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MESÎH Skip to content Muhtelif dinlerde dünyanın sonuna doğru gelmesi beklenen kurtarıcının Yahudilik ve Hıristiyanlık’taki adı.
Mesîh kelimesinin aslı Ârâmîce meşiha , İbrânîce mâşiah tır. Sâmî dillerde müşterek olan kelimenin fiil kökü Arapça’da meseha , Asur dilinde maşâhu , Ârâmîce ve İbrânîce’de mâşâh olup “el sürmek, elle sıvazlamak, boyutunu anlamak için eli bir şeyin üzerine koymak, yağ sürmek, yağla meshetmek” anlamındadır (Gesenius, s. 602; Koehler – Baumgartner, II, 643-645; V, 1922-1923). Mesîh terim olarak “yağ sürülmüş, yani yağla meshetmek suretiyle bir işe hasredilmiş, dinî bir görevi ifaya elverişli hale getirilmiş, dinî bir görevle vazifelendirilmiş, Tanrı’nın bir görev tevdi etmek üzere el koyduğu kişi” mânasına gelmektedir. Kelime Grekçe’ye christos , Latince’ye christus olarak geçmiştir (DB , IV/I, s. 1032; IV/II, s. 1808).
Müslüman dilcilerin çoğu, Kur’an’da on bir yerde ve sadece Hz. Îsâ’nın adı veya lakabı şeklinde geçen mesîhin Arapça bir kökten geldiğini kabul etmekle birlikte kelimenin aslının İbrânîce, Ârâmîce veya Süryânîce olduğunu ileri sürenler de vardır (Zemahşerî, I, 430; Fahreddin er-Râzî, VIII, 49). Kelime, Arapça olduğunu kabul edenlerden bazılarına göre “gezmek, dolaşmak” anlamındaki “seyh” kökünden türetilmiştir; “mesh” kökünden geldiğini kabul edenlere göre ise kelimenin yukarıda verilen Sâmî dillerdeki ortak mânalarının dışında “silmek, su ile meshetmek, temizlemek, düzlemek; yalan söylemek” gibi anlamları da vardır (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “msḥ” md.). İslâm kaynaklarındaki rivayetlere göre Hz. Îsâ’ya bu ad çok gezdiği, dokunmak suretiyle hastaları iyileştirdiği, yağla meshedilmiş olarak doğduğu, doğduğunda şeytan ilişmesinden korunması için Cebrâil’in kendisine kanadıyla dokunduğu, güzel yüzlü olduğu için verilmiştir (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “msḥ” md.; Taberî, VI, 414). İleride gelecek bir kurtarıcı inancı gerek ilkel ve millî gerekse büyük dinlerde mevcut olup beklenen bu kurtarıcı çeşitli isimlerle adlandırılmaktadır; bunlardan biri de mesîhtir.
Mesîh telakkisi Yahudilik’te çok köklü bir inanç olup yahudi âmentüsünün temel unsurlarından biridir. Gerek Eski Ahid’de yer alan ve çeşitli şahıslar tarafından ifade edilen ileride gelecek kurtarıcı müjdesi gerekse yahudilerin seçkin halk oldukları inancı ve bu inançla çelişen tarihî olaylar onlarda bir kurtarıcı beklentisi doğurmuştur. Yahudilere göre beklenen mesîh henüz gelmemiştir. Hıristiyanlar ise yahudilerin bekledikleri mesîhin Hz. Îsâ olduğunu kabul etmekte, ona çeşitli nitelikler atfetmekte ve ikinci defa geleceğine inanmaktadırlar.
İbrânîce Eski Ahid’de “maşiah” kelimesi Tevrat’ta dört, Neviim’de yirmi ve Ketuvim’de on dört olmak üzere toplam otuz sekiz defa geçmekte, temelde Tanrı tarafından özel bir kuvvetle ve görevle teçhiz edilmiş kişiyi yani kâhini (Levililer, 4/3, 5, 16) ve kralları (I. Samuel, 2/10; 12/3; I. Krallar, 19/16), hatta -peygamberler görevlerine böyle bir ritüelle başlamamalarına rağmen- bazı peygamberleri işaret için kullanılmaktadır (Mezmur, 105/15; I. Tarihler, 16/22).
Mesîh kelimesi yahudi kutsal kitabında öncelikle kralları ifade etmektedir. Eski doğuda kralın kutsal olduğuna, halkın yönetimi ve kurtuluşu için ilâhî bir güçle donatıldığına inanılıyor ve bu inanç bazı ritüellerle ortaya konuyordu ki bunların en önemlilerinden biri de yağla meshedilme idi. Bu ritüel kralın Tanrı’nın ruhu tarafından kuşatılmasını ve onun vekili oluşunu simgeliyor, aynı zamanda krallığın en önemli merasimini teşkil ediyordu. Yağla meshedilme işi yeni bir hânedanın tesisinde ya da tartışmalı bir konuda herhangi birine hak ve gücün tevdii için yapılırdı. Yahudilik’te kralın yağla meshedilmesine, Tanrı tarafından gönderilmiş hayat verici güç olarak algılanan ilâhî ruhun eşlik ettiği kabul edilir (I. Samuel, 10/6; 16/13); böylece kral, Yahve’nin mesîhi, yani herkesin dinen saygı göstereceği kutsal bir şahsiyet olurdu (I. Samuel, 16/6; 24/7; 26/16). Tanrı tarafından belirlenen krala maşiah deniyordu; bu isim Saul, Dâvûd, Süleyman ve çeşitli krallar için kullanılmıştır.
Yahudi kutsal kitabına göre Kral Saul ve Dâvûd, Samuel (I. Samuel, 10/1; 16/13), Süleyman ise kâhin Tsadok (I. Krallar, 1/39) tarafından yağla meshedilmek suretiyle krallık görevine başlamıştır. Saul’ün ölümünden sonra Dâvûd zürriyetinin krallığının ebedî olacağı ve Tanrı’nın ebedî olarak yardım edip güçlendireceği belirtilip (II. Samuel, 7/12-13; 22/51) Dâvûd soyuna ayrıcalık tanınınca mesîh kelimesi “Dâvûd’un krallık soyunun temsilcisi” anlamını kazanmış ve Dâvûd’un tahta vâris olan oğlu için kullanılmıştı. Dolayısıyla zor dönemlerde Dâvûd soyundan üstün nitelikli bir kralın çıkıp İsrâiloğulları’nı kurtaracağı beklentisi doğmuş, meselâ krallık tehdit altında kalınca peygamber Yeremya, Dâvûd soyundan bir kralın gelip halkı kurtaracağını müjdelemiş (Yeremya, 23/5, 6), peygamber İşaya da Dâvûd’un krallığını ebediyen tesis edeceğini belirtmiştir (İşaya, 9/5-7). Eski Ahid’de mesîhin çeşitli nitelikleri sayılmakta, ona sürülen yağın ilâhî tercihin simgesi olduğu, mesîhin ilâhî himaye altında bulunduğu, Tanrı’nın onu bir evlât gibi kabul ettiği, ona baş kaldırmanın çılgınlık sayıldığı belirtilmektedir (Mezmur, 2/2, 7; 20/6).
Eski Ahid’in redaksiyon devri kapandığında (m.ö. 220) bu kelime yaşayan bir kralı işaret için değil, İsrâil hükümranlığını yeniden kurmak ve adaletli bir toplum meydana getirerek insanları kurtarmak amacıyla gelmesi beklenen kral için kullanılmaya başlanmış ve mesîh zamanın sonunda ortaya çıkacak eskatolojik bir figür haline dönüşmüştür. Böyle bir şahsiyetin geleceğine dair ümit Tanrı’nın İsrâiloğulları ile yaptığı ahidleşmedeki verdiği söze, yahudi kutsal kitabında yer alan ve ileride geleceği müjdelenen kurtarıcı imajına dayanmaktadır. Bundan dolayı mesîh dünyanın sonuna doğru gelmesi beklenen, İsrâil’in kurtarıcısı ve Yahve’nin krallığının kurucusu olan ideal kralı ifade etmektedir (Catholicisme , IX, 9).
Hz. Îsâ zamanındaki yahudilerin mesîh telakkisini iki kategoride ele almak mümkündür. Birinci kategori millî ve politik beklentileri içermektedir. Beklenen mesîh Kral Dâvûd’un soyundan ve krallık idealine uygun olacaktır. Buna göre o, yabancı (Roma) hâkimiyetini kaldırıp Kral Dâvûd hânedanlığını yeniden kuracak, yıkılan mâbedi yeniden inşa edecek ve sürgündeki bütün yahudileri tekrar Filistin topraklarına getirecektir. Bu sebeple beklenen mesîh bazan güçlü bir askerî lider vasfı ön plana çıkan kral mesîh, bazan da din adamlığı yönü ağır basan kâhin mesîh şeklinde kendini gösteriyordu. Zira Bâbil esareti (m.ö. VI. yüzyıl) sonrasında ruhban sınıfı gittikçe geliştiği, artık krallık da olmadığı için başkâhin toplumun lideri kabul ediliyor ve yağla meshediliyordu. Dolayısıyla bir kâhin mesîh figürü söz konusu idi; hatta bazı çevreler son zamanlarda biri kral mesîh, diğeri kâhin mesîh olmak üzere iki mesîh beklemekteydiler.
İkinci kategori ise Eski Ahid’de politik bir şahsiyet olmayan ve “insanoğlu” denen birinin gelişiyle alâkalıdır. “İnsan veya insana benzer bir kişi” tarzında tasvir edilen bu şahıs, apokaliptik eserlerde “seçilmiş biri” de denilen tabiat üstü bir şahsiyet olarak yer almaktadır. Daniel kitabına göre (7/13-14) ona saltanat ve krallık verilmiştir ve onun saltanatı ebedî olacaktır. Daniel kitabı sonrası apokaliptik literatürde ise o dünyanın sonunda gelecek, izzet tahtına oturacak, ölümden sonraki dirilişte hüküm verecek, pek çok felâketin ardından yeni bir yeryüzü ve yeni bir semayı veya göklerin krallığını tesis edecektir (Vocabulaire de théologie , s. 386). Yahudilik’teki bu tür mesîhî fikirler, bazı Kitâb-ı Mukaddes metinlerinin özel yorumları aracılığıyla ya da apokaliptik vizyonculara gelen vahiy tecrübesiyle gelişmiş, daha sonra kıyamet gününe kadar sürecek olan tarih ve yılların hesaplanması yoluyla “rasyonel” olarak da geliştirilmiştir.
Öyle görünüyor ki milâttan önce III. asırdan itibaren yahudi mesîh beklentileri daha eskatolojik bir mahiyete bürünmüştür; bu beklentiler daha çok, yalnızca göklerin krallığının ya da mesîh çağının gelişini sembolize edecek olan kişiler değil aynı zamanda bizzat onu getirecekleri düşünülen ve mesîh oldukları iddiasını taşıyan fertler üzerine odaklanmıştır. Yahudilik’teki mesîh telakkisi sadece kutsal metinlerle sınırlı değildir. Ölüdeniz yazmalarında da geleceği beklenen peygamber ve mesîhlerden bahsedilmektedir (bk. YAHUDİLİK ).
İlk hıristiyanlar mesîhle alâkalı bu yahudi fikirlerinin birçoğunu alıp onu Îsâ’ya uygulamış, böylece Îsâ Yeni Ahid’de, Eski Ahid’de belirtilen ve yaklaşık olarak milâttan önce 220’den beri yahudi toplumunda canlılığını sürdüren mesîhî beklentilerin gerçekleşmesi şeklinde tanımlanmış, nihayet mesîh kelimesi havâriler döneminde Îsâ’nın adı olmuştur.
Yeni Ahid mesîhin millî ve politik liderliği özelliğini tamamen reddeder. Îsâ, “Benim krallığım bu dünya krallığı değildir” demekte (Yuhanna, 18/36), politik içerikli olmayan “insanoğlu” tabirini kendisi için kullanmakta ve Dâvûd’un neslinden geldiğini belirtmektedir. Şu halde Yeni Ahid’deki mesîh anlayışı Yahudiliğin mesîh beklentilerinin bir kısım özelliklerini kullanmakla kalmamış, aynı zamanda ona yeni bazı nitelikler de eklemiştir ki bu özelliklerden birincisi ve en önemlisi şudur: Yeni Ahid’de insanoğlundan bahseden metinler açıkça insanoğlunun ölümü ve eziyet çekmesine işaret ederken yahudi mesîh anlayışlarında eziyet çekme özelliği insanoğlu ile hiç alâkalandırılmamıştır. İkinci olarak Îsâ, Yeni Ahid’de vaad edilen mesîh şeklinde düşünüldüğünde o, İşaya 53’te zikredilen “Tanrı’nın eziyet çeken kulu” ile özdeşleştirilmiştir. Üçüncü olarak Yeni Ahid’deki mesîhe “Tanrı’nın oğlu” denmekte, Yahudilik’te ise mesîh Tanrı’nın oğlu diye nitelenmemektedir. Dördüncü olarak hıristiyanlar Îsâ’nın, hayatı boyunca mesîhî beklentileri gerçekleştiren bir kişi olduğuna inanmaktadır. O, zamanın sonunda bu beklentileri gerçekleştirmek için tekrar gelecektir, yahudiler ise Îsâ’yı mesîh kabul etmemektedir.
Îsâ’nın tebliği, öğretileri ve faaliyetleri “Tanrı’nın hükümranlığının yeryüzüne gelişini ilân” şeklinde özetlenebilir. Bu ise insanları tövbeye ve Tanrı’nın mağfiretine daveti içermektedir. Îsâ insanlarla bu yolla ilişki kurmuş ve bu yolla günahkârları Tanrı’nın dostluğuna ve kurtuluşa çağırmıştır. Sözlerinde ve fiillerinde Îsâ güçlü bir otorite, Tanrı’nın kurtuluşa götüren elçisi hissini uyandırıyordu. Bu şahsî otorite, onun “baba” dediği (Abba, Markos 14/36) hakîm Tanrı ile mevcut olan yakın ilişkisine dayanmaktaydı. Îsâ bu Tanrı’nın iyi, inâyet sahibi, hakîm ve bağışlayan olduğunu da vurgulamıştı. Bütün söz ve fiillerinde Îsâ kendini açıkça Tanrı’nın huzurunda ve onun irade ve kanunu (Tevrat) dahilinde hissetmekteydi. Îsâ’nın sözleri, Tanrı’nın hükümranlığının mahiyeti ve insanların nasıl yaşaması gerektiğine dair açıklamalardan oluşmakta, ortaya koyduğu mûcizevî fiilleri de ilâhî gücün ve O’nun hükümranlığının tezahürü şeklinde algılanmaktaydı. Îsâ’nın ilân ettiği Tanrı’nın hükümranlığı eskatolojik karakterdeydi ve tövbe edenler bu hükümranlığa girebilecekti.
Yeni Ahid’e göre Îsâ’nın mesîh olarak kabul edilmesi, her ne kadar o kendini hitap ettiği kitlelere böyle tanıtmamışsa da kendiliğinden gelişen bir olgudur. Îsâ’nın gerek sözleri gerekse çeşitli uygulama ve mûcizeleri sebebiyle çevresindekiler onun mesîhliğini (Yuhanna, 4/29) ve aynı anlama gelen Dâvûd oğlu oluşunu (Matta, 12/23) gündeme getirmişler, hatta mesîh olduğunu açıklaması için onu zorlamışlardır (Yuhanna, 10/24).
Yeni Ahid’de Îsâ’nın mesîh oluşuna işaret eden, bir kısmı çarmıha gerilmeden önce cereyan etmiş bazı olaylar vardır. Meselâ Petrus’un kardeşi havâri Andreas, başka bir defa da Marta onu mesîh olarak kabul etmekte (Yuhanna, 1/41; 11/27), Petrus onun mesîh olduğunu söylemekte, bunun üzerine Îsâ ona sessiz olmasını ve insanoğlunun eza çekmek zorunda bulunduğunu bildirmektedir (Matta, 16/13-20; Markos, 8/29-31). Îsâ’nın mesîhliğine işaret eden başka bir hadise de dirildikten sonra havârilere göründüğü zaman Thomas hariç bütün havârilerin bunu itiraf etmesidir (Yuhanna, 20/21-29). Bu olaylar sebebiyle ilk hıristiyan cemaati Îsâ’yı kendilerinin yaşayan rabbi olarak tanımıştır. Diğer bir olay ise Îsâ’nın Pavlus’a görünmesidir ki bu olaydan sonra Pavlus hakikati tanımıştır.
Bu örneklere rağmen Îsâ, Yuhanna (4/26) dışında hiçbir yerde kendisinin mesîh olduğunu belirtmediği gibi bunu söyleyenlere de bu konuda sessiz kalmalarını öğütlemekte, kendisi için daha çok insanoğlu ifadesini kullanmaktadır. Sadece Markos’ta (14/62), Matta (26/64) ve Luka’nın (22/67) hilâfına başkâhinin, “Allah’ın oğlu mesîh misin?” sorusuna “evet” diye cevap vermektedir. Hatta Îsâ’nın talebeleri ve etrafındaki kişilerin onu bir peygamber olarak gördüğüne dair Yeni Ahid’de çeşitli ifadeler bulunmaktadır (Luka, 24/19; Resullerin İşleri, 3/22-23; 7/37). Ayrıca bizzat Îsâ kendisi hakkında peygamber ifadesini kullanmaktadır (Markos, 6/1-4; Luka, 13/32-35); ancak yine de hıristiyan topluluğu Tanrı’nın mesîhî kurtuluşu Îsâ’nın şahsında gerçekleştirdiğine kanidir.
Hıristiyan inancına göre Îsâ’nın mesîh olarak kabul edilmesinde en etkin faktör havârilerin Îsâ’nın ölümünden sonraki inanç ve telakkileri olmuştur. Onlar, çarmıha gerilmiş Îsâ’nın yeniden hayata kavuştuğunu ve bazı kişilere göründüğünü iddia etmiştir. Petrus, haça gerilip dirilen Îsâ’nın Allah tarafından hem rab hem de mesîh kılındığını söylemiştir (Resullerin İşleri, 2/36). Îsâ’nın çarmıha gerilmesinin ardından insanlara görünmesi, önceleri sadece bu iddiada bulunan kişilere mahsus olarak düşünülmüşken daha sonra hıristiyan topluluğu Îsâ’nın yeniden dirilmesini onaylamıştır. Bu aynı zamanda Îsâ’nın mesîh olduğunun delili sayılmış, böylece Îsâ inanan topluluğun yaşayan rabbi olarak tanınmıştır.
Îsâ’dan önceki iki asırdan daha fazla bir süre boyunca yahudi inanç ve dindarlığı çeşitli mesîhî beklentileri bilmekteydi, fakat onlar zafere ulaşmış bir mesîh yerine çarmıha gerilmiş birini hiç düşünmemişlerdi. Halbuki Yeni Ahid’in her tarafında mesîh kelimesi Îsâ’nın ölümü ve yeniden dirilmesiyle irtibatlı olarak yorumlanmıştır; özellikle Markos mesîhin çarmıha gerilmiş biri olduğunda ısrar etmiştir. Îsâ’nın gerçek kimliği çilesi ve ölümüyle kendini göstermiştir. Bu mesîh anlayışı hıristiyan düşüncesine göre ilâhî rahmete işaret etmektedir. Zira Tanrı insanlığın daha fazla günah içinde kalmasına rıza göstermemiş, insanlığın günahına kefâret olmak üzere biricik oğlunu göndermiştir.
İnsan-ilâh ilişkisine dair temel kaynak olarak Tevrat’ı gören yahudiler Hıristiyanlığın bu yeni mesîh anlayışını sorgulamışlardır. Ancak bu yeni anlayış aynı zamanda, Yahudiliğin dar kurtuluş fikri yerine evrensel kurtuluş fikrine doğru önemli bir adımdı, zira İnciller’e göre kurtuluş herkes içindir. Kısaca Yahudilik’te esasen bilinen kurtuluş fikri yabancıları da (gentile) içine alarak evrenselleştirilmiş, daha sonraları Hıristiyanlık yabancıların dini haline gelmiştir.
Hıristiyanlık kendi yahudi geçmişindeki bir kısım özellikleri muhafaza etmiş, İbrânîce Eski Ahid’i kendi açısından okuyarak muhafaza etme yoluna gitmiştir. Diğer taraftan Yahudilik’teki kurban etme ve acı çekme gibi kavramlar, Pavlusçu ilâhiyatta Îsâ’nın kendini haçta feda etmesi ve bunun günahlara kefâret olarak sayılması doktrinlerine çevrilmiştir. Hıristiyanlık seçilmiş insan fikrini korumuş, fakat onu ırk ve bölgenin ötesine genişleterek herkesin Tanrı’nın kulu olabileceği konumuna getirmiş, Yahudiliğin apokaliptik geleneğinin unsurlarını muhafaza edip onu antik hıristiyan topluluğunun sabırla beklediği, Îsâ’nın ikinci gelişine uygulamıştır.
Mesîh unvanı Îsâ’ya onun tekrar dirilmesinin ardından verilmiş ve artık onun ikinci ismi olmuştur. Îsâ’ya bunların yanında iki unvan daha verilmeye başlanmıştır ki biri “rab” (Yunanca kurios), diğeri ise Matta ve Yuhanna tarafından kullanılan “Tanrı’nın oğlu” unvanıdır. Sağlığında Îsâ Tanrı’ya “baba” ismiyle hitap etmiştir. Halbuki ilk hıristiyanlar Îsâ’nın dünyayı kurtarmada Tanrı ile şahsî olarak özdeşleştiğine inanmışlardır. Bir zamanlar fiiliyatta birliktelik şimdi şahsiyette birliktelik olarak yorumlanmış, sonraları ona Tanrı’nın biricik oğlu ve sadece Tanrı denmeye başlanmıştır. İlk hıristiyanlar için yeniden dirilen mesîhin daha önce mânevî alanda bir varlığı söz konusuydu; bu ise Îsâ ile ilgili birçok hıristiyan doktrininin gelişmesine sebep olmuştur.
Îsâ’nın mesîh olarak yorumu, yahudi-hıristiyan anlayışından başlayıp gnostik anlayışa ve bu ikisi arasında kendilerine Doğu hıristiyanları diyenlere kadar teolojik farklılıklara uzanan bir zeminde büyük bir çeşitlilik arzeder. Hıristiyan toplumları otonom bir varlığa sahip oldukları müddetçe bu tür farklılıklara devamlı müsamaha gösterilmiştir. Ancak millî kilisenin ve imparatorluk kilisesinin organizasyonu ve bunun 314 yılı civarında devlet tarafından kabulünün ardından birliğin, disiplinin ve itaatin formları Roma ve İstanbul’da merkezîleşen yeni dinî otorite tarafından tesis edilmiştir. İmparatorluk devlet otoritesi tarafından 325’te toplanan İznik Konsili ve kilise nihayet inananların beden, zihin ve ruhlarında otorite iddia etmiş ve kiliseye mutlak itaati emretmiştir. Dolayısıyla Hıristiyanlığın müesseseleşmesinden sonra, dinî otoriteyi temsil eden kilise yönetimi ve konsiller, inanç ve uygulama esaslarını belirlemiş, farklı ve aykırı yorum ve davranışları din dışı ilân etmiştir. Bugün hıristiyan mezheplerinin Hz. Îsâ ve Mesîh’le ilgili tarihî süreç içinde çeşitli tartışmalar sonunda ortaya konmuş inançları vardır (bk. HIRİSTİYANLIK ; ÎSÂ ; MEHDÎ ).
Kur’an’da mesîh, Hıristiyanlık’ta olduğu gibi Hz. Îsâ’nın ölümünden sonra dirilişi üzerine kendisine verilmiş bir sıfat olmayıp doğumundan itibaren onun için kullanılmıştır. Kavram Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Hıristiyanlık’taki anlamıyla yer almamakta, Îsâ’nın kendisinden önce gelenler gibi bir peygamber olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Bazı hadislerden hareketle Hz. Îsâ’nın kıyamet alâmetleri kapsamında tekrar yeryüzüne döneceğini ifade eden anlayış, âlimler arasında tartışmalı bir husustur (bk. ÎSÂ [Kelâm]). Müslüman milletlerin edebiyatlarında Hz. Îsâ Mesîh, Mesîh İbn Meryem, Mesîh-i Îsâ adlarıyla yer aldığı gibi Türk-İslâm edebiyatında bunların yanında diğer isim ve lakaplarıyla pek çok manzum-mensur eserde işlenmiştir (bk. ÎSÂ [Türk Edebiyatı]).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “msḥ” md.
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “msḥ” md.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân (Şâkir) , VI, 410-414.
Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf , Beyrut 1397/1977, I, 430.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , VIII, 49.
H. Lesêtre, “Messie”, DB , IV/I, s. 1032-1040.
a.mlf., “Onction”, a.e. , IV/II, s. 1805-1811.
J. Delorme, “Fils de l’homme”, Vocabulaire de théologie biblique (ed. Xavier Léon-Dufour), Paris 1962, s. 386-387.
A. Grillmeier, Christ in Christian Tradition (trc. J. S. Bowden), London 1965.
C. K. Barrett, Jesus and the Gospel Tradition , London 1967.
E. Harvey, Jesus and the Constraints of History , London 1982.
E. P. Sanders, Jesus and Judaism , London 1985.
a.mlf., The Historical Figure of Jesus , London 1993.
M. de Jonge, Christology in Context: The Earliest Christian Response to Jesus , Philadelphia 1988.
R. Schnackenburg, Jesus in the Gospels: A Biblical Christology , Louisville 1995.
W. Gesenius, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (trc. E. Robinson, ed. Fr. Brown v.dğr.), Oxford, ts. (Clarendon Press), s. 602.
L. Koehler – W. Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament , Leiden 1995-2000, II, 643-645; V, 1922-1923.
J. Coppens, “Messianisme”, Catholicisme , IX, 9-19.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 306-309 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.