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MESCİD-i AKSÂ Skip to content Müslümanların Kudüs’te bulunan ilk kıblesi, en kutsal sayılan üç mescidden biri.
Asıl adı Ârâmîce Beth makdeşa, İbrânîce Beth ha-Mikdaş ve Arapça Beytülmakdis olup “mukaddes ev” demektir; ilk kuruluşundan beri taşıdığı bu ad sonradan şehrin tamamını kapsamına almıştır (İA , VI, 953). Şehir için müslümanların benimsediği Kudüs adı da aynı kökten gelmekte ve aslında şehri değil mâbedi ifade etmektedir. Minhâcî mâbedin on yedi kadar adı olduğunu söyler (İtḥâfü’l-aḫiṣṣâ , I, 93 vd.).
İslâm âlimleri, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de el-Mescidü’l-aksâ adıyla anılan ve çevresinin mübarek kılındığı belirtilen yerin (el-İsrâ 17/1) Beytülmakdis olduğu konusunda ittifak halindedir (Nevevî, III, 327). Arapça aksâ “uzak” anlamındadır ve mâbedin Mekke ’ye uzaklığından dolayı bu ad verilmiştir (Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , XV, 5 vd.). Mûsevîliğe göre mâbed dünya yaratılmadan önce de vardı ve gökte idi. Rab dünyayı onun gölgesinin düştüğü yerden yaratmaya başlamış, ardından o noktada Hz. Âdem ’i yaratmıştır (DİA , XVI, 127; XXVI, 326). Bir hadise göre ise burası, Mescid-i Harâm ’dan sonra içinde insanların Allah’a ibadet etmeleri amacıyla yapılan en eski ikinci mâbeddir (Buhârî, “Enbiyâʾ”, 10, 40; Müslim, “Mesâcid”, 1, 2). Bugün Kâbe ’ye çevresiyle birlikte Mescid-i Harâm denildiği gibi Mescid-i Aksâ’ya da çevresiyle birlikte Harem-i şerif denilmekte ve bununla eski Kudüs ’teki kuzeyi 321, güneyi 283, doğusu 474 ve batısı 490 m. uzunlukta olan ve yer yer 30-40 m. yüksekliğe ulaşan surlarla çevrili bulunan, içinde Kubbetü’s-sahre’nin de yer aldığı kutsal mekân kastedilmektedir.
Mescid-i Aksâ’nın yerinin tesbiti ve planlanması Hz. Dâvûd ile başlar. Ancak Allah mâbedin Hz. Süleyman tarafından yapılacağını bildirir (II. Samuel, 7/1-13; I. Tarihler, 17/1-2). Bunun üzerine Dâvûd, oğlu Süleyman’a durumu anlatıp mâbedi inşa etmesini emreder ve mâbed yapımıyla ilgili bütün malzemeleri ve elemanları ona teslim eder (I. Tarihler, 22/1-16). Mâbed için gerekli taş ve kereste Lübnan dağlarından karşılanmış, Sûr Kralı Hiram bunları Hz. Süleyman’ın yolladığı işçilere ve kendi adamlarına inşaatta kullanılacak şekilde hazırlatıp Kudüs’e göndermiştir. Çünkü mâbedin yapımı sırasında ne keser ne çekiç sesinin duyulduğu belirtilmektedir (I. Krallar, 5/13-18; 6/7).
İlk mâbedin yeri konusunda farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Bazılarına göre günümüzde Kubbetü’s-sahre ’nin bulunduğu Harem’in en yüksek kısmı, onun Kudsü’l-akdes denilen en iç mekânına veya sunağının (mezbah) bulunduğu kısmına tekabül etmektedir. Ahd-i Atîk ’e göre inşaat İsrâiloğulları ’nın Mısır’dan çıkışının 480. ve Hz. Süleyman’ın hükümdarlığının dördüncü yılında, yahudi takviminin ikinci ayı olan “ziv” ayında (nisan-mayıs) başlamış ve yedi yıl kadar sürmüştür. Ahd-i Atîk mâbedin uzunluğunun 60, genişliğinin 20 ve yüksekliğinin 30 arşın (1 yahudi arşını = 45 cm.) olduğunu bildirmektedir. Girişte 20 arşın eninde, 10 arşın uzunluğunda bir yer ve iki yanında Sûr Kralı Hiram tarafından döktürülmüş iki tunç sütun yer almaktaydı. Ortada 20 × 40 zirâ boyutlarındaki kutsal ana bölüm (kuds) yer alıyordu; sunak da bu bölümdeydi. Mâbedin en ön kısmında Tevrat levhalarının muhafaza edildiği ahid sandığı için 20 × 20 arşın boyutlarında bir iç oda (Kudsü’l-akdes) yapılmış ve duvarları sfenks (kerub) kabartmalarıyla süslü altın kaplama ahşapla örtülmüştür. Mâbedin diğer iç duvarları da kabartmalarla donatılmıştı. Ana girişte yine kabartmalı altın levhalarla kaplı 2,25 m. eninde çift kanatlı kapı bulunuyordu. Hem mâbedin hem de iç odanın etrafı üç katlı yan odalarla çevrilmişti. Otuzar odanın bulunduğu üst katlara burma merdivenlerle çıkılıyordu. Odaların kullanım şekilleri, birbirlerine geçişleri ve mimari amaçları açısından cevaplanması gereken birçok soru bulunmaktadır. Genel kabulün aksine bazı bilim adamları bu odaların Hz. Süleyman’dan sonra yapıya eklendiği görüşündedir. Mâbedin iç kısmı yan odaların üstündeki kafesli pencerelerden ışık alıyordu. Kudsü’l-akdes ise on altın şamdanla aydınlatılıyordu; mâbeddeki diğer madenî eşyanın da tamamı altındandı. Mâbedin sağına güneydoğuya doğru tunçtan büyük bir havuz yapılmıştı. 10 arşın çapında ve 5 arşın yüksekliğinde olan havuz üçer üçer dört yöne bakan on iki boğa heykelinin üzerine oturmaktaydı. Ayrıca mâbed görevlilerinin ve ziyaretçilerin abdest alması için tunçtan dökme on araba üzerine yerleştirilen ve her biri 1,5 ton kadar su alabilen on kazan yapılmıştı (I. Krallar, 6/1-37). Kur’an’da Hz. Süleyman’ın emrinde çalışan cinlerin mihraplar, heykeller, havuzlar kadar geniş leğenler ve sabit kazanlardan ne dilerse yaptıkları bildirilir (Sebe’ 34/13). Bu mihraplar mescidin bölümleriyle yorumlanmıştır (Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , XXII, 70, 75). Ahd-i Atîk’in verdiği bilgiye göre mâbed büyük bir törenle açılmış, bu sırada görülen bazı olağan üstü haller karşısında İsrâiloğulları taş zemin üzerinde secdeye kapanmışlardır. Yine kitapta Hz. Süleyman’ın 22.000 öküz, 120.000 koyun kurban ettiği ve bir hafta süreyle bayram yapıldığı rivayet edilmektedir (II. Tarihler, 7/1-10). Varlığı belgelere dayanan bu ilk mâbedden günümüze belki sonraları tekrar kullanılan bazı taşları dışında fazla bir şey kalmamıştır. Ahd-i Atîk’in tasvirlerinden yapının Ortadoğu ve antik Yunanistan’da gelişen mâbedlerden etkilendiği anlaşılmakta, özellikle Teynet (Tell Tainat) kazılarında ortaya çıkarılan ve milâttan önce IX-VIII. yüzyıllara tarihlenen bir mâbed planının Süleyman Mâbedi için yapılan tanımlamalara çok benzediği görülmektedir.
Çok değerli eşya ile dolu olan Beytülmakdis, Hz. Süleyman’dan sonra zaman zaman istilâcıların yağmalama ve yıkımlarına mâruz kalmıştır (bk. KUDÜS ). En büyük yıkım Bâbil Hükümdarı II. Buhtunnasr ’ın (Nebukadnezzar) Kudüs’ü üçüncü işgali sırasında olmuş (m.ö. 586), şehri tamamen tahrip eden Buhtunnasr yıkılan mâbedin kapı ve duvarlarından söktüğü altın kabartmalarla diğer kıymetli eşyayı şehirden topladığı ganimetlerle ve halkın büyük bir kısmıyla beraber Bâbil’e götürmüştür. Bu şekilde başlayan Bâbil esaretinin Bâbil’in Persler tarafından zaptı ile (m.ö. 539) sona ermesinin ardından Kudüs’e dönen yahudi ileri gelenlerinden Zerubbabel ve arkadaşları mâbedi yeniden inşa etmiş (m.ö. 515) ve bu inşaat yirmi beş yıl kadar sürmüştür. Daha sonra Kudüs birkaç defa daha istilâya uğramış ve bunlardan Selefki Kralı Antiochos (Antiokhos) IV. Epiphanes’in işgali sırasında (m.ö. 168) mâbede Grek tanrı heykellerinin konulması üzerine Makkabi isyanları başlamıştır; dört yıl sonra istilâcıları kovan Makkabiler mâbedi bunlardan temizlemişlerdir. Ancak milâttan önce 63’te Pompeus’un, ardından Crassus’un emrindeki Roma ordularının işgal ve yağmalarına uğramıştır. Kısa bir süre Partlar’ın hâkimiyetine giren Kudüs, milâttan önce 37’de Romalılar’ın Yahudiye kralı ilân ettikleri I. Herod (Büyük Herod) tarafından yine onların yardımıyla ele geçirilince mâbed genişletilerek yeniden yapılmıştır. Bu inşaat Hz. Îsâ ’nın doğumundan yirmi yıl kadar önce başlamış ve onun zamanında da sürmüştür. Günümüzde yahudilerin ilk Süleyman Mâbedi’nin bir bölümü olduğu düşüncesiyle önünde dua ettikleri ağlama duvarı bu mâbedin çevre duvarının batıya düşen kısmının kalıntısıdır. Kur’an’da bahsi geçen, Hz. Zekeriyyâ ’nın ve Meryem ’in ibadete çekildikleri odalar da (Âl-i İmrân 3/37, 39; Meryem 19/11) bu binada olmalıdır. Ahd-i Cedîd ’de verilen bilgilerden Hz. Îsâ’nın yaşadığı dönemde yahudilerin mâbede gereken saygıyı göstermedikleri anlaşılmaktadır; çünkü Îsâ Kudüs’e geldiğinde mâbedin pazar yerine çevrilmiş olduğunu görmüş ve bunu engellemeye çalışarak insanlara, Ahd-i Atîk’te mâbedin yapılış amacının bütün milletler için dua evi olduğuna (İşaya, 56/7) ve geçmişte “haydut ini”ne çevrildiğine dair (Yeremya, 7/11) yer alan cümleleri hatırlatmıştır (Markos, 11/15-17). Yine Ahd-i Cedîd’de mevcut bilgilerden Hz. Îsâ’nın orada İncil ’i öğretmeye çalıştığı, fakat yahudi kâhin , yazıcı ve ihtiyarlarının buna karşı çıktıkları anlaşılmaktadır (Luka, 20/1-2). Milâttan sonra 70 yılında Titus kumandasındaki Roma ordusunun işgali sırasında hemen hemen tamamen yakılan Kudüs’le birlikte mâbed de yıkılmış, şehir Hadrien zamanında (117-138) yeniden imar edilirken Beytülmakdis’in yerine Jüpiter Capitolinus Tapınağı yapılmıştır. Kostantinos’un Hıristiyanlığı kabulünden sonra bu tapınağın yıkıldığı sanılmaktadır.
Hz. Peygamber’in mi‘rac yolculuğuna çıkmadan önce müslümanların kıble si olan Mescid-i Aksâ’ya getirildiği İsrâ sûresi nin ilk âyetinde açıkça belirtilmektedir. Hicret in ardından buranın kıble oluşu on altı – on yedi ay kadar sürmüştür. Bu durum İslâm’da Mescid-i Aksâ’ya verilen değeri göstermekte ve Kudüs’ün ele geçirilmesinden yıllar önce Resûl-i Ekrem’in söylediği, ibadet ve ziyaret maksadıyla gidilmesi gereken üç mescidden birinin Mescid-i Aksâ (diğerleri Mescid-i Harâm ve Mescid-i Nebevî ) olduğu (Buhârî, “Fażlü’ṣ-ṣalât fî mescidi Mekke ve’l-Medîne”, 1,6; Müslim, “Ḥac”, 511-513), bu mescidlerde kılınan namazın kişinin evinde tek başına eda edeceği namazdan elli bin kat daha çok faziletinin bulunduğu (İbn Mâce, “İḳāmetü’ṣ-ṣalât”, 198) yolundaki hadisleri bunu pekiştirmektedir. Hz. Ömer , Kudüs’ün anahtarını teslim aldığında kendisi de bizzat çalışarak Mescid-i Aksâ’nın (Süleyman Mâbedi) Hıristiyanlık döneminde molozlar altında kalmış olan yerini temizletip Sahre ’nin güneyindeki düzlükte cemaate namaz kıldırmış (Taberî, Târîḫ , II, 450), daha sonra da buraya bir mescid yaptırmıştır. İlk dönem İslâm kaynaklarında bu mescid hakkında fazla bilgi bulunmamakta, ancak 50 (670) yılı civarında burayı ziyaret eden bir hıristiyan hacının anlattıklarından müslümanların haremin doğu duvarına yakın bölümünde yer alan harabenin üzerini kalaslarla kapatarak 3000 kişinin namaz kılabileceği büyüklükte basit bir mescid yaptıkları öğrenilmektedir (Creswell, s. 10). Keppel A. Cameron Creswell, söz konusu harabenin Titus’un askerleri tarafından yıkılan mâbedin kalıntısı olduğu kanaatindedir. Ya‘kūbî’ye dayanan bir rivayette, Mescid-i Aksâ’nın ikinci defa Emevî Halifesi Abdülmelik b. Mervân tarafından Mısır’ın yedi yıllık haracı ile inşa edildiği belirtiliyorsa da 90-96 (709-714) yıllarında Mısır valiliği yapan Kurre b. Şerîk dönemine ait Grekçe divan kayıtlarından binayı yaptıranın I. Velîd olduğu anlaşılmaktadır (a.g.e. , s. 43). 130’da (747-48) vuku bulan deprem sırasında mescidde büyük hasar meydana gelmiş ve bina ancak Ebû Ca‘fer el-Mansûr zamanında (754-775) kapılarındaki altın ve gümüş kaplamalardan para bastırılarak tamir edilebilmiştir. 158’de de (775) yine deprem sebebiyle kısmen yıkılmış ve Mehdî-Billâh tarafından yenilenmiştir. Creswell o günden kalan bazı bölümlerin yardımıyla binanın planını çıkarmıştır. Buna göre Mescid-i Aksâ kıble duvarına dik uzanan ortadaki daha geniş on beş neften oluşuyor ve diğerlerine göre daha yüksek olan ve üst kısmında pencereler bulunan 11,8 m. genişliğindeki ana nefin ucunda çift cidarlı ahşap bir mihrap önü kubbesi, kuzey ucunda da ana giriş yer alıyordu. Kuzey duvarında, 6,5 m. enindeki diğer neflere de birer kapı açılmıştı; ayrıca yan duvarlarda da kapılar vardı. Binanın cephesi 102,8, derinliği 69,2 m. idi; yani 2/3 oranında enine geniş mescid planı burada da uygulanmıştı. Abbâsî dönemine ait ikinci önemli imar Halife Me’mûn zamanında (813-833) yapılmıştır.
425’te (1034) yine deprem yüzünden harap olan Mescid-i Aksâ, Halife Zâhir’in emriyle yeniden yapılırcasına onarılmış, sağ ve sol taraftan dörder nef kaldırılarak bina küçültülmüştür. Haçlı istilâsından sonraki Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî ’nin imarında bu onarım esas alınmıştır. Günümüzdeki binanın büyük bir bölümü de Zâhir döneminden kalmadır. Bu durum, özellikle son büyük onarımı gerçekleştiren Mimar Kemâleddin Bey ’in, kendisine 1925’te İngiliz Kraliyet Mimarlar Akademisi üyeliğini kazandıran ve 1922’de başlayan titiz çalışmaları sırasında ortaya çıkmıştır. Kemâleddin Bey, kuzey kubbe kemerinin kuzey kısmındaki sıvaları kaldırdığı zaman içinde Zâhir’in adı geçen uzun kûfî bir kitâbenin yer aldığı sarmal kenger yapraklarından oluşan cam mozaik bir tezyinatla karşılaşmış ve yaptığı inceleme sonunda kubbe kasnağının da bu dönemden kaldığını anlamıştır. Mescidin bütün kemerleri çift kirişlerle birbirine bağlanmış ve bu kirişler alttan kalem işi süslemeli tahta levhalarla kapatılarak gizlenmiştir. Orta nefin tavanı XX. yüzyıla kadar oyma tezyinatlı levhalarla süslenmişti; bunların farklı ölçüdeki ikisi (30 × 90 cm.; 60 × 110 cm.) Creswell tarafından yayımlanmıştır. Creswell, motiflerden hareketle levhaların Mehdî-Billâh zamanına ait olduğu ve Zâhir imarından sonra da kullanıldığını ileri sürer (A Short Account , s. 205-206, lv. 42). Orta nefin doğusu ile onun doğusundaki nefin 7,1 m. mesafesinde bulunan yuvarlak sütunlar dizisi ve kubbeyi taşıyan kemerler ve ana sahınla “T” planı oluşturan doğu ve batı uzantıları Zâhir dönemine aittir. Tavan yüksekliği 12,4 m. olan mescidin üstü önceleri 21 m. yüksekliğindeki kubbe dışında beşik çatılarla kapatılmışken sonradan bunlar düz dama dönüştürülmüştür.
Haçlı istilâsı sırasında büyük kısmı Templier şövalyelerine verilen Mescid-i Aksâ’da bazı değişiklikler yapılmıştır. “Mâbedliler” anlamına gelen adlarını Templum Salomonis dedikleri bu binadan alan Templier şövalyeleri kendilerine verilen kısımları ikametgâh ve erzak ambarı gibi bölümlere ayırmışlardır. Diğer kısımlar ise buraya Palatium Salomonis diyen Latin kralları tarafından saray olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu dönemde bir kısmı caminin içine, diğer kısmı bitişiğine rastlayacak şekilde bir kilise inşasına başlandıysa da tamamlanamamıştır. Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî Kudüs’ü geri aldığı zaman Mescid-i Aksâ’nın eski haline getirilmesi Kubbetü’s-sahre ’den daha fazla emek gerektirmiştir. Binanın güneybatısında bulunan Templier şövalyelerinin silâhhânesi tâdil edilerek kadınlar camisine çevrilmiştir. Halep ’te Nûreddin Zengî ’nin yaptırdığı minber getirilip yerine konulmuştur. 1217-1218 yıllarında Selâhaddin’in yeğeni Dımaşk Emîri el-Melikü’l-Muazzam tarafından kuzey cephedeki giriş revakı inşa ettirilmiştir. Creswell’in planında da görüldüğü gibi mescidin doğu duvarı buradaki depoların yıkılmasıyla girintili çıkıntılı bir şekil almışken 1938-1942 onarımında yıkılarak yerine düzgün bir duvar yapılmıştır. Günümüzde yaklaşık 80 × 55 m. boyutlarında düzgün bir dikdörtgen planı olan yapı mihraba dik yedi neflidir. Nefleri ayıran sivri kemerler akantus yapraklı başlıklara sahip sütunlara oturur. Kuzeye açılan sivri kemerlerde Haçlı seferleri sırasında bölgeye gelen gotik etkiler görülür. Mescid-i Aksâ’nın kuzeyinde yer alan şadırvan XIX. yüzyıla aittir. Mermer şadırvan 10 m. çapında daire planlı olup zemini dört basamak aşağıdadır. Altta ve üstte kaval silmelerle sınırlanan haznenin üzerindeki çeşme aynaları bezemesiz rozet şeklindedir. İçte yer alan küre biçimli fıskıye çanağı kırmızı renkli bir taş kaideye oturur. Üstü yakın zamanda demir parmaklıklarla donatılan şadırvanın yenilenmiş olan oturma yerleri arkalıklıdır.
Memlük ve Osmanlı dönemlerinde birçok defa tamir edilen Mescid-i Aksâ’nın Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman tarafından yapılan onarımıyla ilgili kitâbesi XIX. yüzyılın sonlarında kaybolmuştur. Yapının 1114’te (1702-1703) Mahmud Efendi tarafından tamir edildiğini belgeleyen kitâbe ise caminin batısında yer alan İslâm Müzesi’nde (Câmiu’l-megāribe) saklanmaktadır. II. Mahmud ’un 1233 (1817-18) tarihli onarımına ait dört kitâbeden ikisi günümüzde mevcuttur. II. Abdülhamid tarafından halıları ve kandilleri yenilenen yapıda İngiliz mandası döneminde 1922’den başlayarak gerçekleştirilen geniş kapsamlı onarım çalışmasını Mimar Kemâleddin Bey yönetmiştir. Harem dahilinde çeşitli zamanlarda yapılmış birçok kubbe, dört minare, beş sebil, çok sayıda kuyu ve sarnıç bulunmaktadır. Mescid-i Aksâ’nın altında girişi taş duvarla örülmüş bir bölüm vardır (yakın yıllarda bu duvarın İsrailli arkeologlarca açılması, yahudilerle Araplar arasında büyük olayların çıkmasına sebep olmuştur). Halk arasında Hz. Süleyman’ın at ahırları olarak bilinen bu bölüm hakkında daha çok XIX. yüzyılda buraya giren Batılı bazı müellifler tarafından yapılan Harem-i şerif çizimlerinde bilgi verilmiştir. Bu çizimlere göre söz konusu bölüm, yan duvarlardan gelen ve ortada kalın tek bir sütun üzerindeki palmet süslemeli başlıkta birleşen kemerlere oturtulmuş dört basık kubbeli salonla onun sol köşesinden merdivenle çıkılan ve kuzeye doğru dizilmiş bir sıra kalın sütunla birbirinden ayrılan tonozlu iki koridordan oluşmaktadır (İbrâhim el-Fennî – Tâhir en-Nemerî, s. 618-622).
21 Ağustos 1969 tarihinde fanatik bir yahudi tarafından çıkarılan yangında kısmen tahribat gören mescidde Nûreddin Mahmud Zengî’nin yaptırdığı nefis ahşap minber de yanmıştır. Yangından kurtarılmış olan minberin birkaç tahtası İslâm Müzesi’nde teşhir edilmektedir. Yapı sonraki yıllarda aslına uygun biçimde imar edilmişse de yahudilerle Araplar arasında halen süren çatışmalar sebebiyle zaman zaman yine saldırı ve tahriplere mâruz kalmaktadır. Mescid-i Aksâ diğer mescidlerde olduğu gibi medrese hizmeti de vermiştir. Kütüphanesi Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’nin Kudüs’ü tekrar fethinin ardından daha da zenginleştirilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Müsned , II, 278; V, 150, 155, 156, 157, 160.
Buhârî, “Fażlü’ṣ-ṣalât fî mescidi Mekke ve’l-Medîne”, 1, 6, “Enbiyâʾ”, 10, 40.
Müslim, “Mesâcid”, 1, 2, “Ḥac”, 511-513.
İbn Mâce, “Mesâcid”, 7, “İḳāmetü’ṣ-ṣalât”, 198.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , XV, 2, 5 vd., 6, 12, 15, 16, 18; XXII, 70, 75.
a.mlf., Târîḫ , Beyrut 1987, II, 450.
Nevevî, Tehẕîb , Beyrut 1416/1996, III, 327.
İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, Mesâlik , I, 94 vd.
Minhâcî, İtḥâfü’l-aḫiṣṣâ bi-feżâʾili’l-Mescidi’l-Aḳṣâ (nşr. Ahmed Ramazan Ahmed), Kahire 1982, bk. Fihrist.
K. A. C. Creswell, A Short Account of Early Muslim Architecture , Middlesex 1958, s. 10, 28, 43, 204-206, lv. 42.
W. F. Stinespring, “Temple, Jerusalem”, IDB , IV, 534 vd.
A. R. Millard, “Temple”, NBD , s. 1243-1245.
Runciman, Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi , II, 392.
Mustafa Âsım Köksal, Peygamberler Tarihi , Ankara 1992, I, 264.
M. M. Hasan Şurrâb, Beytü’l-Maḳdis ve’l-Mescidü’l-Aḳṣâ , Beyrut-Dımaşk 1415/1994, s. 179 vd., 298 vd., 306 vd., 385 vd., 413-414, 462, 471, 472, 482, 483.
Yıldırım Yavuz, “Mescid-i Aksa ve Mimar Kemalettin”, 9. Milletlerarası Türk Sanatları Kongresi, Bildiriler , Ankara 1995, III, 471 vd.
H. Stierlin, Islam Early Architecture from Baghdad to Cordoba , Köln 1996, I, 38-41.
İbrâhim el-Fennî – Tâhir en-Nemerî, el-Mescidü’l-Aḳṣâ ve’ṣ-Ṣaḫretü’l-müşerrefe , Amman 2001, s. 225 vd., 341 vd., 618-622.
M. Baha Tanman – Ahmet Vefa Çobanoğlu, “Osmanlı Döneminde Kudüs: Kent Dokusu, Mimarlık ve Çini Sanatına İlişkin Bir Araştırmanın İlk Sonuçları”, Ortadoğu’da Osmanlı Dönemi Kültür İzleri Uluslar Arası Bilgi Şöleni Bildirileri (haz. Şebnem Ercebeci – Aynur Şimşek-Canpolat), Ankara 2001, II, 522.
F. Buhl, “Kudüs”, İA , VI, 953, 955-962.
O. Grabar, “al-Ḥaram al-S̲h̲arīf”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 174.
Hikmet Tanyu, “Ağlama Duvarı”, DİA , I, 474, 475.
Salim Öğüt, “Harem”, a.e. , XVI, 127.
Ömer Faruk Harman, “Kudüs”, a.e. , XXVI, 323 vd.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 268-271 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.