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Meşihat Arşivi Müftü Defterlerine Göre XIX. Yüzyıl ve Sonrası Kastamonu Müftüleri (1218-1342/1804-1924) Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 194 – 236, 30.06.2024
Mustafa Yavuz
https://doi.org/10.32955/neu.istem.2024.10.1.09
Öz Hz. Peygamber döneminde ilahi hükümler hususunda bir soru veya sorun ortaya çıktığında ya bir ayet nazil oluyor ya da hüküm Hz. Peygamber’e bildiriliyor, o da kendi üslubu ile hükmü doğrudan açıklıyordu. Vahiy gelmeyen konularda ise Allah’ın iradesiyle bilgi ve tecrübesine dayanarak hüküm beyan ediyor, hata etmesi halinde ise Allah tarafından düzeltiliyordu. Hz. Peygamberin vefatından sonra sahâbe, tâbiîn ve tebeü’t-tâbiîn dönemlerinde fıkhi meselelerde sorulan sorulara nasların çizdiği ilke, çerçeve ve amaçlar gözetilerek cevap verilme yoluna gidilmiştir. İlk dönemlerden itibaren fıkhı meselelerde sorulan sorulara konunun uzmanı kişilerce verilen cevaba “fetva”, fetvayı veren kişiye de “müftü” denilmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti’nde de daha kuruluşundan itibaren fıkhı konularda bu usul üzere devam edilmiş, hatta Osman Gazi’nin kayınpederi Şeyh Edebali (v. 699/1 299) ilk müftü/şeyhülislam kabul edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte kurumsal manada müftülüğün ortaya çıkışı ile ilgili 1425 yılında Molla Fenârî’nin Bursa müftüsü olarak atanması genel kabul görmüştür. Osmanlı’da İlk zamanlar şeyhülislam ve müftü terimleri birbirinin yerine kullanılırken, sonraları ise şeyhülislam unvanı ile sadece İstanbul müftüsü kastedilmiş, taşrada görev yapanlar için ise sadece müftü/kenar müftüsü unvanı ile yetinilmiştir. XIII. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren Türk yurdu olan Kastamonu’da Çobanoğulları ve Candaroğulları döneminde resmi olarak bir müftü atamasının olmadığı düşünülmektedir. Fetva ihtiyacı, bölgede bulunan müderris, cami görevlileri ve din bilginleri tarafından karşılanma yoluna gidilmiştir. Osmanlı döneminde Kastamonu ve ilçelerine atanan müftülerle ilgili farklı kaynaklarda XVI. yüzyıldan itibaren bazen isim verilerek, bazen de sadece isim verilmeden “müftü” şeklinde zikredilerek bilgi verilmektedir. Bu manada tespit edebildiğimiz en erken tarih XVI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına denk gelmektedir. Aslen Kastamonulu olan ve Ağras (Isparta) ile Larende (Karaman) Musa Bey Medresesi’nde müderris olarak görev yapmış olan Cafer Efendi, Kastamonu müftüsü olarak tespit edebildiğimiz ilk kişidir. XIX. yüzyıldan itibaren tutulmaya başlanan ve Meşihat Arşivi’nde bulunan iki adet müftü defterinde Kastamonu dâhil olmak üzere Osmanlı coğrafyasının taşrasında yer alan tüm vilayet ve kazalarına atanan müftüler yer almaktadır. Defterlerde verilen bilgiye göre Kastamonu vilayet merkezi ile Araç, Cide, Daday, İnebolu, Küre, Taşköprü ve Tosya kazalarına 50 müftü atanmıştır. Defterlerde müftülerin atanma tarih ve şekilleri, ipkaları, hastalık, yaşlılık, sû-i hal, şeri hükümlere aykırılık, vefat ve istifa gibi görevden ayrılma sebepleri hususlarında bilgiler bulunmaktadır. Bu makalede iki defterde isimleri zikredilen ve Kastamonu ile kazalarında görev yapan müftüler hakkında şer’iyye sicilleri, tercüme-i hal varakaları, arşiv belgeleri ve kaynaklardan elde edilen bilgilerden hareketle bilgi verilmiştir. Ayrıca topluma yaptıkları manevi katkılar, olumlu-olumsuz yönleri, görev süreleri ve görevden ayrılış nedenleri tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Müftülerin sadece din hizmeti sunmadıkları, Kurtuluş Savaşı’nda Kuvây-ı Milliye’ye yaptıkları katkı ile topluma önder oldukları ortaya konulmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler Kastamonu, Meşihat, Müftü Defterleri, Fetva, Hacr, İslam Tarihi
Kaynakça Ahıshalı, Recep. “Ruûs”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, 35/272-273. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2008. Akman, Eyüp. Belgelerle Araçlı Meşhur Şahsiyetler. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi, 2021. Alvânî, Tâhâ Câbir. Fıkıh Usûlü. Trc. Mehmet Erdoğan, İstanbul: Koba Yayınları, 1992. Atâi, Nev’izade Ataullah Efendi (1045/1635). Hadaikü’l-Hakaik fi Tekmileti’ş-Şekaik. Haz. Dr. Suat Donuk, İstanbul: Elma Basım Yayın ve İletişim, 2017. Atar, Fahrettin. “Fetva”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 12/486-496. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1995. Apaydın, H. Yunus. “Hacir”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 14/513-517. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1996. Aydın, Bilgin& Günalan, Rıfat. “XVI. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti'nde Mevleviyet Kadıları”. 19-34. İstanbul: Prof. Dr. Şevki Nezihi Aykut Armağanı, 2011 Bilmen, Ömer Nasûhî. Fıkıh İlmi & İslam Hukuku Terimleri Sözlüğü Haz. Abdullah Kahraman. İstanbul: Nizamiye Akademi, 2016 BOA, Osmanlı Arşivi. Ali Emîrî, Mahmud II. [AE.SMMD.II.]. No. 18, Gömlek No. 1055; Üçüncü Ahmed. [AE.SAMD.III]. No. 82, Gömlek No. 8275; Süleyman II [AE.SSÜL.II], No. 4, Gömlek No. 379. https://katalog.devletarsivleri.gov.tr BOA, Osmanlı Arşivi. Bâb-ı Âlî Evrak Odası. ]BEO]. No. 3069, Gömlek No. 230143/2. https://katalog.devletarsivleri.gov.tr BOA, Osmanlı Arşivi. Bâb-ı Âsâfî, Nâme-i Hümâyun Defterleri [A.DVNSMHM.d].Defter No. 84, No. 124; 0-359; 80-1127. https://katalog.devletarsivleri.gov.tr BOA, Osmanlı Arşivi. Cevdet, Adliye [C..ADL]. No. 23, Gömlek No. 1385; Maârif. [C.MF]. No. 120, Gömlek No. 5982. https://katalog.devletarsivleri.gov.tr BOA, Osmanlı Arşivi. Dâhiliye, Defterler [DH.SAİDd]. Defter No. 76, No. 475; Defter No. 19, No. 283. https://katalog.devletarsivleri.gov.tr BOA, Osmanlı Arşivi. Evkâf, Berat [EV.BRT]. No. 72, Gömlek No. 11. https://katalog.devletarsivleri.gov.tr BOA, Osmanlı Arşivi. Hariciye, Mektûbî Kalemi [ HR.MKT]. No. 560, Gömlek No. 26/1; 692 – 37. https://katalog.devletarsivleri.gov.tr BOA, Osmanlı Arşivi. Hatt-ı Hümâyûn [HAT]. No. 1233, Gömlek No. 48013. https://katalog.devletarsivleri.gov.tr BOA, Osmanlı Arşivi. İbnü’l-Emîn, Tevcîhât [İE.TCT]. No. 4, Gömlek No. 477. https://katalog.devletarsivleri.gov.tr BOA, Osmanlı Arşivi. İrâde, Askeri, Meclis-i Vâlâ [BOA, İ.MVL]. No. 302, Gömlek No. 12344. https://katalog.devletarsivleri.gov.tr BOA, Osmanlı Arşivi. Maarif Nezareti, Tedrîsât-ı İbtidâiye Kalemi [MF.İBT]. No. 47, Gömlek No. 109. https://katalog.devletarsivleri.gov.tr BOA, Osmanlı Arşivi. Maliye Nezâreti, Emlâk-i Emîriye Müdüriyeti [ML.EEM]. No. 465, Gömlek No. 38; 508 – 81; 727-31; 728-60; 936-20; Defterleri [ML.VRD.TMT.d]. No. 4862, 18. https://katalog.devletarsivleri.gov.tr BOA, Osmanlı Arşivi. Meclis-i Vâlâ [MVL]. No. 456, Gömlek No. 64. Defterleri [ML.VRD.TMT.d]. No. 4862, 18. https://katalog.devletarsivleri.gov.tr BOA, Osmanlı Arşivi. Mektûbî Kalemi [A.}MKT.MHM]. No. 412, Gömlek No. 16; 433-77/1. https://katalog.devletarsivleri.gov.tr BOA, Osmanlı Arşivi. Memur Sicil Zarfları [DH.SAİD.MEM]. No. 4, Gömlek No. 1. https://katalog.devletarsivleri.gov.tr BOA, Osmanlı Arşivi. Sadâret, Umum Vilâyât Evrâkı [A.}MKT.UM]. No. 7, Gömlek No. 60/1. https://katalog.devletarsivleri.gov.tr BOA, Osmanlı Arşivi. Yıldız, Arzuhal Jurnal. [Y.PRK.AZJ]. No. 27, Gömlek No. 12. Demircioğlu, M. Ziyaeddin. Kastamonu’da Meşrutiyet Nasıl İlan Olundu. Kastamonu: Doğrusöz Matbaası, 1968. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Arşivi. DİB Arşivi, 1923-1413. 1923-1918 Eraslan, Sadık. Meşihat-i İslamiyye ve Ceride-i İlmiyye: Osmanlılarda Fetva Makamı ve Yayın Organı. Ankara: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı, 2009 İpşirli, Mehmet. “Mahreç”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 17/ 387-388. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2003. İpşirli, Mehmet. “Şeyhülislâm mı, İstanbul Müftüsü mü?”. İstanbul Müftülüğü Din ve Hayat Dergisi. 24(2015), 147-157. İpşirli, Mehmet. “Şeyhülislam”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 39/91-96. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2010. Kaplan, Abdurrahman. Kurtuluş Savaşının Manevi Reisi Mehmet Rifat Börekçi. Ankara: Astana Yayınları, 2019. Kastamonu Şer’iye Sicil Defteri (1128-1129), Meşihat MŞH.ŞSC.d, Defter No. 2, No. 5658, 52a-124. Kastamonu Şer’iye Sicil Defteri (1164–1165), Meşihat [MŞH.ŞSC.d], Defter No. 44, No. 5681, 103a-176. Kastamonu Şer’iye Sicil Defteri (1210-1211), Meşihat [MŞH.ŞSC.d], Defter No. 69, No. 5706, 67a-68b, 150. Kastamonu Şer’iye Sicil Defteri (1190-1191), Meşihat [MŞH.ŞSC.d], Defter No. 60, No. 5697, 86b-90. Kastamonu Şer’iye Sicil Defteri (1227-1228), Meşihat [MŞH.ŞSC.d], Defter No. 83, No. 5720, 44b-71. Kastamonu Şer’iye Sicil Defteri (1309-1311), Meşihat [MŞH.ŞSC.d], Defter No. 147, No. 5784, 1a,- 2. Kastamonu Şer’iye Sicil Defteri (1302-1304), Meşihat [MŞH.ŞSC.d], Defter No. 140, No. 5777, 22b, 23a, 24b-46; Kastamonu Vilayeti Salnâmeleri (KVS) 1286; 1289; 1290; 1291; 129., Kastamonu: Kastamonu Vilayet Matbaası. Kılıç, Cihan. Osmanlı Döneminde Müftülük. Ankara: Nobel Bilimsel, 2022. Kılıç, Cihan. “Osmanlı Devleti’nde Üst Düzey Kadı Atamaları (19. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısı)”. İslami İlimler Dergisi 18/1 (March 2023), 77-104. Köprülüoğlu, Âdem. Kastamonu Vilayet Gazetesinde Milli Mücadelenin Yansımaları. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Atatürk İlkeleri İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2007. MA, İstanbul Müftülüğü Meşihat Arşivi. Sicill-i Ahval [SAİD], No. 0177/0009; No. 0177/0010; No. 0180/0013; No. 0180/0017; No. 0181/0001; No. 0182/0020; No. 0218/0006; No. 0227/0017; No. 0231/0044. MA, İstanbul Müftülüğü Meşihat Arşivi. Müftü Defterleri [MD], No. 35/1; No. 36/1 MA, İstanbul Müftülüğü Meşihat Arşivi. Taşra Devriye Müderrisleri Defteri [TDMD], No. 02307/1. MA, İstanbul Müftülüğü Meşihat Arşivi. Taşra Medrese ve Müderrisleri Defteri [TMMD], No. 02308/1. MA, İstanbul Müftülüğü Meşihat Arşivi. Taşra Müderrisleri Defteri [TMD], No. 02319/1. Mardin, Ebü’l-Ula. Huzur Dersleri. I-III. İstanbul: İsmail Akgün Matbaası, 1951. 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According to Mufti Books, Mufti of Kastamonu in the XVIIIth Century and After (1218-1342/1804-1924) Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 194 – 236, 30.06.2024
Mustafa Yavuz
https://doi.org/10.32955/neu.istem.2024.10.1.09
Öz During the time of Prophet Muhammad, when a question or problem arose regarding divine decrees, either a verse was revealed or the ruling was communicated to the Prophet Muhammad, who would directly open the ruling in his own style. In matters where no revelation came, he would make a ruling based on his knowledge and experience with the will of Allah, and if he made a mistake, he would be corrected by Allah. In the periods following the Prophet’s death, companions (ṣaḥāba), successors (tābiʿīn), and Successors (atbāʿ al-tābiʿīn) followed a method of answering questions on fiqh issues by considering the principles, frameworks, and purposes outlined in the texts. From the early periods on, the answer given by experts on fiqh issues to questions asked was called “fatwa”, and the person who gave the fatwa was called “muftī”. This method was continued in the Ottoman Empire from its foundation, and even Osman Gazi’s father-in-law, Sheikh Edebali (d. 699/1299), is considered the first muftī / Shaykh al-Islām. However, the emergence of the office of the muftī in an institutional sense is generally accepted to have occurred with the appointment of Molla Fenari as the muftī of Bursa in 1425. In the Ottoman Empire, the terms Shaykh al-Islām and muftī were used interchangeably in the early times, but later the title Shaykh al-Islām was used to refer only to the muftī of Istanbul, while the title muftī was used for those who served in the provinces. It is thought that there was no official appointment of a muftī in Kastamonu, which was a Turkish homeland, during the Çobanoğulları and Candaroğulları periods from the beginning of the 13th century. The need for fatwas was met by the müderris (teacher), mosque officials, and religious scholars in the region. In the Ottoman period, information about the muftīs appointed to Kastamonu and its districts is given in different sources from the 16th century onwards, sometimes with their names given and sometimes just with the title ” muftī “. In this sense, the earliest date we can identify is the second half of the 16th century. Cafer Efendi, who was originally from Kastamonu and served as a müderris at the Musa Bey Madrasa in Agras (Isparta) and Larende (Karaman), is the first muftī of Kastamonu that we can identify. Two muftī registers, which were started to be kept in the 19th century and are located in the Meşihat (Mashīkhat) Archive, include the muftīs appointed to all the provinces and districts outside the Ottoman geography, including Kastamonu. According to the information given in the registers, 50 muftīs were appointed to the Kastamonu provincial center and the districts of Araç, Cide, Daday, İnebolu, Küre, Taşköprü and Tosya. The registers provide information about the appointment dates and methods of the muftīs, reasons for leaving office such as illness, old age, misconduct, violation of sharia law, death and resignation. This article provides information about the muftīs who served in Kastamonu and its districts and whose names are mentioned in the two registers, based on information obtained from sharia records, translation sheets, archive documents and sources. It also attempts to identify their spiritual contributions to society, their positive and negative aspects, their terms of office and the reasons for their departure. It is shown that the muftis did not only provide religious services but also led the society with their contributions to the Nationalist forces (Kuva-yi Milliye) in the War of Independence.
Anahtar Kelimeler Kastamonu, Mashihat, Mufti Books, Fatwa, Hajr, İslamic History
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Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı. Osmanlı Devletinin İlmiye Teşkilatı. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1988. http://www.kure.gov.tr/ilcemizin-tarihi(erişim: 16.11.2023) Yavuz, Mustafa. “Candaroğlu İsmail Bey (1419-1479) ve Medresesi”, Bitlis İslamiyât Dergisi, V/I (2023), 1-29. Yavuz, Mustafa. Kastamonu Medreseleri ve Uleması. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2023 Zühdi, Mehmed. Tehassür. İstanbul: Dersaadet Matbaası, 1308. Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular İslam Tarihi Bölüm Makaleler Yazarlar Mustafa Yavuz Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı 0000-0001-9731-5874 Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Mart 2024 Kabul Tarihi 17 Mayıs 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1
Kaynak Göster ISNAD Yavuz, Mustafa. “Meşihat Arşivi Müftü Defterlerine Göre XIX. Yüzyıl Ve Sonrası Kastamonu Müftüleri (1218-1342/1804-1924)”. Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi İslam Tetkikleri Merkezi Dergisi 10/1 (Haziran 2024), 194-236. https://doi.org/10.32955/neu.istem.2024.10.1.09.
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