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MEVLÂY MUHAMMED eş-ŞEYH Skip to content Ebû Abdillâh Mevlây Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Muhammed eş-Şeyh el-Mehdî es-Sa‘dî el-Hasenî (ö. 964/1557)
Sa‘dî sultanı (1539-1557).
893 yılında (1488) Sûs bölgesinin merkezi Târûdânt’ta doğdu. Sa‘dîler’in kurucusu Kāim-Biemrillâh’ın oğludur. Târûdânt ve Fas şehrinde Ebû Ali Hasan b. Osman el-Cezûlî et-Tâmilî, Abdullah b. Ömer el-Medgarî, Ahmed b. Yahyâ el-Venşerîsî ve Ebû Abdullah İbn Gāzî gibi âlimlerden din ve lugat ilimleri okudu. Kendisinin ve ağabeyi Ahmed’in yetişmesine büyük önem veren babası hac ziyaretine onları da götürdü ve Hicaz âlimlerinin ilim meclislerinde bulunmalarını sağladı (911/1506). Hac dönüşünde ağabeyi ile birlikte Vattâsîler’in başşehri Fas’ta kalan Muhammed bir süre Vattâsî sultanının çocuklarına ders verdi. Sa‘dîler Devleti’ndeki ilk idarî görevine babasına Sûs’ta vekâlet ederek başladı.
Muhammed eş-Şeyh ağabeyi Ahmed el-A‘rec zamanında (1517-1539) vezirlik ve kumandanlık görevlerini yürüttü. Başta askerî faaliyetler olmak üzere devlet işlerinin yürütülmesinde kardeşine yardımcı oldu. İki kardeş Sa‘dî hânedanının temellerini sağlamlaştırdı. Târûdânt’ta bir savunma hattı oluşturarak Dârülbeyzâ’nın güneyindeki limanları işgal eden Portekizliler ve onların yerli işbirlikçilerine karşı başarılı bir mücadele yürüttüler. Bu mücadelede son dönemlerini yaşayan Vattâsîler’den önemli askerî destek gördüler.
Ahmed el-A‘rec, 930’da (1524) Vattâsîler’in elinden aldığı Merakeş’i başşehir edinince Muhammed eş-Şeyh Târûdânt’ta oturdu ve bölgedeki askerî işleri organize etti. Şehri surlarla çevirdi; burada kale, büyük bir cami, medrese ve şeker imalathâneleri inşa ettirdi. Hıristiyan tüccarları vasıtasıyla silâh ve mühimmat teminine çalıştı. Agādîr’e düzenlediği saldırıların ardından bölgedeki Portekizliler’le ateşkes yapıp istikrarı sağladı.
Başarılarıyla Sûs halkının sevgisini ve güvenini kazanan Muhammed eş-Şeyh’in şöhreti Ahmed el-A‘rec’in onun kıskanmasına ve yirmi üç yıl boyunca iyi geçinen iki kardeşin arasının açılmasına sebep oldu. Ahmed el-A‘rec’in aşırı gururu, özellikle bölgedeki Portekizliler üzerine düzenlenen seferlerde ele geçirilen ganimetlerin paylaşımındaki anlaşmazlık, bazı devlet adamlarının desiseleri ve sultanın oğlunu veliaht tayin etmesi neticede iki kardeşi savaşa sürükledi. Sûs kabilelerinin desteği sayesinde kardeşini yenen Muhammed eş-Şeyh “Mehdî” unvanıyla tahta oturdu (946/1539). Ahmed el-A‘rec ile oğlunu Merakeş’te hapse koydurdu. Sûs bölgesindeki meselelere öncelik veren sultan 948’de (1541) Agādîr Limanı’nı Portekizliler’den alarak parlak bir zafer kazandı. Bol miktarda silâh ve ganimet ele geçirdi. Daha sonra Portekizliler’i Safî Limanı’ndan çıkardı ve onların tahliye ettiği Azemmûr’a asker yerleştirdi (950/1543). Bu sırada henüz kendisine itaat etmeyen Merakeş halkının tekrar Hintâte liderlerine biat ettiğini öğrendi. Anlaşma yoluyla onların biatını almayı başaran Muhammed 951’de (1544) Merakeş’e hâkim olup ağabeyini sürgüne gönderdi. Neticede Mağrib-i Aksâ’nın güney kesiminde kontrolü ve istikrarı sağladı. Ardından Mağrib-i Aksâ’nın tamamını idaresi altında toplamak için bölgenin kuzey kesimine yönelip o sırada karışık bir dönem geçiren ve sadece Fas şehriyle yöresine hükmeden Vattâsîler’i ortadan kaldırmaya karar verdi. Miknâs ve Sebû’yu aldıktan sonra Fas şehrini kuşattı ve 2 Muharrem 956’da (31 Ocak 1549) emanla şehre girdi. Kaçmayı başarıp Cezayir’de Osmanlılar’a sığınan Ebû Hassûn dışındaki Vattâsî sultanı ve hânedan mensuplarını tutuklayıp Merakeş’e gönderdi. Öte yandan Portekizliler 1550’de Kasrüssagīr ile Asîlâ’yı (Arzila) boşaltmak zorunda kaldılar.
Muhammed eş-Şeyh, Fas’ı ele geçirince bu defa Mağrib-i Evsat’a (Cezayir) yönelip 957’de (1550) Osmanlı hâkimiyetindeki Tilimsân’a ordu gönderdi. Sa‘dî ordusu, Cezayir Beylerbeyi Hasan Paşa’nın Vehrân’daki İspanyollar’la uğraşmasından yararlanarak şehri zaptetti. Sultan bunun ardından Şelif vadisindeki Müstegānim’e bir ordu sevketti. Ancak geri dönen Osmanlı ordusu bunları yenerek Tilimsân ve civarını geri aldı ve Sa‘dîler’i Mağrib-i Aksâ’ya çekilmek zorunda bıraktı (959/1552). Muhammed eş-Şeyh tekrar bölge üzerine gittiyse de başarı gösteremedi. Öte yandan aynı yıl içinde Sultan Muhammed’e bir elçi gönderen Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman onun sultanlığını tebrik edip Cezayir-Fas arasındaki sınırın belirlenmesini teklif etti. Ayrıca ondan Osmanlı hâkimiyetini kabul ederek kendisi adına hutbe okutmasını ve sikke kestirmesini istedi. Bu teklifi reddeden Muhammed eş-Şeyh, Kanûnî’nin hitap şekline duyduğu öfkeyle elçinin başını kestirmek istediyse de Türk asıllı bazı kumandanların karşı çıkması üzerine bundan vazgeçti.
Bu arada Cezayir Beylerbeyi Sâlih Reis’in gönderdiği Osmanlı kuvvetleri 960 (1553) yılında Fas yolu üzerindeki Tâze (Tâzâ) şehrini ele geçirdi. Cezayir’e sığınan Vattâsî Emîri Ebû Hassûn yanında olduğu halde Fas’a bir saldırı düzenleyen Sâlih Reis, Safer 961’de (Ocak 1554) halkın tezahüratı ile Sa‘dî sultanının terketmek zorunda kaldığı Fas şehrine girdi ve Ebû Hassûn’un sultan ilân edilmesini sağladı. Böylece yeniden kurulan Vattâsîler Osmanlılar’a tâbi olarak hüküm sürmeye başladılar. Ancak Muhammed eş-Şeyh, Osmanlı kuvvetlerinin Cezayir’e dönmesinin ardından Fas’a yürüdü. Ebû Hassûn’u ağır bir yenilgiye uğratıp Vattâsî hânedanını ortadan kaldırdı (24 Şevval 961 / 22 Eylül 1554) ve Mağrib-i Aksâ’nın tamamını hâkimiyeti altına aldı.
Sa‘dî hânedanını iktidara taşıyan ve güçlenmesine yardımcı olan tarikat şeyhlerine karşı 958’den (1551) itibaren güvensizlik duymaya başlayan Muhammed eş-Şeyh onlara baskı uyguladı. Sîdî Abdullah el-Kûş’un Merakeş’teki zâviyesini boşalttı ve onu Fas’a sürgüne gönderdi, diğer zâviyeleri de denetim altına aldı. Bu politika giderek şiddete dönüştü ve sultan, Fas’ta Türkler’in hâkimiyetini tanıyan Vattâsî hânedanını destekleyen âlimlerden ve Kādiriyye tarikatı ileri gelenlerinden bazılarını öldürtmekten çekinmedi. Osmanlılar’a karşı büyük bir düşmanlık besleyen Sultan Muhammed bölgede onlarla mücadele eden İspanya ile ittifak kurmuştu. Bu düşmanlık iki tarafı tekrar savaşa sürükledi. Cezayir Beylerbeyi Sâlih Reis 962’de (1555) Bicâye’yi ele geçirdi. Muhammed eş-Şeyh’in İspanya kralı ile anlaştığını öğrenen Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman, o sırada ölen Sâlih Reis’in yerine tayin ettiği Hasan Paşa’ya Sa‘dî sultanına kesin bir darbe vurmasını emretti. Tilimsân’a yürüyen Hasan Paşa orayı alıp Fas üzerine gittiyse de Vehrân’daki İspanyollar’ın dönüş yolunu kesebilecekleri endişesiyle Fas’a girmekten çekindi. Muhammed eş-Şeyh’i ortadan kaldırmak için onun ordusundaki Türkler’den faydalanmayı düşündü ve sonunda bunu başardı. Hasan Paşa’nın gönderdiği Sâlih Kâhya ve arkadaşları, Osmanlı zulmünden kaçtıklarını söyleyerek Sa‘dî sultanının muhafız alayına girmeyi başardılar ve bir sefer esnasında düzenledikleri suikastla Muhammed eş-Şeyh’i öldürdüler (29 Zilhicce 964 / 23 Ekim 1557). Kesilen başı Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’a gönderildi ve İstanbul’da halka teşhir edildi. Cesedi Merakeş’teki Ravzatü’s-Sa‘diyyîn’e gömüldü. Yerine geçen oğlu Abdullah’a “Gālib-Billâh” lakabıyla biat edildi. Öte yandan Hasan Paşa Fas şehrine girdiyse de Vehrân’daki İspanyol ordusunun gelmekte olduğunu öğrenince Tilimsân’a dönmek zorunda kaldı.
Heybetli bir hükümdar olan Muhammed eş-Şeyh ilme düşkündü. Fıkıh, tefsir ve edebiyat alanında kendisini yetiştirmişti. Âlimlere büyük değer verir, görüşlerinden istifade ederdi. Gerçekleştirdiği idarî ve malî düzenlemelerle iktisadî hayatı canlandırmış, imalâthaneler kurdurarak şeker üretimini arttırmıştır. Kardeşi Ahmed el-A‘rec zamanından itibaren silâh ve mühimmat temini için hıristiyan tüccarlarla ilişki kurup onları Sûs’a çekmeye çalışmış, Agādîr’in alınışından sonra İngiltere’den deri, bal mumu ve şeker gibi ürünler karşılığında silâh ve mühimmat almıştır. Tuz yataklarını ele geçirmek amacıyla Sahrâ’ya seferler düzenlemiştir. Gittikçe artan askerî ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için yeni vergiler ihdas etmiş, Sûs bölgesinin dağlık arazilerini harâcî (mîrî) arazi statüsüne dahil ederek haraç vergisi almış, ayrıca kişi başına “nâibe” adıyla bir vergi koymuştur (İbn Asker el-Mağribî, s. 116). Tarikat şeyhleri ve şerifler dahil herkesten alınan bu vergi bilhassa Sûs halkı üzerinde büyük infial uyandırmış ve isyanlara yol açmıştır. Ülkenin imarına önem veren sultan Târûdânt’ı tahkim etmiş, Agādîr’e bir liman yaptırmış, bazı merkezlerde camiler inşa etmiş ve Târûdânt Ulucamii’nde bir kütüphane kurmuştur.
Muhammed eş-Şeyh, Atlas dağlarında bakır madeninin bulunmasıyla top dökümünü başlatarak (946/1539) Merakeş ve Fas’ta top dökümhaneleri yaptırmış, bu alanda Endülüslü muhacirlerle Türkler’den faydalanmıştır. Ana unsurunu Sûs kabilelerinin oluşturduğu ordusunda Türk asıllı askerlere de yer vermiş ve muhafız alayını onlardan oluşturmuştur. Osmanlılar’dan kaçıp ülkesine sığınan isyancıları ordusuna almaktan çekinmemiştir. Bu tedbirler sayesinde askerî gücünü arttırarak işgalci Portekiz kuvvetlerini bölgeden çıkarmış, Vattâsî hânedanına son verip diğer güçleri de itaat altına alarak bütün Mağrib-i Aksâ’yı kendi hâkimiyetinde toplamayı başarmıştır. Bununla birlikte Osmanlılar’la mücadelede zayıf kalmış, onlara karşı yardımlarına başvurduğu İspanya ve Portekiz’le ittifak kurmaktan çekinmemiştir. Vattâsî sarayında çalışan bazı devlet adamlarından istifade ederek devletinin teşkilâtlanmasında da önemli rol oynayan Muhammed eş-Şeyh, savaşlardaki başarıları ve ülkede siyasî birliği sağlaması sebebiyle bazı tarihçiler tarafından hânedanın gerçek kurucusu sayılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İbn Asker el-Mağribî, Devḥatü’n-nâşir (nşr. Muhammed Haccî), Rabat 1397/1977, s. 46, 51, 55-56, 88, 110-111, 116; İfrenî, Nüzhetü’l-ḥâdî bi-aḫbâri mülûki’l-ḳarni’l-ḥâdî (nşr. Abdüllatîf eş-Şâdilî), Dârülbeyzâ 1998, s. 59-116; Zeyyânî, et-Tercümânü’l-muʿrib ʿan düveli’l-meşriḳ ve’l-maġrib (nşr. ve trc. Roger le Tourneau), Aix-en-Provence 1977, s. 11-12, 16, 24; Selâvî, el-İstiḳṣâ, V, 3-39; Muhammed er-Rabâtî ed-Daîf, Târîḫu’d-devleti’s-Saʿîde (nşr. Ahmed el-Umârî), Rabat 1986; Aziz Samih İlter, Şimali Afrikada Türkler, İstanbul 1936, I, 96-98, 116, 123; Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi, II, 367-369; III/1, s. 45; G. Drague, Esquisse d’histoire réligieuse du Maroc; confréries et zaouias, Paris 1951, s. 57-61; R. le Tourneau, Les débuts de la dynasties sa’dienne, Alger 1954; F. Braudel, la Méditerrannée et le monde méditerranéen à l’époque de Philippe II, Paris 1966, tür.yer.; Abdülkerîm Küreyyim, el-Maġrib fî ʿahdi’d-devleti’s-Saʿdiyye, Rabat 1398/1978, s. 5-40; Celâl Yahyâ, Târîḫu’l-Maġribi’l-kebîr, Beyrut 1981, III, 34-39; İsmail Ceran, Mağrib’de Sa’dîler (doktora tezi, 1995), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 72-133; Mustafa L. Bilge, “Başlangıçtan 1578 Yılına Kadar Osmanlı-Fas İlişkileri”, İlim ve Sanat, sy. 35-36, İstanbul 1993, s. 108-114; A. Cour, “Sa’dîler”, İA, X, 43; Ch. Pellat, “Mawlāy Maḥammad al-S h ayk h ”, EI2 (Fr.), VI, 884-885.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 459-460 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.