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MERKŪNİYYE Skip to content Milâdî II. yüzyılda ortaya çıkan ve günümüzde müntesibi bulunmayan ilk heretik hıristiyan mezhebi.
Marcion tarafından kurulan bu mezhep Batı kaynaklarında ona izâfetle Marcionita (Marcion’a tâbi olanlar), Marcionite, Marcionista (Lat.) ve Marcionites (İng.), İslâm kaynaklarında Merkūniyye veya Merkıyûniyye olarak adlandırılmaktadır.
Marcion milâdî I. yüzyılın sonlarında Sinop’ta doğdu. Babası Sinop piskoposu olan Marcion’un gençliğinde ruhban hayatı yaşadığına dair bilgiler bulunmakla birlikte onun yaklaşık 140 yılında Roma’ya yaptığı yolculuk (New Catholic Encyclopedia , IX, 193-194) esnasında hıristiyan olduğu da ileri sürülmektedir. Marcion orada piskopos seviyesinde bir din adamı olmuş, yüklü miktarda bağış yaparak kendini Katolik kilisesine kabul ettirmiştir (Tertullian, The Prescription , III, 257).
Marcion, Roma’da Katolik doktrinlerine aykırı öğretilerini yaymaya çalışan Cerdo adlı Suriyeli bir gnostik hıristiyanın itikadî yorumlarını benimsemiş, Cerdo’nun fikirlerini etrafındakilere anlatmanın yanında, Îsâ’nın mesajı karşısında Ahd-i Atîk’in durumunun tartışılacağı bir toplantı teklif edince bu talebi kabul edilmemiş, ayrıca görüşleri hıristiyan dogmalarına aykırı bulunduğundan bağışladığı parası da kendisine iade edilmek suretiyle Roma kilisesi tarafından yaklaşık 144 yılında aforoz edilmiştir. Marcion bir süre kilise çevresinden kendisine destek aramış ve Tertullian’a göre pişman olduğunu bildirip kiliseyle uzlaşmaya çalışmışsa da beklediği karşılığı bulamamış (a.g.e. , III, 257), bunun üzerine taraftar kitlesini genişletmek için Roma’yı terketmiştir. Kilise babalarından Irenaeus onu “şeytanın ağzıyla konuşan kişi” (Against Heresies , I, 352), Justin “şeytanlar tarafından öne sürülen bir sapık” (The First Apology , I, 182) olarak nitelemiş, Tertullian ise onun hakkında, “Pontus’ta hiçbir şey Marcion’un orada doğmuş olmasından daha üzücü değildir” ifadesini kullanmıştır (The Five Books , III, 271-272).
II. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Roma İmparatorluğu’nun özellikle Ege, Akdeniz ve Mezopotamya gibi doğu bölgelerinde Marcion’a bağlı bazı kilise toplulukları ortaya çıkmış, III. yüzyılın başlarında ise bu mezhep Roma kilisesinin rakibi konumuna gelmiştir. Merkūniyye sonraki dönemlerde Batı’da varlığını sürdüremezken Doğu’da bir müddet daha devam etmiştir. Kilise babalarından Theodoret mektuplarında V. yüzyılda yaşayan Merkūnîler’den bahsetmekte ve onlardan 1000’den fazla kişiyi ihtida ettirdiğini bildirmektedir (The Ecclesiastical History , III, 291-292). Aynı yüzyılda Ermeni piskoposu Eznik’in de bu mezhep taraftarlarına karşı reddiye yazdığı bilinmektedir (ERE , VIII, 409).
Hıristiyanlık tarihindeki en önemli heretik hareketlerden biri olan ve V. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar Roma İmparatorluğu sınırları içinde yaygınlık kazanan Merkūniyye mezhebinin zamanla Maniheizm’in içinde eridiği tahmin edilmektedir. Marcion’dan daha açık bir gnostik düalizmi ve zühd hayatını savunan Mani’nin öğretilerinin Merkūnîler tarafından kendilerine yakın görülmüş olması muhtemeldir. Öte yandan Marcion’un bazı öğretileriyle Mani’yi etkilediği de bilinmektedir (Gündüz, s. 132-137).
Marcion, ferdin kurtuluşunu Îsâ Mesîh’e iman etmeye bağlamasına rağmen inançlarında düalizmi esas alması ve zühd hayatına önem vermesi sebebiyle kilise babaları tarafından gnostik bir heretik olarak nitelendirilmiştir (Tertullian, The Five Books , III, 277). Düalist karakteriyle Marcion’un teolojisi Roma kilisesinin inanç esaslarına karşı bir antitez teşkil etmekteydi. Onun günümüze kadar gelmemiş olan, ancak bazı bölümleri kilise babalarının kendisine karşı yazdıkları reddiyelerde aktarılan Antitez adlı bir risâlesi vardı. Marcion’un tanrı anlayışında iki ilâhî prensip söz konusudur. Birincisi Ahd-i Atîk’te tasvir edilen ve evrenin yaratıcısı (Demiurgos) olan tanrıdır. Onun en belirgin özelliği doğruluk ve katı bir adalet sahibi olmasıdır. Marcion kötülüklerin de yaratıcısı olan bu tanrının savaştan zevk aldığını ve kötü niyetli olduğunu iddia eder (Irenaeus, I, 352). Marcion’un kabul ettiği diğer ilâhî varlık yaratıcı tanrıdan daha üstün, merhametli, bağışlayıcı ve mutlak iyi olan tanrıdır. O her zaman var olmasına rağmen tanınmamış, fakat insanoğluna kendini oğul Îsâ’da bilinir hale getirmiştir (Tertullian, The Five Books , III, 284-285, 440-442). Mesîh Îsâ’nın “Baba” dediği tanrı yaratıcı tanrı değil mutlak iyi olan tanrıdır. Bu iyi tanrı insanların kurtuluşunu sağlayan Ahd-i Cedîd’in tanrısıdır (Gündüz, s. 140).
Marcion’un Mesîh anlayışı da düalist bir keyfiyete sahiptir. Ahd-i Atîk’te geleceği belirtilen Mesîh yaratıcı tanrı tarafından gönderilecek olan İsrâiloğulları’nın Mesîh’i olup onun Îsâ Mesîh’le hiçbir alâkası yoktur. İsrâiloğulları’nın Mesîh’i onu gönderen tanrı gibi hukuk ve adaletin katı bir takipçisi olacakken iyilik tanrısının Mesîh’i merhametli bir kurtarıcıdır (Tertullian, The Five Books , III, 323).
Araştırmacılar, Marcion’un birbirine zıt sıfatlara sahip bulunan iki tanrı anlayışının temelde Pavlus’un şeriat ve Mesîh’in mesajı (İncil) tasavvurunun aşırı bir yorumu olduğunu ifade etmektedir. Nitekim Pavlus’un Mektupları’nda şeriat-İncil, ruh-beden ve ışık-karanlık zıtlığına işaret eden yaklaşımlara rastlanmaktadır (Galatyalılar’a Mektup, 4/22-31; 5/16-22; Romalılar’a Mektup, 8/6-7; Korintoslular’a İkinci Mektup, 5/6-8; ayrıca bk. Gündüz, s. 143).
Marcion, Ahd-i Atîk’i yaratıcı tanrının mesajı olarak görür ve onun yerine iyilik tanrısının mesajını (İncil) koyar. Marcion, Pavlus’un geleneğine dayalı Hıristiyanlığı Ahd-i Atîk’in etkisinden kurtarma gayretiyle Luka İncili’nin bir versiyonu ile Pavlus’un on mektubundan oluşan bir Marcion İncili derlemiştir. Ancak bu metinleri oluştururken kendi anlayışına göre Îsâ Mesîh’in öğretilerine uygun düşmeyen ya da Ahd-i Atîk’e ait gördüğü kısımları çıkarmıştır (Tertullian, The Five Books , III, 351-354). Bugün elde mevcut dört İncil’in, Pavlus’un mektuplarının ve hatta Ahd-i Atîk metinlerinin Ahd-i Cedîd metinleriyle birlikte kutsal kitap olarak kabul edilmesi anlayışının büyük ölçüde Marcion’un kutsal metinle ilgili farklı yaklaşımlarından sonra geliştiği bilinmektedir.
Yaratıcı gibi yaratılan âlemin de eksik ve olumsuz özellikler taşıdığı ve mükemmel olmadığı anlayışından hareketle Marcion zühde dayalı bir hayat tarzını esas almış, evlenmemeyi ve et yememeyi benimsemiştir. Nitekim Pavlus da kurtuluş için cinsel hayattan uzak durulmasını emretmiş ve ancak zina tehlikesine karşı evliliğe izin vermiştir (Korintoslular’a Birinci Mektup, 7/1-8).
Günümüzde hıristiyanlar arasında yeni bir Marcionist eğilimin ortaya çıktığı, özellikle Protestan Baptist mezhebinin Marcionist geleneğin bir uzantısı olduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Bu bağlantı Baptistler’i XVI. yüzyılda Kuzey Avrupa’daki Lutheran Anabaptistler’e, onları XIV. yüzyılda Güney Fransa’daki Albijens düalist hıristiyanlarına, Albijensler’i de IX. yüzyıldaki Armenia’da bulunan Pavlikanlar’a bağlamak, Pavlikanlar’ın da Merkūnî geleneğin içinde yer aldığını iddia etmek suretiyle kurulmaktadır. Ancak günümüzde Baptistler bu bağlantı iddiasını çoğunlukla reddetmektedir.
Merkūniyye, bir hıristiyan mezhebi olmasına rağmen İslâm kaynaklarında daha çok düalist inanç sistemine sahip bulunan mezhepler arasında sayılmış, bazı kaynaklarda Hıristiyanlık’la ilişkisi üzerinde de durulmuştur. Câhiz Merkūniyye’yi sapkın bir hıristiyan mezhebi olarak tanımlamış (el-Muḫtâr , s. 66), Mâtürîdî, Merkūniyye’ye göre evrenin yukarıda nur, aşağıda zulmet olmak üzere iki kadîm asıl ile ikisi arasındaki sonlu insandan oluştuğu, tabiatları birbirinden tamamen ayrı olan iki sonsuz unsurun insanda birleşmeyi meydana getirdiği şeklindeki âlem anlayışını aktardıktan sonra bu birleşmenin kimin tercihiyle ve nasıl meydana geldiğini sorgulamış, iki sonsuz varlık anlayışının çelişik olduğunu ve her şeyin yaratıcı ve idare edicisinin tek Tanrı olması gerektiğini vurgulamıştır (Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 260-262). Mes‘ûdî, düalist inanç sistemine sahip bulunan mezhepler arasında saydığı Merkūnîler’in Harran bölgesinde de bulunduğunu kaydetmektedir (et-Tenbîh , s. 127). İbnü’n-Nedîm ise IV. (X.) yüzyılda Horasan’da Merkūniyye’nin çok sayıda müntesibi bulunduğunu, bunların kendilerini Hıristiyanlık adı altında gizlediklerini, fakat düalist inanç sistemlerine daha yakın olduklarını belirtirse de onları bir hıristiyan mezhebi olarak tanımlar. İbnü’n-Nedîm ayrıca, Merkūnîler’in kendilerine ait bir İnciller’inin ve dinî kaynaklarını kaleme aldıkları bir yazı sistemlerinin bulunduğunu söyler (el-Fihrist , s. 402). Bîrûnî, Merkūniyye’yi Îsâ ile Zerdüşt’ün öğretilerinin sentezinden oluşturulmuş bir mezhep olarak tanımlamak suretiyle bu mezhebin inanç sisteminin kaynaklarına işaret etmiş, inançlarının ve İnciller’indeki farklılıkların onları Hıristiyanlık kapsamından çıkarmayacak ölçüde olduğunu belirtir (el-Âs̱ârü’l-bâḳıye , s. 23, 207). Şehristânî, Merkūniyye’nin iki kadîm aslın yanında evrendeki imtizacın sebebi olan birleştirici bir asla daha inandığını aktardıktan sonra bu üçüncü aslın aydınlığın altında, karanlığın ise üstünde bir derecede bulunduğunu, onun gerçekleştirdiği birleşme ve imtizaç sayesinde evrenin meydana geldiğini iddia ettiklerini söyler. Onlardan bir kısmının birleşmenin zulmet ve üçüncü unsur arasında gerçekleştiğini, nurun ise bu karışımdan meydana gelen âleme Mesîhî ruhu yani oğlunu gönderdiğine ve ona uyanların kurtuluşa ereceğine inandıklarını kaydeder (el-Milel , I, 252).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Câhiz, el-Muḫtâr fi’r-red ʿale’n-naṣârâ (nşr. M. Abdullah eş-Şerkāvî), Beyrut 1411/1991, s. 66.
Mâtürîdî, Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd (nşr. Bekir Topaloğlu – Muhammed Aruçi), Ankara 1423/2003, s. 260-262.
Mes‘ûdî, et-Tenbîh , s. 101, 127, 135.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 402.
Bîrûnî, el-Âs̱ârü’l-bâḳıye (nşr. E. Sachau), Leipzig 1923, s. 23, 207.
Şehristânî, el-Milel (Kîlânî) , I, 252.
Irenaeus, Against Heresies (The Ante-Nicene Fathers the Writings of the Fathers down to A.D. 325: The Apostolic Fathers-Justin Martyr-Irenaeus içinde, ed. A. Roberts – J. Donaldson), Edinburgh 1996, I, 352.
Justin, The First Apology of Justin (a.e. içinde), I, 182.
Tertullian, The Five Books Against Marcion (The Ante-Nicene Fathers the Writings of the Fathers down to A.D. 325: Latin Christianity its Founder, Tertullian. I. Apologetic; II. Anti-Marcion; III. Ethical içinde, ed. A. Roberts – J. Donaldson), Edinburgh 1993, III, 271-272, 277, 284-285, 323, 351-354, 440-442.
a.mlf., The Prescription Against Heretics (a.e. içinde), III, 257.
Theodoret, The Ecclesiastical History, Dialogues and Letters of Theodoret (trc. B. Jackson, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church: Theodoret, Jerome, Gennadius, Rufinus içinde, ed. P. Schaff – H. Wace), Edinburgh 1989, III, 291-292.
E. C. Blackman, Marcion and his Influence , London 1948, s. 66, 103.
W. Bauer, Orthodoxy and Heresy in Early Christianity , Philadelphia 1971, s. 21-33, 127-129, 154-157, 214-217, 221-227, 230-233.
R. J. Hoffmann, Marcion on the Restitution of Christianity , Chicago 1984, s. 1-30.
Stephen G. Wilson, Related Strangers: Jews and Christians 70-170 C. E. , Minneapolis 1995, s. 207-221.
H. Räisänen, Marcion, Muhammad and the Mahatma , London 1997, s. 64-80.
G. Vallée, The Shaping of Christianity-Formative Years (100-108) , New York 1999, s. 77-99.
G. W. Trompf, Early Christian Historiography , New York 2000, s. 109-158.
Şinasi Gündüz, “Sinoplu Marcion’un Gnostik Teolojisi”, Hoşgörü Yılı ve İnanç Turizminde Göller Bölgesi Sempozyumu , Isparta 2001, s. 131-147.
A. A. Stephenson, “Marcion”, New Catholic Encyclopedia , Washington 1967, IX, 193-194.
N. McLean, “Marcionism”, ERE , VIII, 407-409.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 207-208 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.