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MES‘ÛD b. MUHAMMED TAPAR Skip to content Ebü’l-Feth Gıyâsüddîn Mes‘ûd b. Muhammed Tapar b. Melikşâh (ö. 547/1152)
Irak Selçuklu hükümdarı (1134-1152).
3 Zilkade 502’de (4 Haziran 1109) doğdu. Sultan Muhammed Tapar’ın oğludur. Henüz üç yaşında iken Türk devlet geleneğine göre merkezi Musul olan el-Cezîre valiliğine gönderildi ve Mevdûd b. Altuntegin kendisine atabeg tayin edildi. Emîr Mevdûd’un 507 (1113) yılında Dımaşk’ta Bâtınîler tarafından öldürülmesi üzerine yerine getirilen Aksungur el-Porsukī başarılı olamadığından azledildi. Cüyûş Beg unvanlı Emîr Ayaba Mesud’un üçüncü atabegi oldu. Sultan Muhammed Tapar öldüğünde (511/1118) Mesud atabegiyle birlikte Musul’da bulunuyordu.
Muhammed Tapar’ın yerine geçen büyük oğlu Sultan Mahmud’un yönetime hemen hâkim olamaması üzerine Cüyûş Beg diğer bazı emîrlerin tahrikiyle Mesud’u ağabeyinin yerine geçirmek için harekete geçti. Ancak Sultan Mahmud’un kumandanı Mengü Bars karşısında başarı gösteremedi. Bununla birlikte el-Cezîre’ye ilâveten Azerbaycan’ın Mesud’a verilmesini sağladı. Fakat bu Cüyûş Beg’i pek tatmin etmedi. 514’te (1120) Mesud adına yeni bir isyan çıkaran Cüyûş Beg, Hemedan’ın batısındaki Esedâbâd Geçidi yakınında yapılan savaşta bozguna uğradı. Sultan Mahmud kardeşinin hayatını bağışladı ve yeni bir ayaklanma olmaması için onu yanında alıkoydu. 521 (1127) yılında Rey şehrinde bulunan amcası Büyük Selçuklu Sultanı Sencer’in huzuruna giden Mahmud’un yanında kardeşleri Tuğrul ile Mesud da vardı. Merv’e dönerken Tuğrul ile Mesud’u da beraberinde götüren Sultan Sencer, Mesud’u Cürcân valiliğine tayin etti. Mesud, Cürcân’ın merkezi Esterâbâd’da yaklaşık üç yıl oturdu.
Mesud, Sultan Mahmud 525 (1131) yılında ölünce tahtı ele geçirmek için yeniden harekete geçti. Şehrizor yöresi hâkimi Arslantaş oğlu Kıfçak’ın yardımı ile topladığı 10.000 kişilik bir ordu ile sultanlığını Abbâsî halifesine tasdik ettirmek için Bağdat’a gitti. Bu sırada Sultan Sencer duruma hâkim olmak maksadıyla Merv’den Rey’e gelmişti. Bunun üzerine Bağdat’ta ona karşı bir ittifak doğdu. Buna göre Mesud sultan, kardeşi Selçuk onun veliahdı olacak, Karaca da beylerbeyiliğe getirilecekti. Bütün gücüyle halifeliğe eski kuvvetini kazandırmaya çalışan Halife Müsterşid-Billâh da yapacağı maddî yardıma karşılık Irâk-ı Arab’a hâkim olacaktı. Sultan Sencer, Mesud’un halife ile anlaştığını duyunca Rey’den Hemedan’a geldi ve Azerbaycan’a gitmekte olan yeğeninin yolunu kesti; Kirmanşah’ın kuzeydoğusunda Dînever yakınında cereyan eden savaşta Mesud yenildi (8 Receb 526 / 25 Mayıs 1132). Sencer savaş meydanından uzaklaşan yeğenini yanına çağırarak ona şefkatle davrandı ve merkezi Gence olan Arrân valiliğine tayin etti. Irak Selçuklu sultanlığına diğer yeğeni Tuğrul’u getirdi. Mesud ve Mahmud’un oğlu Dâvud, Tuğrul’un hükümdarlığını tanımamakla birlikte üzerlerine gelen Tuğrul ile savaşma cesareti gösteremediler. İlk önce atabegi Aksungur el-Ahmedîlî ile Dâvud, ardından Mesud Bağdat’a giderek Tuğrul’a karşı halifeyle bir antlaşma yaptılar. Antlaşmaya göre halife sefere katılmayıp sadece asker gönderecekti. Mesud, Merâga hâkimi Aksungur el-Ahmedîlî ile birlikte Azerbaycan’a gitti; orada Tuğrul’un beylerine karşı bazı başarılar elde ettikten sonra Hemedan’a yürüyüp az bir askerle karşısına çıkan Sultan Tuğrul’u yenilgiye uğrattı (Şâban 527 / Haziran 1133). Mesud, Rey’e giden Sultan Tuğrul’u oradan da uzaklaştırdı ve onu Taberistan melikine sığınmak zorunda bıraktı. Ardından Hemedan’a döndü.
528 (1134) baharında isyan çıkaran yeğeni Melik Dâvud’u sığındığı Revândiz Kalesi’nde kuşattı. Fakat bu sırada Sultan Tuğrul da Taberistan’dan ayrılarak asker topladı ve Mesud’un emrindeki beylerden bazılarını kendi tarafına çekti. Mesud, Tuğrul’u Kazvin civarında karşıladı; ancak emîrlerinden bir kısmı kardeşinin tarafına geçince bozgun halinde geri çekildi (Ramazan 528 / Temmuz 1134) ve halifeden izin alarak Bağdat’a gitti. Mesud, Halife Müsterşid-Billâh ile anlaşıp Tuğrul’a karşı yeniden savaşmak istiyordu. Fakat halife, Sultan Tuğrul’a gücenerek kendi hizmetine giren bazı kumandanların daha sonra Tuğrul ile tekrar anlaşması ve bir kısmının Sultan Mesud’a sığınması üzerine bunların kendisine iadesini istedi. Mesud bu talebi geri çevirince halifeyle arası açıldı. Halife, Mesud’a değerli hediyeler gönderip Bağdat’tan ayrılmasını birkaç defa rica ettiyse de Mesud dinlemedi. Müsterşid-Billâh onu şehirden zorla uzaklaştırmak için harekete geçmek üzere iken Sultan Tuğrul’un ölüm haberini alan Mesud (Muharrem 529 / Kasım 1134), Azerbaycan’da bulunan Dâvud’dan önce Hemedan’a varmak için hemen yola çıktı ve yeğeni gelmeden Hemedan’a ulaştı. Emîrler de ona itaat ettiler. Mesud, Hemedan’a gelişinin ertesi günü Irak Selçuklu tahtına oturdu (Muharrem 529 / Kasım 1134).
Yeni hükümdar, ilk iş olarak Dâvud’dan gelebilecek tehlikeyi önlemek için onu kızıyla evlendirip veliaht ilân etti. Azerbaycan’da bazı yerleri ve Ahlat-Bitlis bölgesini kendisine iktâ etti. Tuğrul’un atabegi Karasungur’un beylerbeyi olarak görevde kalması Mesud’un sadık emîri Bâzdâr Yarınkuş’un hoşuna gitmedi. Onun tesirinde kalan Mîrâhur Kızıl, Zencan hâkimi Sungur, Çavlı gibi emîrler de Sultan Mesud’un hizmetinden ayrıldılar. Sultan üzerlerine yürüyerek onları yenince hep birlikte Halife Müsterşid-Billâh’a gittiler ve onu Mesud’a saldırmaya teşvik ettiler. Müsterşid-Billâh, Sultan Mesud’a karşı sefer kararı aldı ve Mesud’un adının hutbelerde okunmasına son verildi.
Sultan Mesud ile savaşmak üzere Bağdat’tan ayrılan halifenin yanında başlıca devlet erkânından başka Bağdat’ın tanınmış âlim ve şairleri de vardı. Sayısı yolda ancak 7000’i bulan ordusunun bir kısmını Selçuklu emîrlerinin askerleri oluşturuyordu. Halife, ordusuyla kendisine katılmak için biraz beklemesini rica eden Azerbaycan Meliki Dâvud’un sözlerini dinlemediği gibi ordusunun mevcudunun 5000’e inmesine de önem vermedi. İki ordu Hemedan civarında karşı karşıya geldi (10 Ramazan 529 / 24 Haziran 1135). Halifenin safındaki Türkler sultanın tarafına geçti. Halifeyi, yanındaki devlet erkânını, âlim ve şairleri, askerlerinin geri kalan kısmını esir alan Sultan Mesud halifeye saygı ile davrandı, onu da yanına alıp yeğeni Dâvud’u te’dip için Azerbaycan’a gitti. Merâga şehri yakınında kurulan ordugâhta Halife Müsterşid-Billâh ile Selçuklu hükümdarı arasında halifenin tazminat ödemesi, asker beslememesi ve sarayından çıkmaması şartıyla antlaşma yapıldı. Fakat çok geçmeden halifenin çadırına hücum eden Bâtınîler Müsterşid-Billâh’ı öldürdüler. Bazı kaynaklarda halifenin Sultan Sencer’in emriyle öldürüldüğü, Mesud’un da bundan haberdar olduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Sultan Mesud, Müsterşid-Billâh’ın yerine veliahdı olan oğlu Râşid-Billâh’ın hilâfete geçmesini kabul etmedi ve yalnız dinî işlerle meşgul olacak bir halife isteğini bildirdi. Müsterşid-Billâh’ın veziri Zeynebî, Müstazhir-Billâh’ın oğlu Ebû Abdullah Muhammed’in gerekli vasıfları haiz olduğunu söyleyerek halifelik makamına geçirilmesini teklif etti.
Bu sırada Dâvud, Sultan Mesud’un önünden çekilerek askerleriyle Bağdat’a gelmişti. Daha sonra Bâzdâr Yarınkuş, İsfahan Valisi Alp Kuş el-Kebîr, Porsuk’un oğlu, Merâga hâkimi Aksungur el-Ahmedîlî’nin oğlu ve Hille Emîri Dübeys b. Sadaka Bağdat’a geldi. Melikşah’ın Aksungur adlı emîrinin oğlu olan Musul Halep hâkimi İmâdüddin Zengî de Mesud’un kuvvetlenmesinden en fazla telâşa kapılan emîrlerdendi. Güçlü bir sultanın ülkesini elinden almasından kaygılandığı için Dâvud’un hükümdar olmasını istiyor ve bu maksatla onu ve emîrlerini gizlice sultana karşı kışkırtıyordu. Öte yandan Râşid-Billâh da Mesud’un hükümdarlığını tanımamış, adını hutbelerden çıkartmış ve Dâvud adına hutbe okutmuştu. Bunları haber alan Mesud Bağdat’a giderek şehri kuşattı. Elli gün süren kuşatmanın sonlarına doğru şehirde karışıklıklar çıktı. Râşid-Billâh ile müttefikleri arasında anlaşmazlık baş gösterdi. Emîrler birer birer Bağdat’tan uzaklaştılar. Râşid-Billâh da tehlikenin yaklaştığını görünce hazinesini yanına alıp adamlarıyla birlikte müttefiki Atabeg İmâdüddin Zengî’nin arkasından Musul’a gitti. Ancak sultandan korkan atabeg ona yardım etmedi. Bunun üzerine Azerbaycan’a Dâvud’un yanına gitmek zorunda kaldı. Ertesi gün Bağdat’a giren (530/1136) Sultan Mesud korku içindeki halka iyi davrandı. Râşid-Billâh hal‘edilerek Müstazhir-Billâh’ın oğlu Ebû Abdullah Muhammed, Muktefî-Liemrillâh lakabıyla halifelik makamına geçirildi. Sultan Mesud, Râşid ve Dâvud’u destekleyen âsi emîrleri bağışladı, hatta bazılarının dirliklerini arttırdı.
Sultan Mesud’un Bağdat’tan Hemedan’a dönüşünde Fars Valisi Par-saba’nın (Apa) isyan hazırlığı yaptığını öğrendi. Pars-aba, hükümdarlığını tanımadığı Sultan Mesud’un kendisini cezalandırmadan önce onu tahttan uzaklaştırmak ve yerine Dâvud’u geçirmek için eski halife Râşid’in de dahil olduğu bir ittifak meydana getirdi. 532 yılı Şâban ayında (Nisan-Mayıs 1138) Hemedan yöresinde Gürşenbe’de yapılan savaşta Pars-aba yenilip esir alındı ve öldürüldü. Bunu duyan Hûzistan nâibi Emîr Boz-aba da Pars-aba’nın intikamını almak için Sultan Mesud’un ordusuna baskın düzenledi ve çadırlarından çıkardığı on iki emîri öldürdü. Sultan Mesud, Atabeg Karasungur ve diğer beyler Azerbaycan’a çekilmek zorunda kaldılar. Boz-aba, Dâvud, Râşid, Hârizmşah ve diğerleri Hemedan’da toplandılarsa da sonuç alamayıp dağıldılar. Fars’a bir an önce sahip olmayı arzu eden Boz-aba hemen oraya gitti. İsfahan’ı almak isteyen Dâvud’a refakat eden Râşid ise şehrin yakınlarında Bâtınîler tarafından öldürüldü (26 Ramazan 532 / 7 Haziran 1138).
Mesud 532’de (1138) Kemâleddin Muhammed el-Hâzin’i vezir tayin etti. Dirayetli bir devlet adamı olan Kemâleddin kısa sürede işleri düzeltti, özellikle maliyeyi ıslah ederek gelirleri arttırdı. Ancak emîrleri küçümsemesi ve sultan üzerinde büyük nüfuzu bulunan Karasungur’un bertaraf edilmesi için çalışması kendi hayatına mal olduğu gibi sultanı da zor durumda bıraktı. Arrân’ın ve bazı Azerbaycan yörelerinin sahibi olan Karasungur, yanına Selçuk ve Dâvud’u da alıp 10.000 atlı ile Hemedan’a geldi, Kemâleddin’in kendisine teslim edilmesini istedi, aksi takdirde başka bir sultanın hizmetine gireceğini bildirdi. Sultan, emîrlerinden çoğunun Karasungur ile birlikte olduğunu görünce Kemâleddin’i feda etmek mecburiyetinde kaldı (Şevval 533 / Haziran 1139). Bu durum Karasungur’un cüretini arttırırken sultanın itibarını sarstı.
Sultan Mesud kış aylarını, o zamanlar İslâm âleminin ilim ve ticaret merkezi olmasının yanında en büyük eğlence merkezi olan Bağdat’ta geçirirdi. 538 (1143) sonbaharında Bağdat’a gelmesi ise Musul-Halep Emîri Atabeg İmâdüddin Zengî üzerine bir sefer düzenlemek amacına yöneliktir. Çünkü Mesud’un kuvvetli şahsiyetinden çekinen İmâdüddin Zengî sultana karşı olan muhalefet ve isyan hareketlerini bir şekilde desteklemişti. Zengî, Mesud’un harekete geçeceği sırada 100.000 altın vereceğini ve büyük oğlu Seyfeddin Gazi’nin hizmetinde bulunacağını bildirerek sultanın gönlünü aldı. Esasen sultan da Haçlılar’la başarılı mücadelelerde bulunan İmâdüddin Zengî’nin gücünü kırmak istemiyordu. Aynı yıl sultanın yeğeni Dâvud Tebriz’de Bâtınîler tarafından öldürüldü.
Sultanın Has Bey’e olan sevgisi yüzünden hayatını tehlikede gören Emîr Togayürek oğlu Hâcib Abdurrahman’ın teşebbüsüyle Rey Valisi Abbas, Fars ve Hûzistan Valisi Boz-aba arasında bir ittifak kuruldu. Buna göre sultandan emin olmak için aralarından biri askerleriyle birlikte onun yanında bulunacaktı. Ayrıca Boz-aba’nın veziri de sultanın veziri olacaktı. Sultan Mesud bu şartları kabul etti, fakat onları ortadan kaldırmak için de bir plan hazırladı. Has Bey, Zengî Candar’ın yardımıyla Hâcib Abdurrahman’ı öldürdü. Bunu Bağdat’ta haber alan sultan da Rey Valisi Abbas’ı katlettirdi. Fars hâkimi Boz-aba sultanın uyarılarını dinlemeyip harekete geçti. Sultan Mahmud’un oğullarından Muhammed’i veya Melikşah ile birlikte her ikisini İsfahan’da büyük sultan Alparslan’a ait tahta oturtup Hemedan’a doğru yola çıktı. Sultan Mesud yardıma gelmesi için Has Bey’e ardarda ulaklar gönderdi. İki ordu Hemedan yakınlarındaki Karategin çayırlığında karşılaştı. Yapılan savaşta sultan ordusunun sağ ve sol kolları bozguna uğradıysa da Boz-aba’nın esir düşmesi üzerine ordusu yenildi ve kendisi de öldürüldü (542/1147). Böylece Sultan Mesud parlak bir zafer kazanmış, dirayet ve iktidarını ispat etmiş oldu. Bu olayın ardından devletin idaresini kendi yetiştirdiği Türkmen asıllı Has Bey’e vermesi ve bir iki emîri öldürtmesi yüzünden Alp Kuş Kûnehar, İldeniz, Kaymaz, Korkut, Torumtay ve diğer emîrler Melik Muhammed etrafında toplanıp yeni bir muhalefet grubu oluşturarak Bağdat’a gittiler, ancak halifeden yüz bulamadılar. Sultan Mesud, âsi emîrleri te’dip etmek için Bağdat’a gitmek üzere yola çıktığı sırada amcası Sencer’in Rey’e geldiğini haber alınca Bağdat yerine Rey’e geçti. Sencer yeğeninin gelişinden çok memnun kaldı, ona hil‘at giydirdi. Mesud daha sonra Has Bey ve veziriyle birlikte Bağdat’a gitti. Burada âsi emîrler Mesud’un huzuruna çıkarak af dilediler, sultan da dirliklerini geri vermek suretiyle onları bağışladıktan sonra Hemedan’a döndü. Ardından Sâve ve Tebriz gibi şehirleri dolaştı, bu arada Merâga’yı kuşatarak iki günde teslim aldı. Sultan Mesud 546 (1151) yılında çok sevdiği Bağdat’a gidip bahar gelince yine Hemedan’a döndü. Fakat çok geçmeden hastalandı ve bir hafta sonra vefat etti (1 Receb 547 / 2 Ekim 1152). 21 veya 22 Cemâziyelâhir 547’de (23 veya 24 Eylül 1152) öldüğü de rivayet edilir. Cemâleddin İkbâl el-Hâdim’in yaptırdığı medresede gömüldü.
Dirayetli bir hükümdar olan Sultan Mesud, Doğu Anadolu beyliklerini (Saltuklular, Ahlatşahlar, Doğan Arslan oğulları, Artuklular), Zengîler’i ve Mezyedîler’i devlete yeniden bağladığı gibi bir tehlike kaynağı oluşturmaması için Abbâsî halifeliğiyle ilgili bazı tedbirler almış, bu çerçevede halifelerin hangi hizmet için olursa olsun Türk memlükü kullanamayacaklarını hükme bağlamıştı. Çünkü o dönemlerde İslâm âleminde Türkler askerlik sanatında rakipsiz sayılıyordu. Sultan Mesud halka karşı şefkatli ve âdildi. Onun çok cömert olduğu ve kin tutmadığı kaydedilmektedir. Sultan Mesud mizahtan hoşlanıyor, eğlenmeyi seviyordu. Kışları Bağdat’a gitmesi Hemedan’ın dondurucu soğuğundan kurtulmanın yanında daha ziyade eğlenmek içindi. Hille Emîri Dübeys b. Sadaka’nın kızı Arab Hatun’dan (asıl adı Seferi Hatun) doğmuş olan oğlu Melikşah’ın âkıbeti meçhuldür. Kızlarından Fatma Hatun, Halife Muktefî ile, Gevher Hatun yeğeni Melik Muhammed ile evliydi. İbnü’l-Esîr, onun ölümüyle Selçuklu hânedanının ikbal ve saadet döneminin son bulduğunu, ondan sonra güven duyulan ve saygı gösterilen bir kimsenin çıkmadığını söyler (el-Kâmil , XI, 160).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 349-351 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.