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MERVÂN I Skip to content Ebû Abdilmelik Mervân b. el-Hakem b. Ebi’l-Âs b. Ümeyye el-Ümevî (ö. 65/685)
Emevî halifesi ve Mervânî kolunun kurucusu (684-685).
Hicretin 2. yılında (623-24) Mekke’de doğdu. Hz. Osman’ın amcası Hakem b. Ebü’l-Âs b. Ümeyye’nin oğludur. Resûl-i Ekrem’e karşı düşmanca bir tavır takınıp ona eziyet edenlerle birlikte hareket eden Hakem, Ümeyye ailesi mensuplarının çoğu gibi Mekke fethinin ardından müslüman olduğunu söylediyse de bundan sonra da olumsuz tavrını devam ettirdi. Hz. Peygamber’i taklit etmesi, evini gözetlemesi ve müslümanların sırrını ifşa etmesi yüzünden Resûlullah tarafından lânet edilerek Tâif’e sürüldü. Hz. Ebû Bekir ve Ömer, Hakem ve ailesinin Medine’ye dönmek için yaptığı müracaatları kabul etmediler. Hz. Osman halife olunca Hakem ve ailesinin Medine’ye dönmesine izin verdi ve onlara çeşitli ihsanlarda bulundu; o sırada yirmi yaşlarında olan Mervân’ı da devlet kâtipliği gibi önemli bir göreve getirdi. Hz. Osman’ın Hakem’in Medine’ye dönmesine izin vermesi ve oğlu Mervân’ı bu göreve getirmesi ashap arasında iyi karşılanmadı; bu sebeple pek çok kişi onu eleştirdi. Mervân’ın vazifesi başında sahâbeden bazılarıyla tartışmalara girmesine ve halife adına kararlar verip birtakım yanlış uygulamalar yapmasına rağmen halife tarafından korunması bu memnuniyetsizliği daha da arttırdı. Kaynaklarda, halifenin bilgisi dışında onun ağzından eski Mısır valisine yazdığı söylenen mektup dolayısıyla vuku bulan üzücü olayların baş sorumlusu olarak gösterilen Mervân evinin kuşatılması sırasında Hz. Osman’ı savundu ve çıkan çatışmalar esnasında ağır şekilde yaralandı.
Mervân, Hz. Osman’ın öldürülmesinin ardından halife seçilen Hz. Ali’ye biat etmedi. Ümeyye ailesinin diğer fertleri gibi Medine’den ayrılıp Mekke’ye gitti ve Hz. Osman’ın katillerini bulup cezalandırmak için harekete geçen muhalif grubun içinde yer aldı. Hz. Âişe, Talha b. Ubeydullah ve Zübeyr b. Avvâm’ın öncülük ettiği bu grupla birlikte Cemel Vak‘ası’na katıldı. Hezimete uğradıklarını farkettiği sırada Hz. Osman’ın düşmanlarından saydığı ve onun öldürülmesinden sorumlu tuttuğu Talha b. Ubeydullah’ı bir okla öldürdü.
Ağır şekilde yaralandığı Cemel Vak‘ası’ndan sonra Medine’ye giderek Hz. Ali’ye biat eden ve oraya yerleşen Mervân, mensubu bulunduğu Ümeyye ailesinin Süfyânî kolundan Muâviye’nin Hz. Ali’ye karşı başlattığı mücadele sırasında ona açıkça destek vermekten kaçındı. Muâviye iktidarı ele geçirince Mervân’ı kısa bir süre Bahreyn valiliğiyle görevlendirdi ve ardından merkezi Medine olan Hicaz valiliğine getirdi. 42-49 (662-669) yılları arasında bu görevi sürdüren Mervân beş yıllık bir aradan sonra tekrar bu göreve tayin edildi ve iki yıl daha valilik yaptı (674-676 veya 677). Görevden alınınca Medine’de oturmaya devam etti.
Muâviye’nin ölümünden (60/680) sonra Mervân Yezîd’den daha fazla yakınlık gördü. Yezîd’in Medine valisine, Yezîd’e biat etmek istemeyen Hz. Hüseyin ve Abdullah b. Zübeyr’e karşı kuvvet kullanmasını tavsiye etti. Hz. Hüseyin’in katledilmesine müslümanların gösterdiği tepki ve Medine halkının Abdullah b. Hanzale liderliğinde Emevî yönetimine karşı ayaklanması sırasında (63/683) nüfusları 1000 civarında gösterilen Ümeyyeoğulları ile birlikte zor durumda kaldı. İbnü’z-Zübeyr’i destekleyen muhalifler Mervân’ın mâlikânesine sığınan Ümeyyeoğulları’nı muhasara altına aldılar. Mervân Yezîd’den yardım istedi. Yezîd kuşatma altındaki akrabalarını kurtarmak ve muhalifleri itaat altına almak için büyük bir orduyu Medine üzerine gönderdi.
Medineliler, Mervân ve Ümeyyeoğulları’nı üzerlerine gelen orduya yardımcı olmamaları şartıyla serbest bıraktılar. Ancak Yezîd’in ordusuyla Vâdilkurâ’da karşılaşan Mervân ve yakınları Medineliler’e verdikleri sözden döndüler. Mervân ve oğlu Abdülmelik, şehrin durumunu Yezîd’in kumandanı Müslim b. Ukbe’ye anlatarak gereken taktikleri vermek suretiyle savaşı Yezîd’in ordusunun kazanmasında önemli rol oynadılar, ayrıca bu orduya katılıp Harre Savaşı’nda (Zilhicce 63 / Ağustos 683) onların safında yer aldılar. Bu savaşın ardından Medine üç gün boyunca yağmalandı (bk. HARRE SAVAŞI ). Harre Savaşı’ndan sonra Yezîd’in davetiyle Dımaşk’a giden Mervân ikramlarla karşılandı.
Emevî iktidarının ailenin Süfyânî kolundan Mervân’ın adını taşıyan Mervânî koluna geçişi I. Yezîd’in oğlu ve halefi II. Muâviye’nin vefatından sonra gerçekleşmiştir. Daha II. Muâviye’nin sağlığında Hicaz bölgesi yanında Irak ve Mısır da Mekke’de halifeliğini ilân eden Abdullah b. Zübeyr’e biat etmiş bulunuyordu. II. Muâviye’nin ölümü üzerine Suriye bölgesi vilâyetlerinin yöneticileri de İbnü’z-Zübeyr’in halifeliğini tanımaya başlamışlardı; Kınnesrîn ve Humus valilerinin ardından Nâtil b. Kays liderliğinde isyan eden Filistin ordugâhı da İbnü’z-Zübeyr’e itaat etmişti. Dımaşk’ta da durum karışıktı. II. Muâviye tarafından, yerine bir halife seçilinceye kadar devlet işlerini yürütmekle görevlendirilen Şam Valisi Dahhâk b. Kays tavrını açıklamakta tereddütlü davranmakla birlikte İbnü’z-Zübeyr’e katılmayı uygun görüyordu. Bu sırada Emevî ailesi de bölünmüştü. Yezîd’in dayısı olan Filistin ve Ürdün Valisi Hassân b. Mâlik Yezîd’in genç yaştaki iki oğlunu destekliyor, halifeliğin onların elinde kalmasını istiyordu. Bu arada Emevî ailesinin ileri gelenlerinden Mervân b. Hakem ve Amr b. Saîd el-Eşdak’ın halife olmasını arzu edenler de vardı.
Rivayete göre Mervân ve Eşdak da bu şartlar altında durumu gittikçe güçlenen İbnü’z-Zübeyr’e biat etmeyi düşünmüş, hatta bu maksatla yola dahi çıkmışlardı. Yolda karşılaştıkları eski Basra valisi Ubeydullah b. Ziyâd, Mervân’a İbnü’z-Zübeyr’e katılmasının çok büyük bir hata olacağını, halifeliğin Emevî ailesinin ileri geleni olarak kendisine yakıştığını söyleyip onu halifeliği üstlenmeye ikna etti. Mervân’ın halife olmayı Hz. Osman zamanından beri düşündüğünü, Muâviye döneminde de bu niyetini ortaya koyan davranışlar sergilediğini gösteren rivayetleri göz önüne alarak onun bu işe kendisinin tâlip olduğunu söyleyenler de vardır.
Henüz yirmi yaşlarında iken veliaht belirlemeden ölen II. Muâviye’nin o sırada yönetimi üstlenebilecek yaşta kardeşi de bulunmadığından, bu şartlarda Emevî ailesinin liderliğine en uygun kişi ailenin Ebü’l-Âs kolunun büyüğü Mervân b. Hakem idi. Ailenin söz sahipleri, idare merkezinin tekrar Hicaz’a geçmesinden korkmaya başlayan Suriye ileri gelenleri ve özellikle Yemen asıllı Kelb kabilesi liderleriyle durumu görüşmek üzere Câbiye’de toplandılar. Kırk gün sürdüğü bildirilen görüşmelerin sonunda II. Muâviye’nin kardeşi Hâlid b. Yezîd’in yaşının küçük olması, İbnü’z-Zübeyr’e karşı iktidar mücadelesinde başarısız kalacağı şeklinde değerlendirildi. Onu destekleyen dayısı Hassân b. Mâlik’in ikna edilmesiyle Mervân’ın halife olması kararlaştırıldı. Hâlid b. Yezîd birinci, bazı liderlerce desteklenen Eşdak da ikinci veliaht tayin edildi (3 Zilkade 64 / 22 Haziran 684); birincisi Humus, diğeri de Dımaşk valisi olarak görevlendirildi. Câbiye’de sağlanan bu ittifak Dımaşk’ta durumun istikrara kavuşmasına yetmedi. Câbiye görüşmelerine katılmaktan son anda vazgeçen Dahhâk b. Kays, İbnü’z-Zübeyr’i desteklediğini açığa vurarak emrindeki kuvvetlerle Mercirâhit denilen yerde karargâh kurdu. Toplantının uzamasından istifade edip Kınnesrîn, Humus ve Filistin ordugâhlarından temin ettiği yardımla gücünü arttırdı.
Câbiye’den dönen Mervân b. Hakem, Dahhâk’i ikna edemeyince Mercirâhit’te iki taraf arasında yirmi gün süren çok kanlı bir savaş cereyan etti. Mervân, özellikle Dahhâk’in Dımaşk’tan ayrılmasının ardından başlattığı isyanla şehirde kontrolü eline geçiren Yezîd b. Ebü’n-Nims’in erzak ve asker desteği sayesinde kesin bir zafer kazandı (Muharrem 65 / Ağustos-Eylül 684). Böylece Mervân bir taraftan Emevî saltanatının devamını, diğer taraftan halifeliğin Mervânî koluna geçmesini sağlamış oldu. Bundan sonra halifelik Emevîler’in yıkılışına kadar onun soyunda kalmıştır.
Kazandığı zaferle Suriye’de kontrolü sağlayan Mervân, İbnü’z-Zübeyr’i destekleyen valiler tarafından terkedilen şehirlere yeni tayinler yaptıktan sonra Mısır’ı İbnü’z-Zübeyr’in elinden almak için harekete geçti. Dımaşk’ta oğlu Abdülmelik’i yerine bırakıp ordusunun başında Mısır üzerine yürüdü ve fazla bir zorlukla karşılaşmadan Mısır’ı ele geçirdi. Oğlu Abdülazîz’i Mısır valiliğinde bırakıp Suriye’ye dönmek için yola çıktı. İbnü’z-Zübeyr tarafından yolunu kesmek için bölgeye gönderilen orduyu da mağlûp ederek Dımaşk’a geldi. Vakit kaybetmeden iki ordu hazırlayıp İbnü’z-Zübeyr’in elinde bulunan Irak ve Hicaz’a yolladı. Hicaz’a Hubeyş b. Delece kumandasında gönderdiği ordu, Medine yakınlarında Rebeze’de İbnü’z-Zübeyr’in ordusu karşısında ağır bir yenilgiye uğradı. Irak’a gönderdiği ordunun başına geçirdiği Ubeydullah b. Ziyâd, Cezîre’ye ulaştığı sırada Mervân’ın ölüm haberini aldı.
I. Mervân, Câbiye görüşmelerinde halifeliği ele geçirebilmek uğruna veliahtlıklarını kabul etmek zorunda kaldığı Hâlid b. Yezîd ile Amr b. Saîd el-Eşdak’ı veliahtlıktan vazgeçmeye zorlamış ve sonunda bunu başarmıştır. Kendisinden sonra peş peşe halifeliğe geçmeleri şartıyla oğulları Abdülmelik ve Abdülazîz’i veliaht olarak tayin etmiştir. Kaynaklarda ölümünün, veliahtlıktan ayrılması için toplum önünde horlayıp küçük düşürdüğü Hâlid b. Yezîd ile annesinin bir komplosu sonucu gerçekleştiği kaydedilmektedir. Buna göre Hâlid’in, babası I. Yezîd’in vefatından sonra Mervân ile evlenmiş olan annesi oğluna yapılan bu hakarete tahammül edememiş ve uyuduğu bir sırada kocasını yastıkla boğarak öldürmüştür. Ancak bazı rivayetlerde onun vebadan öldüğü de kaydedilmektedir. 65 Ramazanında (Nisan 685) ölen I. Mervân on ay gibi kısa bir süre halifelik yapmıştır. Mervân hadisle de meşgul olmuş ve Ebû Hüreyre’den bir hadis mecmuası derlemiştir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 225-227 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.