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MESÂHA Skip to content Uygulamada arazi ölçümleriyle ilgili olan geometri alt bilim dalı, yer ölçme bilimi.
Arapça’da mesh birçok anlamı yanında “araziyi tesviye etmek, düz hale getirmek”, misâha ise araziyi bir ölçü birimiyle ölçmek demektir; ilm-i misâha da genel olarak çizgilerin (hutût), yüzeylerin (sütûh) ve hacimlerin/cisimlerin (ecsâm) ölçme yöntemlerini konu alan ilim dalıdır. Uygulamada ölçümü istenen şekil çizgi ise uzunluk ve çevre, yüzey ise kare, cisim ise küp söz konusudur (İsmâil b. İbrâhim el-Mardînî, s. 623-624). Uygulama yönü dikkate alındığında bu ilimde çevre, kare ve küpün sayısal değeri, ölçümü yapan insanların üzerinde uzlaştığı birime göre takdir edilir (İbnü’l-Ekfânî, s. 77; Taşköprizâde, I, 353).
Matematik tarihçilerine göre mesâhanın kökeninde yer ölçümünü temel alan Mısır geometrisi bulunmaktadır. Nitekim Mısırlı geometricilere ölçümlerini iple gerçekleştirdikleri için “ip gericiler” (Gr. harpedonaptai) adı verilmekteydi. Herodot, Mısır geometrisinin Nil’in erozyona uğrattığı toprakların vergiden düşmek için ölçülmesi işleminden kaynaklandığını söyler (Tarih, s. 139 [II/109]). Esasen bu ilme ad olan geometri de Grekçe geo “yer” ve metrein “ölçme” kelimelerinden elde edilmiştir. İslâm dünyasında geometriye verilen hendese ismi Farsça endâhten (endâzîden) “ölçü almak” (endâze “ölçek”) masdarından türetilmiştir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab, “msḥ” md.). Mezopotamya’da ise geometri “dikdörtgen, dik üçgen, ikizkenar üçgen gibi şekillere uygulanan sayısal işlemler” anlamında ve uygulamalı aritmetik-cebir biçimindeydi. Yunan matematiği İskenderiye Okulu döneminde belirli bir seviyeye ulaşmış ve bu okula mensup pek çok matematikçinin katkıda bulunduğu mesâha alanında, özellikle başta π sayısı hakkındaki araştırmaları olmak üzere Archimedes’in çalışmaları dikkat çekmiştir. Ancak Mısır, Mezopotamya ve Yunan mesâha mirasını derleyip toparlayan ve buna yer yer özgün katkılarda ve kendisinden sonraki mesâha ilmine de ciddi etkide bulunan kişi, alan ve hacim hesapları ile geometrik şekillerin bölümlenmesi konularının ele alındığı Metrica’nın yazarı Heron’dur (III. yüzyıl). İslâm dünyasında kaleme alınan klasik matematik eserlerinde mesâha ilmi hakkında verilen tanımlarla bu tanımlarda kullanılan terimler, matematikçinin benimsediği sayı anlayışı ve mensup bulunduğu matematik okulunun genel özelliklerini yansıtır. İbn Haldûn, mesâhayı uygulamalı yönüyle dikkate alarak tamamen yer ölçme şeklinde görür; bu ölçümün insanların kendi aralarında tesbit ettikleri bir birimle gerçekleştirildiğini söyledikten sonra vergi, arazi taksimi ve mesafelerin hesaplanması başta olmak üzere yer ölçümleriyle ilgili her konuda bu ilme ihtiyaç duyulduğunu belirtir (Muḳaddime, III, 1133). Kadızâde-i Rûmî konuya nazarî açıdan yaklaşarak ilm-i misâhayı “büyüklükler üzerine ârız olan sayısal bilinmeyenleri öğrenme yöntemlerini gösteren bilim” şeklinde tanımlar (Şerḥu Eşkâli’t-teʾsîs, s. 35). Sürekli (muttasıl) niceliklerin sayısal olarak ölçülemeyeceğini ve bu sebeple hesap ilmi araştırmalarına konu olamayacağını söyleyen Kemâleddin el-Fârisî ise yalnızca uzmanlar tarafından üzerinde uzlaşılan bir birime kıyasla sürekli niceliğin tam ve rasyonel sayılarla ifade edilebileceğini belirterek mesâha ilminin konusu olan niceliğe işaret eder (Esâsü’l-ḳavâʿid, s. 309-311; Fazlıoğlu, VII/13 [2002], s. 334).
İlm-i misâha uygulama yönünden ele alındığında yalnızca “tatbik” mânasında pratik geometri olarak görülemez. Başka bir deyişle ilm-i misâha en geniş anlamıyla “geometrik şekil ve cisimlerin ilmî ölçümü” mânasına gelirken tatbikî ölçüm bu ilmî ölçüm usullerinin dış dünyaya aktarımından ibarettir. İslâm medeniyetinde bu konuya ilişkin çeşitli eserler kaleme alınmış, ancak bunların pek çoğunda pratik bir nitelik gösteren mesâha ilmi özellikle Kemâleddin el-Fârisî’nin, hocası İbnü’l-Havvâm’ın el-Fevâʾidü’l-Bahâʾiyye fi’l-ḳavâʿidi’l-ḥisâbiyye’sinin mesâha kısmına yazdığı şerhle birlikte (Esâsü’l-ḳavâʿid fî uṣûli’l-fevâʾid, s. 309-459) ilmî bir karakter kazanmıştır. Mesâha alanında yazılan eserler muhtevaları itibariyle çeşitlilik arzeder. Bunlardan bazıları ve özellikle risâle tarzında yazılanlar belirli bir hendesî şeklin ölçümü üzerinedir. Bu çalışmalarda, bahse konu olan şeklin veya cismin mesâhasının hem kuralı verilir hem de bir örnekle uygulaması gösterilir. Daha çok muhasebe ve divan kâtipleriyle günlük hayattaki tatbikî işler için yalnızca bir kurallar mecmuası biçiminde hazırlanan eserlerde ise hendesî şekillerin mesâha kuralları herhangi bir örnek zikredilmeksizin sıralanır. İster Hindî ister hevâî sistem olsun, öğrenciler için kaleme alınan hesap kitaplarının ilm-i misâha kısımlarında ise hendesî şekillerle mesafelerin mesâhaları çizimleriyle beraber verilir. Ebü’l-Vefa el-Bûzcânî ile Gıyâseddin Cemşîd el-Kâşî’nin eserleri gibi bazı çalışmalarda mesâhanın mühendislik ve mimari konularıyla ilgisi dikkate alınarak farklı geometrik yapıların çizim ve hendesî-adedî analizleri ortaya konur.
İslâm literatüründe mesâhayla ilgili eserler doğrudan bu konuda yazılmış kitaplarla sınırlı değildir. Çeşitli astronomi ve matematiksel coğrafya kitaplarının içerdiği mesafe bilgileri, trigonometri bağlamında yapılan ölçümler, cisimlerin özgül ağırlıklarına ilişkin araştırmalar ve mekanik eserlerindeki pek çok hendesî tahlille ağırlık ve uzunluk ölçüleri konusundaki çalışmalar da mesâha alanına girmektedir. “Enmûzec” türü kitaplarda bu ilmin bazı meselelerinin ele alınması yanında kelâm kitaplarının kategori bahislerinde de mesâhanın dayandığı temel kavramlar hakkında felsefî tahliller yapılır. Mesâhaya dair eserlerde verilen kurallarla örnekler hevâî ve Hindî hesap sistemlerinde daha çok lafzî/sözel yahut harfî/rakamî çerçevede açıklanmakta, bunların çizimleri de metinlerin içerisinde veya sayfa kenarlarında verilmekteydi. Özellikle Osmanlı döneminde muhasebe ve divan kâtiplerinin kaleme aldığı eserlerde gittikçe notasyon ve sembolleştirmenin geliştiği ve XVIII. yüzyılda belirli bir seviyeye ulaştığı söylenebilir.
Bir mesâha eserinin ya da bir Hindî veya hevâî hesap kitabı içerisinde bulunan mesâha bölümünün içeriği genellikle şu şekildeydi: Giriş kısmında bu ilmin tanımı, konusu, ilgi alanı ve amacı; nokta, çizgi, doğru, yüzey, cisim gibi temel hendesî kavramların ve eserde incelenecek hendesî şekillerin tanımları, bu tanımların esas alınan ilkelere göre sınıflandırılması, eserin yazıldığı dönemde o bölgede kullanılan temel ölçü birimleriyle ilgili bilgiler ve bunların sayısal değerleri ele alınırdı. Bazı eserlerin giriş bölümünde verilen bilgiler, hem eserin hedef kitlesine hem de yazarın yönelimlerine uygun biçimde felsefî içerikli olabilmekteydi. Eserlerin birinci bölümlerinde genellikle yüzeyler, yani değeri kare ile tesbit edilen şekiller incelenir, dört kenarlı veya üç kenarlı şekillerden hareketle konuya giriş yapıldıktan sonra düzgün olan ve olmayan çok kenarlılarla daire, daire parçaları vb. şekillerin alanlarının tesbiti için kurallar verilirdi. Eserlerin ikinci bölümlerinde cisimler, yani değeri küp cinsinden hesaplanabilen şekiller konu edilir; prizmalar, silindirler, piramitler, koniler, küreler, küre parçaları ve düzenli olmayan cisimlerin hacimleriyle kubbe, iklil (taç), kurs (yassı yuvarlak) gibi mimari yapılarda kullanılan üç boyutlu şekillerin hacimlerine ilişkin kurallar incelenirdi. Bu eserlerde ayrıca doğrudan günlük hayatı ilgilendiren dağların eğimleri ve yükseklikleri, çukurların ve kuyuların derinlikleri, ırmak ve kanalların genişlikleri yanında çeşitli cisimlerin ağırlıkları ile miktarlarının ölçülmesi gibi uygulamayla ilgili konulara da çizimlerle birlikte yer verilmekteydi.
İslâm dünyasında mesâhaya dair kaleme alınan eserler çok çeşitlilik göstermekte, özellikle medreselerde okutulan hesapla ilgili ders kitaplarının mesâha bölümlerini de içermesi bu sahanın yaygın eğitimin bir parçası haline geldiğini ortaya koymaktadır. 1. Klasik dönem. Muhammed b. Mûsâ el-Hârizmî Kitâbü’l-Cebr ve’l-muḳābele’de mesâha bölümünde konuyla ilgili özet bilgilere yer vermiş, ayrıca bir geometrik mesâha probleminin cebirsel bir denklemle nasıl çözüleceğini göstermiştir. Ebû Kâmil Kitâbü’l-Misâḥa ve’l-hendese , Ebû Berze Fazl b. Muhammed b. Abdülhamîd b. Türk Kitâbü’l-Misâḥa isimli bir eser kaleme almıştır (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 391-392). Ebü’l-Vefâ el-Bûzcânî el-Menâzilü’s-sebʿin üçüncü menzilini mesâhaya tahsis etmiş (I, 202-276), ayrıca bu konuda mimariyi de ilgilendiren Kitâb fîmâ yaḥtâcü ileyhi’ṣ-ṣâniʿ min aʿmâli’l-hendese adlı bir eser yazmıştır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 2753). Cebir âlimi Kerecî el-Kâfî fi’l-ḥisâb’ın 44-52. bölümlerinde mesâha konularını genel olarak incelemiş, Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî Kitâb fi’l-misâḥa, İbnü’l-Heysem Maḳāle fî uṣûli’l-misâḥa, Maḳāle fî misâḥati’l-küre, Ebü’l-Hasan Ahmed b. Muhammed b. İbrâhim el-Eş‘arî Kitâbü’t-Tüffâḥa fî ʿilmi’l-misâḥa isimli bir eser kaleme almıştır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 4827, vr. 99a -160b ). İbn Fellûs diye tanınan İsmâil b. İbrâhim el-Mardînî, et-Tüffâḥa fî aʿmâli’l-misâḥa adlı eserinde (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hafîd Efendi, nr. 527; İzmirli İsmail Hakkı, nr. 3673) konuyu yalnızca mücerred hendesî şekillerin alanlarıyla sınırlar. İbnü’l-Havvâm, el-Fevâʾidü’l-Bahâʾiyye fi’l-ḳavâʿidi’l-ḥisâbiyye’sinin üçüncü makalesinde mesâhayı incelemiş, Kemâleddin el-Fârisî ile İmâdüddin el-Kâşî bu eser üzerine yazdıkları şerhlerde üçüncü makaleyi geniş bir şekilde tahlil etmiş ve zikredilen kaidelerin geometrik ispatlarını vermişlerdir. Dolayısıyla iki şerhle beraber ilm-i misâha ile ilm-i hendese mezcedilmiştir. İbnü’l-Bennâ el-Merrâküşî, mübtedîler için kaleme aldığı Muḫtaṣar fi’l-eşkâli’l-misâḥiyye adlı küçük çalışmasında öncelikle hendesî şekillerin tanımını yapmış, daha sonra bu şekiller üzerinde mümkün olan sayısal işlemleri göstermiştir (Muhammed Süveysî, XXVIII/2 [1984], s. 491-520; Muhammed el-Arabî el-Hattâbî, sy. 256 [1986], s. 39-47).
Cemşîd b. Mes‘ûd el-Kâşî’nin Miftâḥu’l-ḥisâb adlı eserinin bir mukaddime ile dokuz bölümden (bab) oluşan mesâhaya dair dördüncü makalesi Osmanlı matematiği açısından önem taşımaktadır. Mukaddimede mesâhanın ve geometrik şekillerin tanımını veren Kâşî bölüm başlıklarında sırasıyla üç kenarlıların, dört kenarlıların, düzgün çok kenarlıların, daire ve daire kesitlerinin, diğer düzlemsel şekillerin, silindir ve küre gibi şekillerin ve koni kesitlerinin yüzeylerinin, cisimlerin, koni kesitlerinin ve kürenin, madenlerin özgül ağırlıklarının, bina vb. yapılarla bu yapılarda görülen tak, kubbe, mukarnas gibi mimari şekillerin çevre, alan ve hacimlerinin tesbiti konularını ayrıntılı biçimde işlemiş ve bu alanda İslâm matematiğinin ulaştığı bilgilerin tam bir dökümünü vermiştir (s. 193-391). Bu eser, ileri seviyede ders kitabı olarak okutulduğundan hem medreselerde yetişen öğrenciler üzerinde hem dokuzuncu babda mimari yapı ve inşa konularında ihtiva ettiği bilgiler sebebiyle başta Osmanlı coğrafyası olmak üzere İslâm mimarisi üzerinde önemli etkilere sahiptir. Dördüncü makale, öneminden dolayı Mühendishâne-i Bahrî-i Hümâyun hocalarından İbrâhim Kâmî tarafından Türkçe’ye çevrilmiş ve şerhedilmiştir (TSMK, Hazine, nr. 606, mütercim nüshası).
2. Osmanlı dönemi. Osmanlı matematikçileri İslâm âlimlerinin mesâha alanındaki birikimini tevarüs etmiş (bk. HENDESE), bu mirası işleyerek nazarî ve amelî katkılarda bulunmuştur. XVIII. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren modern mesâha anlayış ve teknikleri Batı Avrupa kaynaklarından aktarılmaya başlanmış, bunun sonucunda klasik İslâm ve Osmanlı mesâha anlayış, kavram ve teknikleri bütünüyle terkedilmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti’nin ilk dönemlerinde kurulan medreselerde Dâvûd-i Kayserî gibi Osmanlı âlimleriyle başlayan eğitim, öğretim ve telif hareketi Anadolu Selçukluları devrinin oluşturduğu birikim üzerinde inşa edilmiş ve gelişmiştir. Mehmed Şah Fenârî, Ünmûẕecü’l-ʿulûm ṭıbâḳan li’l-mefhûm adlı ilimlerin tasnifine dair eserinde, Taşköprizâde Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde’de mesâha hakkında tanım ve temel kavramlar seviyesinde kısa bilgiler vermişlerdir. Benzer bilgiler Sadreddinzâde Şirvânî’nin el-Ḳavâʿidü’l-ḥâḳāniyye li-Aḥmedi’l-ḫâniyye’sinde de mevcuttur (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hamidiye, nr. 774, vr. 109b -111a ). Ali Kuşçu, Risâle der ʿİlm-i Ḥisâb’ın üçüncü makalesiyle er-Risâletü’l-Muḥammediyye fi’l-ḥisâb’ın bir mukaddime ve üç makaleye ayırdığı ikinci bölümünde mesâhayı incelemiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 2733/2, vr. 154b -168b ). Geometrik şekillerin ve mesâhaya ilişkin temel kavramların tanımları yanında yüzeylerin alanları ve cisimlerin hacimlerini ele alan Ali Kuşçu, ayrıca şekil ve cisimlerin alan ve hacim formüllerinin yanında bazı temel trigonometrik fonksiyonlarla ilgili formülleri de vermiştir. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed döneminde telif edilen ve kendisine sunulan müellifi meçhul el-İḳnâʿ fî ʿilmi’l-misâḥa adlı kitap mesâha alanında Osmanlılar’da telif edilen önemli çalışmalardan biridir. Üç kısımdan oluşan eserin birinci kısmında yüzeylerin, ikinci kısmında cisimlerin mesâhası, üçüncü kısmında mesâha konusunda nâdir problemler ele alınmaktadır. Eserin en önemli özelliklerinden biri de π sayısı incelenirken konuyla ilgili olarak Archimedes’e atıf yapılması ve doğru çizginin eğri çizgiye oranlanıp oranlanamayacağının tartışılmasıdır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 715). Mesâha alanında ilk müstakil Türkçe eser Edirneli şair Emrî Çelebi tarafından 968’de (1560-61) Mecmau’l-garâib fi’l-misâha adıyla kaleme alınmıştır (Berlin Staatsbibliothek, Ms., Or., Oct. nr. 3014). Büyük oranda Türkçe yazılan muhasebe matematik kitaplarında mesâha konusu da ele alınırdı. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman döneminde yaşayan divan muhasiplerinden Yûsuf b. Kemal Bursevî’nin Câmiu’l-hisâb adlı eseri bunlardan biridir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lala İsmâil, nr. 288, vr. 71b -82a ). Ali b. Velî de Tuhfetü’l-a‘dâd li-zevi’r-rüşd ve’s-sedâd isimli Türkçe eserinin dördüncü makalesinde mesâha konusunu dört fasılda geniş bir şekilde incelemiştir (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, Kavala, Riyâza, Türkî, nr. 1, vr. 181a -207b , müellif nüshası).
XVII-XIX. yüzyıllar arasında İslâm dünyasında matematik sahasında temel ders kitabı olan Bahâeddin Âmilî’nin Risâle-i Bahâʾiyye (Ḫulâṣatü’l-ḥisâb) adlı eserinin bir mukaddime ve üç fasıldan meydana gelen altıncı babı (s. 84-106) mesâhaya ayrılmıştır. Ḫulâṣatü’l-ḥisâb’ın yedinci babı da geometriyle ilgilidir. Bu babda kanal yapımı için yer ölçümü, yüksekliklerin ölçümü, nehirlerin genişliği ve kuyularının derinliğinin ölçülmesi, ayrıca ölçüm işlerinde kullanılan ölçüm aletleri ve teknikleri incelenir. Eserin şerhlerinde altıncı ve yedinci bablar bütün ayrıntıları ile ele alındığı gibi Muhammed b. Muhammed Bursevî Mevlevî sadece bu iki babı Meʿâlimü’s-simâḥa fî ṣâḥati’l-misâḥa adıyla şerhetmiş (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hafîd Efendi, nr. 467/6), Mehmed Selim Hoca da mesâha bölümüne şerh yazmıştır (TSMK, Revan Köşkü, nr. 1721/2, vr. 30b -40a ). Kuyucaklızâde Mehmed Âtıf Efendi, eserin tamamını Nihâyetü’l-elbâb fî tercemeti Hulâsati’l-hisâb adıyla Türkçe’ye çevirmiş ve şerhetmiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hacı Mahmud Efendi, nr. 5721).
XVIII. yüzyıldan itibaren başlayan Batılılaşma hareketleri sırasında Avrupa’da gelişen mesâha alanındaki kavram ve teknikler Osmanlı kültürünü de etkilemiştir. Eğinli Nûman Efendi, Tebyînü a‘mâli’l-misâha adlı Türkçe eserinde Batı Avrupa kaynaklı bilgiler kullanmış ve bunların önemine vurgu yapmıştır (Kandilli Rasathânesi Ktp., nr. 86, müellif nüshası). Bu dönemde Avrupa’da geliştirilen geometri bilgilerinden istifade eden diğer bir matematikçi de Müftîzâde-i Yenişehrî olarak tanınan Hendesehâne hocası Mehmed Said Efendi’dir. Onun Risâletü’l-misâha’sı mesafelerin ölçümü için Avrupalı bir mühendisin icat ettiği aletin geometrik çizimi, izahı ve kullanımından bahseder (TSMK, Hazine, nr. 1753/4, müellif nüshası). Diğer bir eseri de uzaklıkların ölçümü için tasarlanan sinüs aletinin yapımı ve geometrik kullanımını anlatan Risâle-i Sinüs li-misâhati’l-bu‘d’dur (TSMK, Hazine, nr. 609/1, müellif nüshası). Bir çalışma da Osman b. Abdülmennân Mühtedî’nin 1770-1774 yılları arasında hazırladığı, topçuluk ve balistiğe dair konuları da içine alan geometriyle ilgili Hediyyetü’l-Mühtedî adlı Türkçe eserdir. Büyük oranda Almanca ve Fransızca kaynaklardan hareketle meydana getirilmiş tercüme-telif niteliğinde bir çalışma olan kitabın en önemli özelliği bu konuda Avrupa dillerinden yapılan ilk tercümelerden biri olmasıdır (Askerî Müze Ktp., nr. 3027, müellif nüshası). Eser son dönemlere kadar yaygın biçimde kullanılmış, Abdülfettâh b. Muhammed b. Abdurrahman el-Bennâ ed-Dimyâtî tarafından Hidâyetü’l-Mühtedî li-îḳādi’s-sirâci’l-münṭafî adıyla Arapça olarak 1311’de (1893-94) telhis edilmiştir (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, Riyâza, nr. 628, müellif nüshası).
XIX. yüzyılın başında mesâha alanında eser veren en önemli ilim adamı Mühendishâne-i Berrî-i Hümâyun’un başhocası Hüseyin Rıfkı Tamânî’dir. Tamânî, mesâhayı da ilgilendiren İmtihânü’l-mühendisîn, Mecmûatü’l-mühendisîn ve Telhîsü’l-eşkâl adlı Türkçe eserlerinde bir yandan sistematik olarak modern Batı Avrupa’da gelişen hendese-mesâhaya dair bilgiler verirken bir yandan da yeni yetişen mühendislere el kitabı hazırlamıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Lisânü’l-ʿArab, “msḥ” md.; Herodotos, Tarih (trc. Müntekim Ökmen), İstanbul 1973, s. 139 (II/109); İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist, tür.yer.; Ebü’l-Vefâ el-Bûzcânî, el-Menâzilü’s-sebʿ (nşr. Ahmed Selîm Saîdân, Târîḫu ʿilmi’l-ḥisâbi’l-ʿArabî içinde), Amman 1971, I, 202-276; İsmâil b. İbrâhim el-Mardînî, et-Tüffâḥa fî ʿameli’l-misâḥa (Mecmûʿu’l-mütûni’l-kebîr içinde), Kahire 1958, s. 623-624; Kemâleddin el-Fârisî, Esâsü’l-ḳavâʿid fî uṣûli’l-fevâʾid (nşr. Mustafa Mevâlidî), Kahire 1994, s. 309-459; İbnü’l-Ekfânî, İrşâdü’l-ḳāṣıd (nşr. Mahmûd Fâhûrî v.dğr.), Beyrut 1998, s. 77; İbn Haldûn, Muḳaddime, III, 1133; Kâşî, Miftâḥu’l-ḥisâb (nşr. Nâdir en-Nablusî), Dımaşk 1397/1977, s. 193-391; Kadızâde-i Rûmî, Şerḥu Eşkâli’t-teʾsîs (nşr. Muhammed Süveysî), Tunus 1405/1984, s. 35; Taşköprizâde, Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde, I, 347-348, 352-356; Âdil Enbûbâ, İḥyâʾü’l-cebr, Beyrut 1955, s. 17; O. Neugebauer, The Exact Sciences in Antiquity, New York 1970, s. 47; M. Götz, Türkische Handschriften, Wiesbaden 1979, XIII/4, s. 335; Th. Heath, A History of Greek Mathematics, Oxford 1981, I, 178; Aydın Sayılı, Mısırlılarda ve Mezopotamyalılarda Matematik, Astronomi ve Tıp, Ankara 1982, s. 55-56, 63; C. B. Boyer, A History of Mathematics, New Jersey 1985, s. 41; Gülru Necipoğlu, The Topkapı Scroll: Geometry and Ornament in Islamic Architecture, Santa Monica 1995; a.mlf., “Plans and Models in Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Ottoman Architectural Practice”, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, XLV, Illinois 1986, s. 224-243; Muhammed Süveysî, “el-Eşkâlü’l-misâḥiyye li-Ebi’l-ʿAbbâs Aḥmed b. el-Bennâʾ el-Merrâküşî”, MMMA (Küveyt), XXVIII/2 (1984), s. 491-520; Muhammed el-Arabî el-Hattâbî, “Risâletân fî ʿilmi’l-misâḥa li’bni’r-Raḳḳām ve’bni’l-Bennâʾ”, Daʿvetü’l-ḥaḳ, sy. 256, Rabat 1986, s. 39-47; Alpay Özdural, “Mathematics and Arts: Connections Between Theory and Practice in the Medieval Islamic World”, Historia Mathematica, XXVII, California 2000, s. 171-201; İhsan Fazlıoğlu, “İrşâdu’t-Tullâb ilâ ‘İlmi’l-Hisâb [Hesap Biliminde Öğrencilere Kılavuz]”, Dîvân: İlmî Araştırmalar, VII/13, İstanbul 2002, s. 315-340; H. Suter, “Hendese”, İA, V/1, s. 426-428; C. Schirmer, “Mesâha”, a.e., VII, 788-792; C. E. Bosworth – J. Burton-Page – P. A. Andrews, “Misāḥa”, EI2 (İng.), VII, 137-140.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 261-264 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.