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2/2 Müellif: NEBİ BOZKURT Bölüme Git
MİMARİ. Mescid-i Kubâ’nın ilk kuruluşundaki ölçüleri hakkında elde bilgi bulunmamaktadır. İbn Şebbe’nin verdiği ölçüler, Hz. Osman ile Velîd b. Abdülm…
İlk muhacirler, Resûl-i Ekrem daha Medine’ye gelmeden Kubâ’da Amr b. Avf oğullarına ait bir hurma kurutma yerini mescid haline getirmişlerdi. Ebû Huzeyfe’nin âzatlısı Sâlim burada bir grup muhacire Kudüs’e yönelerek namaz kıldırıyordu. Resûlullah Kubâ’ya ulaşınca burayı genişleterek Kubâ Mescidi’ni bina etti (İbn Sa‘d, III, 87; IV, 311). Sâlim’in imamlık yaptığı kişiler arasında Hz. Ebû Bekir, Ömer, Ebû Seleme el-Mahzûmî, Zeyd ve Âmir b. Rebîa’nın da sayılması (Buhârî, “Aḥkâm”, 25), Hz. Peygamber ve Ebû Bekir’in burada kaldığı süre içinde veya bir süre daha onun bu göreve devam etmiş olduğunu göstermektedir. Mescid-i Benî Amr b. Avf olarak da anılan (Müsned , II, 10; İbn Şebbe, I, 41) Mescid-i Kubâ’nın arsasının kabilenin ileri gelenlerinden Külsûm b. Hidm’e ait olduğu ve Külsûm’ün arsayı mescid yapılması için bağışladığı rivayet edilir. Diğer bir rivayete göre ise mescidin arsası Leyya adında bir kadına ait harman yeriydi. Resûl-i Ekrem’i arsaya kıble yönünde bitişik evinde misafir eden kabilenin ileri gelenlerinden Sa‘d b. Hayseme burada mescid yapılmasına öncülük etmiş olmalıdır. Çünkü rivayette mescid ona izâfe edilmektedir. Öte yandan münafıklar, “Leyya’nın merkebini bağladığı yerde mi secde edeceğiz?” diyerek bunu Dırâr Mescidi’ni yapmak için bahane saydılar (İbn Şebbe, I, 54-55). Taberânî’nin bir rivayetine göre Kubâlılar, Resûlullah’tan bir mescid yapmasını talep edince Hz. Peygamber orada bulunan sahâbeden birinin devesine binmesini istemiş, önce Hz. Ebû Bekir binmiş, deve kalkmamış, ardından Hz. Ömer binince deve yine kalkmamış, bu sırada Kubâ’ya ulaşmış olan Hz. Ali binince deve kalkıp yürümüş, Resûl-i Ekrem, Hz. Ali’ye devenin yularını serbest bırakmasını söylemiş ve mescidin onun etrafında dolaştığı arsaya yapılmasını istemiştir (el-Muʿcemü’l-kebîr , II, 246). Mescidin ortalarına isabet eden bir mekân daha sonraları “mebrekü’n-nâka” (devenin çöktüğü yer) olarak anılmıştır (Semhûdî, II, 23). Buhârî’nin (“Menâḳıbü’l-enṣâr”, 45) bir rivayetine göre Hz. Peygamber Kubâ’da on geceden fazla kalmış ve Mescid-i Kubâ bu sırada yapılmıştır. Bu rivavet, İbn Sa‘d’ın Resûlullah’ın Kubâ’da on dört gece kaldığına dair rivayetine (eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , I, 235) uygundur. Resûl-i Ekrem’in burada dört gün gibi çok kısa bir süre kaldığına dair rivayetler de vardır.
Mescidin ilk hali kare şeklinde bir düzlüğü çevreleyen dört duvardan ibaretti. Arsa hazırlandıktan sonra temele ilk taşı bizzat Hz. Peygamber koymuş, ardından sırasıyla Hz. Ebû Bekir, Ömer, Osman ve diğerlerinin taşlarını koymalarını istemiştir (Taberânî, II, 339). Bu uygulama devlet başkanlarının ilmî, dinî ve millî nitelikli yapıların temeline ilk harcı koyma geleneğinin başlangıcı olarak görülmektedir (Abdülhay el-Kettânî, II, 301). Mescid-i Kubâ yapılırken Resûl-i Ekrem’in bir işçi gibi çalıştığı, taşıdığı ağır taşları ellerinden alıp yardımcı olmak isteyenlere bir başkasına yardım etmelerini söylediği (Taberânî, XXIV, 317-318), Abdullah b. Revâha’nın, “Mescidin inşasına katılanlar, ayakta olsun oturarak olsun Kur’an okuyanlar, geceleri uykuyla geçirmeyenler kurtuluşa erdiler” diye şiirler okuduğu, her beytin son kelimesinin Resûlullah tarafından tekrarlandığı rivayet edilmektedir (İbn Şebbe, I, 52).
Hz. Peygamber, muhtemelen kıblenin Kâbe’ye çevrilmesinden (623) sonra Kubâ Mescidi’ni yeniden inşa etmiştir (Semhûdî, II, 16). Bu sırada ön duvar ve ona paralel dizilen yedi sütun üstüne bir tavan yapılmıştır. Mescidin güneyinde Külsûm b. Hidm ile Sa‘d b. Hayseme’nin evleri bulunmakta ve Sa‘d’ın evinden mescide bir kapı açılmaktaydı. Müslümanlar Resûl-i Ekrem’in misafir kaldığı bu evleri ziyaret eder, ardından Sa‘d’ın evinin tarafında bulunan kapıdan mescide geçip “el-üstüvânetü’l-muhalleka” denilen üçüncü sütunun doğu yanında onun namaz kıldığı yerde namaz kılarlardı. Daha sonra bu kapı kapatılıp mescidin batı duvarında bir kapı açılmıştır. Mescidin Ammâr b. Yâsir tarafından tamamlandığı ve bu sebeple onun İslâm’da ilk mescidi bina eden kişi olarak anıldığı söylenir (Nûreddin el-Halebî, II, 236).
Mescid-i Kubâ, müslümanların hür ve güvenli bir ortamda yaptıkları umuma açık ilk mescid olması bakımından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Kur’an’da sözü edilen, “ilk günden takvâ üzerine kurulan mescidin” (et-Tevbe 9/108) Kubâ Mescidi olduğu kabul edilir. Ancak bu mescidin Mescid-i Nebevî olduğu da rivayet edilmektedir. Mescidde, “üssise âyeti” diye adlandırılan âyetin (et-Tevbe 9/108) nâzil olduğu mekân olarak kabul edilen yere sonradan bir mihrap yapılmıştır.
Başta Buhârî ve Müslim olmak üzere hadis kaynaklarında Mescid-i Kubâ’nın faziletine dair bölümlere yer verilmiş, Hz. Peygamber’in Medine’de bulunduğu zamanlar cumartesi, bazan da pazartesi günleri ve ramazanın 17. günü Mescid-i Kubâ’ya giderek namaz kıldığına dair rivayetler zikredilmiştir. Ayrıca onun mescidde sürdürülen öğretim faaliyetine nezaret ettiği, Kubâ’da namaz kılmayı umreyle eş değerde gördüğü rivayet edilmektedir (İbn Mâce, “İḳāmetü’ṣ-ṣalât”, 197; Tirmizî, “Mevâḳītü’ṣ-ṣalât”, 125). Hz. Ömer Mescid-i Kubâ’yı ziyaret ettiğinde tozunu alır, buraya büyük hürmet gösterirdi.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Müsned , II, 4, 10, 57, 58, 155; III, 487.
Buhârî, “Fażlü’ṣ-ṣalât fî mescidi Mekke ve’l-Medîne”, 2, “Ṣalât”, 516, “Menâḳıbü’l-enṣâr”, 45, “Aḥkâm”, 25.
Müslim, “Ḥac”, 515-522.
İbn Mâce, “İḳāmetü’ṣ-ṣalât”, 197.
Tirmizî, “Mevâḳītü’ṣ-ṣalât”, 125, “Ṣalât”, 242.
Abdürrezzâk es-San‘ânî, el-Muṣannef , V, 133.
İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , I, 235, 244, 245, 480; III, 84, 87; IV, 311.
İbn Şebbe, Târîḫu’l-Medîneti’l-münevvere , I, 40, 41, 44-45, 47-50, 52, 54-55.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , XI, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31.
Taberânî, el-Muʿcemü’l-kebîr (nşr. Hamdî Abdülmecîd es-Selefî), Beyrut, ts. (Dâru ihyâi’t-türâsi’l-Arabî), II, 246, 339; XXIV, 317-318.
Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, es-Sünenü’l-kübrâ (nşr. Yûsuf Abdurrahman el-Mar‘aşlî), Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-ma‘rife), V, 249.
Semhûdî, Vefâʾü’l-vefâ bi-aḫbâri dâri’l-Muṣṭafâ (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Beyrut 1374/1955, I, 178 vd.; II, 16 vd.
Nûreddin el-Halebî, İnsânü’l-ʿuyûn , Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-ma‘rife), II, 236, 237, 238.
Abdülhay el-Kettânî, et-Terâtîbü’l-idâriyye (Özel) , II, 301.
Hamîdullah, İslâm Peygamberi , II, 834.
Köksal, İslâm Tarihi (Medine) , I, 10, 11, 12.
Ahmed Sezikli, Hz. Peygamber Devrinde Nifak Hareketleri , Ankara 1994, s. 159, 161.
Nebi Bozkurt, “Kuba Mescidi”, Şamil İslâm Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1991, III, 397-398.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 279-280 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
MİMARİ. Mescid-i Kubâ’nın ilk kuruluşundaki ölçüleri hakkında elde bilgi bulunmamaktadır. İbn Şebbe’nin verdiği ölçüler, Hz. Osman ile Velîd b. Abdülmelik zamanında gerçekleştirilen tevsî ve imar çalışmalarından sonraya aittir. Buna göre mescid kare şeklinde olup 66 × 66 zirâ ebadındadır. Abbâsîler devrinde zirâ 0,48 m. olarak kabul edildiğinde bu ölçüler yaklaşık 32 × 32 m. etmektedir. Bu dönemde mescidin kıble tarafı her birinde yedişerden toplam yirmi bir sütunun taşıdığı bir tavanla kaplıydı. Arka tarafta aynı şekilde yedişer sütunlu iki sıra, yanlarda da ikişer sütunlu birer revak bulunmaktaydı. Böylece mescidde otuz dokuz sütun yer almaktaydı. Bunların ortasında 50 × 26 zirâ (yaklaşık 24 × 12,5 m.) ebadında üstü açık bir orta sahanlık mevcuttu. Üç kapısı olan mescidin duvar yüksekliği 19 zirâ idi (yaklaşık 9 m.). Mescidin o zamanlar “savmaa” denilen, muhtemelen daha önce burada bulunan bir yüksek ev veya hisar (ütum) yerine inşa edilmiş 50 zirâ (yaklaşık 24 m.) yüksekliğinde bir minaresi 9 × 9 zirâ bir karış (yaklaşık 4,30 × 4,5 m.) ebadında bir zemine oturmaktaydı. Minarenin o dönem Emevî mimarisinin genel üslûbunu taşıdığı tahmin edilmektedir. Mescidde niteliği bilinmeyen on dört adet kandil koyma yeri vardı (Târîḫu’l-Medîneti’l-münevvere , I, 57).
Ömer b. Abdülazîz’in Medine valiliği sırasında (706-712) Mescid-i Kubâ’nın duvarları yontma taş ve kireç kullanılarak yenilendi. Kurşun kaplı demir çubuklarla birbirine perçinlenmiş taşlardan oluşan sütunlar yapıldı. Üzeri değerli saç kerestesinden bir tavanla kapandı. Duvarlar kireç ve mozaiklerle süslendi. Muhtemelen Mescid-i Nebevî’nin imarı için getirilen Bizanslı ustalar burada da çalıştılar. Mescid daha sonra birçok defa imar gördü. 435’te (1044) Şerîf Ebû Ya‘lâ Ahmed b. Hasan, 555’te (1160) Zengî Veziri Cemâleddin el-İsfahânî tarafından imar edildi. 593’te (1197) mescid hakkında bilgi veren İbnü’n-Neccâr’ın kaydettiği ölçüler İbn Şebbe’ninkine yakındır. İbnü’n-Neccâr, mescidin ebadının 68 × 68 zirâ, tavan yüksekliğinin de 20 zirâ olduğunu söylemektedir. Mescidin arka ve yan revaklar dahil üstü kapalı kısmın tavanları aralarında 7’şer zirâ mesafe bulunan otuz dokuz sütun üzerine oturmaktadır. Duvarlarda sekizer pencere vardır. Kuzey duvarındaki pencerelerden sekizincisi burada yer alan minare sebebiyle kapalıdır (ed-Dürretü’s̱-s̱emîne , s. 188). Mescid-i Kubâ’nın imarına Memlükler de büyük ihtimam gösterdiler. 733’te (1333) Muhammed b. Kalavun’un yeniden inşa ettirdiği yapının tavanındaki eskiyen bölümler 840’ta (1436) el-Melikü’l-Eşref Barsbay tarafından yenilendi. 881’de (1476) Sultan Kayıtbay binada birtakım ıslah çalışmaları yaptırdı.
Medine ile ilgili müstakil bir eser telif eden Semhûdî (ö. 911/1506) Mescid-i Kubâ’nın tarihi hakkında geniş bilgi vermektedir (Vefâʾü’l-vefâ , I, 178 vd.; II, 16 vd.). Onun kaydettiği ölçüler de İbnü’n-Neccâr el-Bağdâdî’nin ölçülerine yakındır. Semhûdî kıble duvarını 70, kuzey duvarını 68,5 zirâ olarak verir. Ancak derinlik için yazılan 79 zirâ muhtemelen bir istinsah hatası olup bu rakam 69 olmalıdır (Sâlih Lem‘î Mustafa, s. 167).
Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman, 950’de (1543) Kubâ Mescidi’nin tavan ve minaresini yıktırıp yeniden inşa ettirdi. 1111’de (1699) mescidin eskiyen duvar ve minaresini yenileten II. Mustafa da Mebrekü’n-nâka üzerine dört direkli bir kubbe, mescidin dışına bir sebil ve abdest alma yerleri yaptırdı. Buradaki kumlukta su ihtiyacını karşılamak için derin kuyular kazdırdı. Önemli bir çalışma da 1829’da II. Mahmud zamanında gerçekleştirildi. Mescid 1985’te yenilenmek üzere tamamen yıkılmadan önce batı duvarındaki kapının cephesinde Osmanlı tuğraları, mescide işaret bulunan âyetle birlikte (et-Tevbe 9/108) II. Mahmud’un bu tamiratına dair kitâbe yer almaktaydı. Kitâbenin başlarında, “İmâmü’l-müslimîn şâh-ı cihan Sultan Mahmud Han / Hilâfet zâtına muhtas kerâmet tab‘ına mu‘tad / İşitip işbu akdes mescidin vîrâneliğin derhal / Buyurdu hüsn-i i‘mârıyla ehl-i Tayyibe’yi dilşâd …” mısraları yer almaktaydı. Bu imar sırasında Mescid-i Kubâ’nın duvarları yenilenmiş, üstü, düz ahşap tavan yerine sütunlar üzerinde kemerlere oturan ve basık yarım küre kubbelerden oluşan bir tavanla örtülmüştür. Planda arka kısımdaki çift sıra sütunlu revak tek sıraya düşürülmüş, böylece yapı İstanbul’daki selâtin camilerinin revaklı düzenine benzetilmeye çalışılmıştır. Sultan Abdülmecid de mescidde bazı ıslahat çalışmaları yaptırmıştır. Osmanlı dönemiyle ilgili son bilgileri İbrâhim Rifat Paşa vermektedir. Onun kaydettiğine göre mescidin dış duvarı 40 × 40 m., tavan yüksekliği 6 metredir. Yıkılma tehlikesine karşı dış duvar payandalarla desteklenmektedir (Mirʾâtü’l-Ḥaremeyn , I, 397). 1968’de Suud Kralı Faysal arkadaki revaklara bir sıra ilâve etmiş, böylece kuzeybatı köşesinde yer alan minare batı duvarı içinde kalmıştır. Bu sırada kuzey duvarına kadınlar için özel bir giriş yapılmıştır.
Mescid-i Kubâ 1985’te Kral Fehd döneminde tamamen yıkılıp kısa bir sürede yeni bir planla tekrar inşa edildi. Mescidin sahası eskisine göre beş kat genişletildi ve 10.000’den fazla insanın aynı anda ibadet edebileceği şekilde büyütüldü. Yeni planda önde yer alan kapalı kısımda 12 m. çapında altı büyük kubbe yer almaktadır. Bunlar ortada araları boş bırakılmış dörder kümeden oluşan on altı, yanlarda tek tek on altı olmak üzere toplam 36 kare destek ve ön duvarı birbirine bağlayan çifte kemerler üzerine oturtulmuştur. Önde bulunan üç büyük kubbe arkadakilerden, onların ortasında bulunan diğer ikisinden daha yüksek planlanarak önden bakıldığında simetrik olarak gittikçe yükselen bir görüntü oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Altı büyük kubbenin iki yanında dörderden sekiz küçük kubbe mevcuttur. Renkli mermerlerden geometrik desenlerle kaplanmış avlunun üç tarafında 6 m. çapında elli altı küçük kubbenin örttüğü revaklar yer alır. Avlunun ortasına gerektiğinde açılabilen elyaftan modern dev bir çadır yapılmış, böylece cuma namazlarında güneşin sıcağından korunan avludan da faydalanılması sağlanmıştır. Mescidin avlusuna iki yanda ikişer, kuzey duvarında bir taçkapıdan girilir. Avlu ile ana yapı arasında duvar yoktur. Ortada büyük kubbeye uygun geniş bir kemerle iki yanda daha dar birer kemerli açıklık bulunmaktadır. Dikdörtgen planlı yapının dört köşesinde 47 m. yükseklikte birer minare yapılmıştır. Kare kaideler üzerine oturan ve üçgenlerle sekizgene dönüşen minarelerin gövdesi iki şerefe arası ile silindirik petek kısımlarında gittikçe incelir. Son inşaat esnasında mescidde kullanılan mermerler Türkiye’den götürülmüştür. Yapıda yaklaşık 1400 metreyi bulan kuşak yazılarını (~ 1200 m. kûfî, ~ 200 m. kadarı celî sülüs) Hattat Hasan Çelebi yazmış, kalem işi süslemeleri de Mustafa Çelebi yapmıştır. Mescid, sosyal tesislerden oluşan müştemilâtıyla beraber bugün 13,5 dönüm kadar bir alana yayılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Şebbe, Târîḫu’l-Medîneti’l-münevvere , I, 57.
İbnü’n-Neccâr el-Bağdâdî, ed-Dürretü’s̱-s̱emîne fî târîḫi’l-Medîne (nşr. M. Zeynühüm M. Azeb), Kahire 1416/1995, s. 187, 188.
Semhûdî, Vefâʾü’l-vefâ , I, 178 vd.; II, 16 vd.
Mir’âtü’l-Haremeyn : Mir’ât-ı Medîne , II, 911 vd.
İbrâhim Rifat Paşa, Mirʾâtü’l-Ḥaremeyn , I, 394 vd.
Hamîdullah, İslâm Peygamberi , II, 834.
Köksal, İslâm Tarihi (Medine) , I, 10, 11, 12.
Sâlih Lem‘î Mustafa, el-Medînetü’l-münevvere , Beyrut 1981, s. 163 vd.
Abdülhay el-Kettânî, et-Terâtîbü’l-idâriyye (Özel) , II, 301.
M. Mâcid Abbas Hulûsî, ʿİmâretü’l-mesâcid , [baskı yeri yok] 1998, s. 321 vd.
Mihr Ali Süleyman, Kutlu Şehir Medîne-i Münevvere , İzmir 2002, s. 171 vd.
M. İlyâs Abdülganî, el-Mesâcidü’l-es̱eriyye fi’l-Medîneti’l-münevvere , Medine 2003, s. 25 vd.
Nebi Bozkurt, “Kuba Mescidi”, Şamil İslâm Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1991, III, 397-398.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 280-281 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.