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MESBÛK Skip to content Cemaatle kılınan namazın birinci rek‘atını kaçıran kimse anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “başkalarını geride bırakmak, geçmek” anlamındaki sebk masdarından ism-i mef‘ûl olan mesbûk kelimesi “geçilen, geride kalan kimse” demektir. Fıkıh terminolojisinde mesbûk ilk rek‘atı kaçırdıktan sonra imama uyan kimseyi ifade eder; Şâfiî ve Hanbelî mezheplerinde ise nisbeten farklı içerikte kullanılan bir terimdir (aş.bk.). Birinci rek‘ata yetişip rek‘atların tamamını imamla birlikte kılana müdrik, cemaatle namaz sırasında bir mazeretten dolayı ayrılıp tekrar döndüğünde bir rüknü kaçırana da lâhiḳ denilir. Cemaatle namazda imama uyanların (muktedî) çeşitli durumlarını ifade eden bu terimler fıkıh terminolojisinin geliştiği sonraki dönemlerde ortaya çıkmış olup bunların Kur’an ve hadislerde -sözlük anlamları dışında- yukarıda belirtilen kavramsal çerçevede kullanımlarına rastlanmaz. Mesbûkla ilgili dinî hükümler Hz. Peygamber’in açıklamalarına ve uygulamalarına dayanmaktadır.
İftitah tekbirini imamla beraber almak daha faziletli olmakla birlikte (Tirmizî, “Ṣalât”, 64) Resûl-i Ekrem, huşûa engel olacağı için namaza yetişmek amacıyla koşmamayı tavsiye etmiştir (Buhârî, “Eẕân”, 20, 21). Ayrıca cemaatle kılmanın fazileti dolayısıyla namazın hangi kısmında olursa olsun imama uymaya teşvikte bulunmuş (Tirmizî, “Ṣalât”, 414), cemaatle namazın bir rek‘atına erişen kimsenin o namaza yetişmiş sayılacağını belirtmiştir (Buhârî, “Mevâḳītü’ṣ-ṣalât”, 28, 29; Müslim, “Mesâcid”, 161, 165). Bu hadisler ve Hz. Peygamber’in uygulaması ışığında ulaşılan fıkhî sonuçlara göre imama rükûda iken yetişen kimse iftitah tekbirini kıyam vaziyetinde alır, sonra rükûa gider. Bazı âlimler bu kimsenin iftitah ve rükû için ayrı ayrı tekbir getireceği, Hanefîler ve Mâlikîler ise başlangıç tekbirinin yeterli olacağı, isterse rükû için de ayrıca tekbir alabileceği kanaatindedir. İmama uyan kimse iftitah tekbirini rükûa vardıktan sonra söylerse namaza başlamış olmaz. İmam rükûdan başını kaldırmadan yetişip onunla birlikte rükû yapan kişi o rek‘ata erişmiş sayılır ve onu kazâ etmesi gerekmez. Ancak Şâfiîler’e göre imamla birlikte rükûda duruş süresi bu rek‘ata yetişmiş sayılma açısından özel bir önem taşır. Yine Şâfiî mezhebinde Fâtiha sûresinin okunması hem imam hem cemaat için farz kabul edildiğinden imama rükûa varmadan yetişen kimsenin Fâtiha’dan bir miktar okuması gerekir.
“Yetiştiğinizi kılınız, yetişemediğinizi kazâ ediniz” meâlindeki hadisi (Buhârî, “Eẕân”, 20, 21; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṣalât”, 55) esas alan bütün mezhepler, ilk rek‘ata yetişemeyen kimsenin kaçırdığı rek‘atları imam selâm verdikten sonra kalkıp tamamlaması gerektiği noktasında birleşmekle birlikte bu kısmın kazâ mı yoksa binâ mı (edâ) olduğu hususunda ve diğer bazı ayrıntılarda görüş ayrılıkları bulunmaktadır.
Hanefîler’e göre mesbûk, namazın kaçırdığı kısmını kural olarak tek başına namaza duran kimse (münferit) gibi tamamlar. Dolayısıyla imama yetiştiği rek‘atta kıraat açıktan ise Sübhâneke duasını okumamış olacağından bunu da selâmdan sonra tek başına kazâ etmeye başladığı ilk rek‘atta okur ve eûzü besmele çekerek kıraate başlar.
Mesbûkun yetiştiği kısım, Hz. Ali’nin uygulamasını esas alan Ebû Hanîfe ve Ebû Yûsuf’a göre hükmen namazın sonu, Abdullah b. Mes‘ûd’unkini esas alan İmam Muhammed’e göre ise kıraat bakımından namazın başı, teşehhüd bakımından sonu kabul edilir. Esastaki bu ihtilâfın neticesi olarak meselâ akşam namazının son rek‘atına yetişen kimse, Ebû Hanîfe ve Ebû Yûsuf’a göre imam selâm verdikten sonra diğer ikisini kazâ etmek üzere ayağa kalkar, aralarında oturmaksızın her birinde Fâtiha ve sûre okuyarak iki rek‘atı tamamlar. İmam Muhammed’e göre ise kalkıp Fâtiha ve sûre okumak suretiyle bir rek‘at kılarak oturur, Tahiyyat’ın ardından kalkıp Fâtiha ve sûre okuyarak bir rek‘at daha kılar ve son ka‘de ile namazını bitirir. Yine Ebû Hanîfe ve Ebû Yûsuf’a göre dört rek‘atlı bir namazın dördüncü rek‘atında imama uyan kimse selâmın arkasından kalktığında her birinde Fâtiha ve sûre okuyarak aralarında oturmadan iki rek‘at daha kılıp oturur; Tahiyyat’tan sonra kalkıp sadece Fâtiha okuyarak bir rek‘at daha kılar ve son ka‘de ile namazını bitirir. İmam Muhammed’e göre ise imamın selâmının ardından kıyama kalktığında Fâtiha ve sûre okuyup kıldığı rek‘attan sonra vâcip olan ilk ka‘deyi yapar, Tahiyyat okur, ardından kıyama durur, Fâtiha ve sûre okuyup rek‘atı tamamlar; Tahiyyat için oturmadan ayağa kalkar, sadece Fâtiha okuyarak bir rek‘at daha kılar ve son ka‘deyi tamamlayıp selâm verir. Hanefî uygulamasında İmam Muhammed’in görüşünün esas alındığı anlaşılmaktadır (Serahsî, I, 189-190; Nûh b. Mustafa, Risâle fî ḥaḳḳı’l-mesbûḳ, s. 274-276; İbn Âbidîn, I, 596-597).
Normal durumlarda mesbûk yetişemediği rek‘atları kazâ etmek için imamın selâmını bekler, daha önce kalkması tahrîmen mekruhtur. İmam, ister mesbûkun kendisine uymasından öncesine ister sonrasına ait bir hata sebebiyle sehiv secdesine gidecek olursa mesbûkun da bu secdeyi yapması gerekir. Bundan dolayı mesbûk, selâm verilince hemen kıyama kalkmayıp sehiv secdesi yapılmayacağını anlayacak kadar bir süre bekler. Bu esnada “Allāhümme salli” ve “Allāhümme bârik” ile diğer duaları okumaz; bir görüşe göre kelime-i şehâdeti tekrarlar, sahih kabul edilen diğer bir görüşe göre ise Tahiyyat’ı yavaş yavaş okuyarak imamın selâmını bekler. Unutarak imamla birlikte selâm verirse kalkıp namazını tamamlar ve bunun için sehiv secdesi yapması gerekmez; fakat imamla birlikte selâm vermesi gerektiğini düşünüp selâm verirse bu kasıtlı selâm olduğu için namazı bozulur. Mazereti olan, meselâ imamın selâm vermesini beklemesi halinde namazını tamamlamadan güneşin doğması gibi bir durumdan endişe eden mesbûk ise teşehhüd miktarı oturduktan sonra kalkar. Ancak -imam namazını tamamlamadan mesbûk yalnız başına namaz kılamayacağından- imam henüz teşehhüd miktarı oturmamışken kalkar ve yetişemediği bir rek‘atı tamamlayarak imamla birlikte selâm verirse namazı sahih olmaz. Eğer ayağa kalkmasının ardından imam sehiv secdesine giderse geri döner, dönmezse namazının sonunda sehiv secdesini yerine getirir. Mesbûk, namazın kaçırdığı kısmını kazâ ederken kural olarak tek başına namaz kılan kimse konumunda olduğundan bu sırada sehiv secdesi gerektiren bir hatası olursa onun için de sehiv secdesi yapar. Fakat bazı durumlarda mesbûk imama uyan kişi gibi telakki edilmiştir. Meselâ tek başına kıldığı kısımda başkalarının ona uyması câiz değildir; yine Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre münferit, kurban bayramında farz namazların ardından teşrîk tekbiri okumazsa da mesbûkun imamla birlikte bu tekbiri getirip sonra ayağa kalkması gerekir.
Şâfiî mezhebine göre mesbûk terimi, -ilk rek‘atta bile olsa- başlangıç tekbiriyle imamın rükûu arasında Fâtiha’yı okuyacak kadar bir zaman bulamayan kişiyi ifade eder. Herhangi bir rek‘atta iftitah tekbiriyle imamın rükûu arasında Fâtiha’yı okuyacak kadar bir süreye yetişen kimseye ise “muvâfık” denir. Mesbûk imama rükûa gitmesinden az önce uyarsa hemen Fâtiha’ya başlar, imam rükûa gidince o da Fâtiha’yı bitirmeden rükûa gider. Eğer imam rükûda iken ona uyarsa iftitah ve rükû tekbiri alarak rükûa gider ve Fâtiha okumaz. Her iki durumda imamın okuduğu Fâtiha onun için de geçerli olur. İftitah tekbirinin ardından ayrıca rükû tekbirini almadan rükûa giderse namazı yine sahihtir, ancak sünneti terketmiş olur. Birinci rek‘atı kaçıranın yetiştiği rek‘at kendisi için ilk rek‘at sayıldığından tamamladığı kısım binâ niteliğindedir. Buna göre meselâ sabah namazının ikinci rek‘atında imama yetişirse imamla beraber Kunut duasını okuduğu gibi ayrıca kendisinin ikinci rek‘atında Kunut’u tekrar eder.
Mâlikîler’e göre mesbûk, imamla birlikte kılamadığı rek‘atları tamamlamak üzere ayağa kalktığında kıraati kazâ, fiilleri ise binâ eder. Dolayısıyla kaçırdığı rek‘atlar kıraat açısından onun için ilk rek‘atlardır, imamla birlikte kıldıkları ise son rek‘atlardır. Bu bakımdan yetişemediği rek‘atları kıraatin açıktan veya gizli oluşunu göz önünde bulundurarak kazâ eder; imamın açıktan okuması gereken rek‘atlarda açıktan, gizli okuması gereken rek‘atlarda gizli okur. Fiilleri binâ etmesi, kıraat dışında kalan Kunut vb. fiiller açısından imamla birlikte kıldığı rek‘atları namazın başı, kaçırdıklarını da sonu sayarak namazını tek başına kılıyormuş gibi tamamlaması anlamına gelir. Meselâ mesbûk yatsı namazının son rek‘atına yetişse imam selâm verince kalkar, Fâtiha ve sûreyi açıktan okuyarak bir rek‘at kılar, teşehhüd için oturur, üçüncü rek‘ata kalkar, yine Fâtiha ve sûreyi açıktan okuyup bir rek‘at daha kılar. Ardından dördüncü rek‘ata kalkar, gizlice Fâtiha’yı okur. Namazın kalan rükünlerini tamamlayarak selâm verir. Sabah namazının ikinci rek‘atında imama uyan mesbûk Kunut duasını birinci rek‘atı kazâ ederken de okur. Son rek‘atın rükûundan sonra imama yetişen kimse mesbûk hükmünde değildir, cemaatle namazı kaçırmış sayıldığından kalkıp münferit olarak namazını kılar.
Hanbelîler’e göre mesbûk Hanefî ve Mâlikîler’deki lâhiḳ terimini de kapsar. Yani imama birinci rek‘attan sonra uyan kişiye mesbûk dendiği gibi imamla birlikte namaza başlayıp sonra bir kısmını kaçıran kişiye de mesbûk denilir. Mesbûkun imama yetiştiği rek‘atlar namazının son kısmı kabul edildiğinden namaza başladığında eûzü besmele çekmez, kazâ etmeye başladığında çeker. İmamla birlikte kılamadığı rek‘atı o rek‘atın normal vaktinde kılındığı zamanki şekliyle kazâ eder; yani normalde o rek‘atta Fâtiha’dan sonra sûre okumak gerekiyorsa kazâsında da okur, gerekmiyorsa okumaz; kazâ ettiği rek‘at kıraatin açıktan olduğu bir rek‘atsa isterse açıktan isterse gizli okur. Mesbûk, kazâ edeceği rek‘ata imam sağ tarafına selâm verip diğer tarafına vermeden önce kalkar. Bir kimse imam ilk selâmı vermeden önce iftitah tekbirini alırsa cemaate yetişmiş sayılır.
Cuma ve bayram namazlarının bir kısmını kaçıranlar için bazı farklı hükümler bulunmaktadır. Hanefî mezhebine göre imam selâm vermeden önce cuma namazına yetişen kimse cemaate yetişmiş olur; imamın selâmının ardından kendisi namazını tamamlar. İmam Muhammed, Mâlik ve Şâfiî’ye göre ise cumaya yetişmiş sayılabilmek için en az bir rek‘atı imamla birlikte kılmak gerekir. Bu sebeple imam ikinci rek‘atın rükûundan doğrulduktan sonra ona uyan kimse namazını öğle namazı olarak dörde tamamlar. Bayram namazının ilk rek‘atında zâit tekbirlerin ardından imama uyan kimse iftitah tekbirini aldıktan sonra Sübhâneke duasını okumaz, hemen zâit tekbirlere geçer. Eğer imam rükûda iken yetişmişse bu takdirde ayakta tekbir alıp imama uyar, hemen rükûa gider ve rükû tesbihlerinin yerine zâit tekbirleri ellerini kaldırmaksızın orada getirir. Yetiştiremezse zâit tekbirler ondan düşmüş olur. İmama ikinci rek‘atta yetişen kimse, imam selâm verince kılamadığı birinci rek‘atı kazâ etmek için kalktığında zâit tekbirleri kıraatten sonraya bırakır.
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