Bey, Münşeât, I, 491, 611-612; Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli), I, 144, 198; II, 663, 681; Karaçelebizâde Abdülaziz Efendi, Ravzatü’l-ebrâr, Bulak 1248, s. 576; Uzunçarşılı, Merkez-Bahriye, s. 83, 214, 217; a.mlf., İlmiye Teşkilâtı, s. 78, 97; Bekir Kütükoğlu, “Münşeat Mecmualarının Osmanlı Diplomatiği Bakımından Ehemmiyeti”, Tarih Boyunca Paleografya ve Diplomatik Semineri: 30 Nisan – 2 Mayıs 1986 Bildiriler, İstanbul 1988, s. 172; Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu, Osmanlı Belgelerinin Dili (Diplomatik), İstanbul 1994, s. 137; Ferhat Seta, Reis-ul-ulema u Bosni i Hercegovini i Jugoslaviji od 1882, do 1991. godine, Sarajevo 1991, s. 83, 88; Sabancı Üniversitesi Sakıp Sabancı Hat Koleksiyonundan Seçmeler, İstanbul 2002, s. 254; W. Björkman, “Menşûr”, İA, VII, 722.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 150 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.