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MESH Skip to content Abdest ve teyemmümde bazı organlar, mest, sargı vb. üzerinde yapılan hükmî temizlik.
Sözlükte “bir şey üzerinde eli gezdirmek, elle silmek ve sıvazlamak” anlamına gelen mesh kelimesi fıkıh literatüründe abdestte baş, boyun ve kulaklarla mest veya sargı üzerinde ıslak elle, teyemmümde ise yüz ve kollar üzerinde toprağa sürülmüş elle sıvazlamak şeklinde yapılan hükmî temizliği ifade eder. Abdest alırken baş, boyun ve kulakların meshedilmesi abdestin aslî hükmü olup mest ya da sargı üzerine yapılan mesh ise yıkama yerine geçen (bedel, halef) bir işlem niteliğindedir. Mesh aynı zamanda “kirli bir nesnenin silinerek temizlenmesi” mânasında maddî temizlik yollarından birini ifade eder (bk. NECÂSET ). Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de mesh bir âyette sözlük (Sâd 38/33), iki âyette ise (en-Nisâ 4/43; el-Mâide 5/6) terim anlamında kullanılmıştır. Hadislerde de mesh kelimesinin ve türevlerinin hem sözlük hem terim mânasında geçtiği görülmektedir (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “msḥ” md.).
Başa meshetmek abdestin farzlarından biridir (el-Mâide 5/6). Hz. Peygamber’den nakledilen farklı uygulamalar sebebiyle abdest sırasında başa meshin nasıl yapılacağı ve başın ne kadarının meshedileceği konusunda fakihler arasında görüş ayrılığı vardır. Hanefîler’e göre abdest esnasında başın dörtte birinin meshedilmesi gerekli iken İmam Şâfiî elin başa değmiş olmasını yeterli görür. Bununla birlikte her iki mezhebe göre de başın tamamının meshedilmesi sünnettir. Mâlikîler’e ve Hanbelîler’e göre ise abdest sırasında başın tamamının meshedilmesi gerekir. Ahmed b. Hanbel’den nakledilen bir diğer görüşe göre başın bir kısmının meshedilmesi yeterlidir.
Meshin yapılış şekli hakkında da farklı görüşler bulunmaktadır. Hanefîler’in uygulamasına göre parmak uçları birleştirilir, başparmak ve işaret parmağı yukarı kaldırılarak karşılıklı üçer parmakla başın ön tarafından enseye kadar meshedilir. Başa değdirilmeyen işaret parmaklarıyla kulağın iç kısmı, başparmaklarla dış kısmı, her iki elin arkasıyla boyun meshedilir. Hanbelîler ise işaret parmaklarını uç uca getirip başparmakları şakaklar üzerine koyarak elleri bu şekilde enseye kadar götürürler, enseden de ilk başlanan yere geri getirirler. Fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre başın bir defa meshedilmesi yeterli olup Şâfiîler’e göre meshin üç defa yapılması sünnettir. Abdest sırasında kulakların içten ve dıştan meshedilmesi fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre sünnet, Hanbelîler’e göre ise kulaklar başa dahil olduğu için farzdır. Hanefîler’e göre boynun meshedilmesi abdestin âdâbı arasında yer almaktadır.
Hz. Peygamber’in abdest sırasında başında sarık varken yaptığı meshle ilgili değişik rivayetler sebebiyle (Buhârî, “Vuḍûʾ”, 48; Müslim, “Ṭahâret”, 81-84; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭahâret”, 57; Tirmizî, “Ṭahâret”, 75) fıkıh mezheplerinin sarık üzerine meshe dair görüşleri farklılık arzetmektedir. Hanefî fakihlerine göre sarık üzerine mesh câiz değildir. Şâfiîler ise alınla birlikte sarık üzerine meshedilebileceği görüşündedir. Hanbelîler, sarık üzerine meshi câiz kabul etmekle birlikte sarıkla ilgili bazı şartlar ileri sürerler. Mâlikî fıkıh âlimlerine göre çıkarılması halinde zarar görme endişesi varsa sarık üzerine mesh yapılabilir.
Sünnî dört mezheple Hâricîler ve Şîa’dan Zeydiyye mezhebine göre abdest alırken ayakları yıkamak farz olduğu halde İmâmiyye (Ca‘feriyye) Şîası ayakların yıkanmayıp çıplak olarak üzerlerine meshedilmesi gerektiği görüşündedir. Bu görüş ayrılığı abdestle ilgili âyette (el-Mâide 5/6) yer alan bir okuyuş (kıraat) farklılığından kaynaklanmaktadır.
İslâm dininin ibadetlerin yerine getirilmesi sırasında mükelleflerin karşılaşacağı zorlukları gidermeye yönelik olarak tanıdığı kolaylıklardan biri de mestler üzerine mesh uygulamasıdır. Gerek yolculuk gerekse ikamet hallerinde mestler üzerine mesh yapılması Hz. Peygamber’in sünnetiyle sabit olan bir ruhsat hükmüdür (Buhârî, “Ṣalât”, 25; İbn Mâce, “Ṭahâret”, 86; Nesâî, “Ṭahâret”, 98). Şarkiyatçıların ifade ettiği gibi (İA , I, 25; EI2 [İng.] , VI, 709) bu hüküm, sadece kırsal arazideki askerlerin abdest almasını kolaylaştırmak amacıyla meşrû kılınmamış, Resûl-i Ekrem bunu yolculuk durumunun dışında da uygulamıştır. Mest deri vb. maddelerden yapılan, ayakları topuklarla birlikte örten, içine su geçirmeyen, yere konulduğunda dik durabilen bir pabuç çeşididir. Ayakları aynı şekilde örten çizme, potin, kendisiyle yol yürünebilecek dayanıklılıkta çorap, boğazlı terlik vb. de Hanefî fakihlerine göre mest hükmündedir. Mest üzerine mesh Şîa ve Hâricîler tarafından kabul edilmemiştir. Şîa ile Ehl-i sünnet arasındaki bu görüş farklılığı zamanla önem kazanmış, Ehl-i sünnet âlimlerince, mest üzerine mesh uygulamasının kabul edilmesi imanın kuvvetli unsurlarından biri olarak görülmüş, bunu câiz kabul etmeyenler Ehl-i bid‘at olarak nitelendirilmiştir.
Üzerine mesh yapılabilecek mest ayağın abdestte yıkanması gereken kısımlarını tamamen kaplamalı, dayanıklı ve sağlam bir maddeden yapılmış olmalıdır. Ayrıca mestin içine su almaması ve topuktan aşağı kısmında, altında veya üstünde ayak parmaklarından üçünün girebileceği şekilde bir delik veya yırtık bulunmaması gerekir. Mestin abdestli iken giyilmesi gerekir. Mest üzerine mesh yapabilme süresi yolcu olmayanlar için bir gün bir gece (yirmi dört saat), yolcular için üç gün üç gecedir (yetmiş iki saat). Bu süre, mestin abdestli olarak giyilmesinden sonra abdesti bozan ilk durumdan itibaren başlar. Mâlikî fakihleri ise ayaktan çıkarılmayıp guslü gerektiren bir durum meydana gelmedikçe mest üzerine devamlı şekilde mesh yapılabileceğini söyler.
Fıkıh âlimleri arasında mest üzerine mesh miktarı konusunda da farklı görüşler vardır. Hanefîler’e göre abdest alırken mestin üzerinde elin üç parmağı ölçüsündeki bir kısmın elin ıslaklığıyla bir defa meshedilmesi yeterlidir. Mâlikîler’e göre mestlerin üst kısmının tamamen meshedilmesi gerekir. Hanbelî fakihlerine göre mestlerin üstünün yarısından fazlasına, Şâfiîler’e göre ise mestlerin üst kısmından bir parmak kadar yere meshetmek yeterlidir. Sünnete uygun şekilde mest üzerine mesh şöyle yapılır: Mesh yapmaya ıslak ellerle ayakların parmak uçlarından başlanır ve el parmakları açık vaziyette geriye doğru çekilir. Zaruri bir durum söz konusu olmadıkça sağ ayak sağ elle, sol ayak sol elle meshedilir.
Abdesti bozan haller mest üzerine meshi de bozar. Ayrıca üzerine mesh yapılmış olan mestin ayaktan çıkması veya çıkarılması, mesh süresinin sona ermesi ve gusül abdesti gerektiren durumlarda da mesh bozulur. Mesh süresi başlamadan abdestli iken çıkarılan mest ise abdesti etkilemez. Ayaklarını yıkamak suretiyle abdestli olan kimsenin bu abdesti devam ettiği müddetçe mestleri çıkarıp giymesiyle abdesti bozulmaz. Mestleri üzerine meshetmek suretiyle abdestli durumda olup mestlerini çıkaran kimse sadece ayaklarını yıkayarak abdestini tamamlar.
Hadis kaynaklarında Hz. Peygamber’in çorap üzerine mesh yaptığı da ifade edilmektedir (Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭahâret”, 62; Tirmizî, “Ṭahâret”, 74, 75). Fıkıh âlimleri, üstüne deri kaplanmış veya altlarına taban geçirilmiş çorapların üzerine mesh yapılabileceği konusunda görüş birliği içindedir. Mâlikî ve Şâfiî fakihleriyle Ebû Hanîfe bu nitelikte olmayan çoraplar üzerine mesh yapmanın câiz olmadığını söyler. Ancak Ebû Hanîfe’nin, vefatından kısa bir süre önce görüşünü değiştirerek hastalığı sırasında kalın çoraplarının üzerine meshettiği nakledilmektedir. İmam Muhammed ve Ebû Yûsuf’a göre kalın olmaları ve teni göstermeyecek nitelikte bulunmaları halinde çoraplar üzerine mesh yapılabilir. Hanbelîler de sık dokunmuş ve uzun süre yürünebilecek durumda olmaları şartıyla çorap üzerine meshi câiz görürler.
Üzerinde sargı bulunan bir organın abdest alırken su ile yıkanması sağlık açısından zararlı ise bu sargının üzerine meshedilmesi bir ruhsat hükmüdür. Sargı üzerine meshin zarar vermesi söz konusu ise bu da terkedilebilir. Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’e göre sargının abdestli iken sarılmış olması gerekir. Hanefîler’le Mâlikîler’e göre ise sargının abdestli iken yapılmış olması şart olmadığı gibi sargı üzerine mesh ile ilgili herhangi bir süre kaydı da söz konusu değildir, mazeret devam ettiği müddetçe mesh yapılabilir. Sıkıntı ve zorluğun ortadan kaldırılması açısından bu görüş tercihe daha uygundur. Hanefîler’e göre sargının büyük bölümüne meshetmek yeterli iken diğer mezheplere göre tamamının meshedilmesi gerekir. Yaranın iyileşip sargının çıkarılması halinde sargı üzerine yapılan mesh bozulmuş olur. Bir sargıya meshettikten sonra sargı değiştirilirse yeniden meshetmek gerekli değildir. Gusül ya da abdest yerine geçmek üzere teyemmüm yapılması durumunda yüzün ve kolların toprakla meshedilmesi icap eder (bk. TEYEMMÜM ).
Mest üzerine mesh ile ilgili olarak daha çok risâle tarzında kaleme alınmış eserlerden bazıları şunlardır: İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Ḥadîs̱ü’l-mesḥ ʿale’l-ḫuffeyn (el-Mektebetü’l-Ezheriyye, Mecmua, nr. 109); Kemalpaşazâde, Risâle fî taḥkīḳi’l-mesḥ ʿale’l-ḫuffeyn (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hacı Mahmud Efendi, nr. 1991); Çivizâde Muhyiddin Mehmed Efendi, Risâle fi’l-mesh ale’l-huffeyn (Süleymaniye Ktp., Serez, nr. 960); Fenârîzâde Muhyiddin Çelebi, Risâle fî cevâzi’l-mesḥ ʿale’l-ḫuffeyn (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 3710/10-11; Âşir Efendi, nr. 459/31; Kasîdecizâde Süleyman Sırrı, nr. 710/13-14; bu eser, Çivizâde Muhyiddin Mehmed Efendi’nin mest üzerine mesh konusunda ulemânın bilinen görüşlerine aykırı olarak verdiği fetvaya karşı Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın isteği üzerine kaleme alınmıştır); Ebüssuûd Efendi, Ḥasmü’l-ḫilâf fi’l-mesḥ ʿale’l-ḫifâf (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 876/1; Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2795); Sahaflar Şeyhîzâde Esad Efendi, Mesh-i Ricl ve Mesh-i Huf (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 3625).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 301-303 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.