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MEVLÂY MUHAMMED III Skip to content Mevlây Muhammed b. Abdillâh b. İsmâîl b. eş-Şerîf b. Alî el-Alevî el-Hasenî (ö. 1204/1790)
Alevî (Filâlî) hükümdarı (1757-1790).
1134’te (1722) Miknâs’ta (Meknes) doğdu. Filâlî hükümdarlarından Mevlây Abdullah b. İsmâil’in oğludur. Babaannesinin gözetiminde iyi bir öğrenim gördü. 1143’te (1731) yaptığı hac seyahati onun üzerinde büyük bir tesir bıraktı. 1158’de (1745) Merakeş emirliğine tayin edildi. Bu görevdeyken yönetimdeki başarısı ve üstün ahlâkıyla temayüz etti. Babasının 27 Safer 1171’de (10 Kasım 1757) vefatından sonra Merakeş’te Filâlî sultanı ilân edildi ve Merakeş Filâlîler’in başşehri oldu.
Mağrib’de (Fas) Mevlây Muhammed’in dedesi Mevlây İsmâil’in vefatının ardından (1139/1727) başlayan siyasî istikrarsızlık ekonomik çöküntüye sebep olmuş, açlıktan binlerce kişi ölmüştü. Bu olumsuz şartlar yüzünden şeriflerin nüfuzu büyük ölçüde zayıflamış, Arap ve Berberî kabileleri silâhlanarak güç odakları oluşturmuşlardı. Mevlây Muhammed öncelikle isyancı Berberî unsurları itaat altına alıp “Abîd” (abîdü’l-Buhârî) denilen ve zencilerden oluşan askerî birliklerle ilgili yeni düzenlemeler yaparak Miknâs’ta istikrarı sağladı. Daha sonra Fas şehrine gidip Arap asıllı askerlerden meydana gelen birlikleri yeniden tanzim etti. Bu arada orduya, ulemâya, talebelere, din adamlarına ve fakirlere ihsanda bulunarak onların sevgisini kazandı. Vergi sistemiyle ilgili yeni düzenlemeler yaptı. Fas şehri vergilerini şehrin valisine iktâ ederek iltizam usulünü başlattı. Sağlam para bastırdı ve parasının değerini arttırdı.
Avrupalılar’ın sömürgecilik faaliyetlerinin yoğunlaştığı bir dönemde Mevlây Muhammed ülkesinin sahillerine yönelebilecek tehlikelere karşı tedbirler aldı, inşa ettirdiği hisarlara toplar yerleştirdi (1173/1759). Aynı zamanda Avrupa devletlerindeki iktisadî ve askerî gelişmeleri yakından izleyerek askerî gücünü arttırmak için harekete geçti, donanmasını geliştirmeye çalıştı. Donanmasının teçhizatını Osmanlı Devleti, İngiltere ve İsveç’ten sağladı. Bu sırada Selâ (Salé) ve Rabat gemi inşa ve onarımında önemli iki üs haline geldi.
Mevlây Muhammed 1178’de (1764) Selâ’ya ve 1179’da (1765) Arâîş’e saldıran Fransızlar’ı geri püskürtü. 1182’de (1768-69) 70.000 kişilik bir orduyla Portekizliler’den Mâzâgân’ı geri aldı. Fakat İspanyollar’ın elindeki Sebte ve Melîle’yi (Melilla) kurtaramadı. Mâzâgân’ı terkeden Portekizliler, ellerinde kalan bütün barutları müslümanların şehre girdiği sırada ateşleyerek yaklaşık 5000 müslümanın ölümüne sebep oldular. Mevlây Muhammed 1198’de (1784) Tâfîlâlt’ta amcası Mevlây Hasan’ın isyanını bastırdı.
Ülkesinin ekonomik durumunu düzeltmek için dış ticarete önem veren Mevlây Muhammed Danimarka, İsveç, İngiltere ve Fransa ile ticarî anlaşmalar imzaladı. Bu ülkelerin tüccarlarına bazı imtiyazlar tanıyıp Fas’a yönelmeleri için gayret gösterdi. Safî (Âsfiye) Limanı’nı tahkim ettirdiği gibi Muhammediye (Fedâle) ve Dârülbeyzâ (Kazablanka) limanlarını yaptırdı. Onun döneminde Avrupa ile ticarette büyük gelişme oldu. Safî, Suveyre, Selâ, Arâîş, Agādîr, Rabat ve Tıtvân gibi liman şehirlerinde kurulan ticarî müesseselerin sayısı arttı, ülkedeki ticarî merkezler çeşitli Avrupa mallarıyla doldu. Ancak yabancı malların bolluğu mahallî üretimin gelişmesini olumsuz yönde etkiledi ve çok sayıda atölye kapandı. 1189 (1775) yılından itibaren Mağrib’de ekonomik ve sosyal krizler başladı, kıtlık yüzünden çok sayıda kişi açlıktan öldü.
Mevlây Muhammed, ekonomik münasebetlerde olduğu gibi Avrupa ve İslâm dünyasıyla diplomatik ilişkilerini de geliştirmeye gayret sarfetti. İspanya, Malta, İtalya ve diğer ülkelerdeki müslüman esirleri kurtarmak için çalıştı. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ni ilk tanıyanlardan oldu. Bu arada özellikle Fransa ile irtibat kurarak Türk-Fransız muahedesine benzer bir muahede yapmayı başardı (1181/1767). Ayrıca XV. Louis ile esirlere dair bir antlaşma imzaladı.
İslâm birliğini sağlamaya çaba gösteren Mevlây Muhammed bilhassa Osmanlı Devleti ve Doğu İslâm âlemiyle ilişkilerini kuvvetlendirmek istiyordu. Bu amaçla yoğun bir yazışma ve hediyeleşme faaliyeti içine girdi. 1182’de (1768) kız kardeşinin Mekke şerifiyle evlenmesi ve oğullarının hacca gitmesi dolayısıyla iki taraf arasındaki münasebetler çoğaldı. Mevlây Muhammed kendisinden önce iyice zayıflamış olan Osmanlı-Fas münasebetlerini kuvvetlendirmek amacıyla 1761, 1767, 1782, 1783 ve 1785 yıllarında İstanbul’a hediyeler ve elçiler gönderdi.
Mevlây Muhammed, Osmanlı Devleti ile ilişkilerini güçlendirmeye uğraşırken Cezayir eyaleti buna engel olmaya çalışıyor, Fas hükümdarının isyan eden oğullarını ve Mağrib’den kaçan memleketin ileri gelenlerini kendi topraklarında barındırıyordu. Bunun üzerine Mevlây Muhammed, damadı Abdülmelik başkanlığında içinde Tâlib Abbas ve Vezir İbn Osman’ın da bulunduğu bir elçi heyetini değerli hediyelerle İstanbul’a gönderdi. Mevlây Muhammed yolladığı mektupta Malta’daki Osmanlı esirlerinin kurtarılmasından bahsediyor, Cezayirliler’in zulüm ve tecavüzlerine son verdirilmesini diliyordu. I. Abdülhamid elçilik heyetini merasimle kabul etti ve mukabil hediyelerle birlikte cevabî mektubunu götürmeye devrin ulemâsından Seyyid İsmâil Efendi’yi memur etti. Fas’a gönderilen mektupta Cezayirliler’in yola getirileceği ve şikâyet konusu hususların düzeltileceği, Malta’daki esirlerin kurtarılması için esasen padişahın gerekli teşebbüslerde bulunduğu bildirildi.
Bu sırada Osmanlı Devleti Kırım’ı kurtarmak için Ruslar’a savaş açmış (1787-1792), Avusturyalılar’ın da savaşa katılması Osmanlılar’ı birtakım siyasî tedbirler almaya mecbur etmişti. Osmanlı Devleti’nin maddî yardım beklediği ülkeler arasında Fas artık önemli bir yer tutmaya başlamıştı. Bu maksatla Ahmed Azmî Efendi elçi olarak Fas’a gitti (1202/1787). Osmanlı-Cezayir ilişkileri yüzünden bu yardım biraz geciktiyse de daha sonra iki gemi gönderildi. Mevlây Muhammed 1204’te (1790) I. Abdülhamid’e askerî yardım yolladı ve İngilizler’in Osmanlılar’a karşı Ruslar’a yardım etmesi yüzünden İngiltere’ye güherçile ihracını yasakladı.
Mevlây Muhammed, 1790’da isyan eden oğlu Yezîd’in üzerine giderken Ribâtülfeth’ten ayrıldığı gün yolda öldü (24 Receb 1204 / 9 Nisan 1790). Cenazesi Ribâtülfeth’e götürülerek defnedildi. Yerine oğlu Mevlây Yezîd sultan ilân edildi. İstikrarın büyük ölçüde sağlandığı, ülkenin en parlak devirlerinden sayılan otuz üç yıllık bir döneme hâkim olan Mevlây Muhammed ileri görüşlü, devlet işlerine büyük ihtimam gösteren, ilme düşkün bir sultan olarak bilinmektedir. Büyük şehirlerde çok sayıda kale, burç, kasır, çarşı, cami ve medrese yaptırmış, çeşitli binaları tamir ettirmiştir. Hıristiyanlara esir düşmüş müslümanları kurtarmak için de büyük çaba göstermiştir. Onun fidye ödeyerek kurtardığı esirlerin sayısının 50.000 civarında olduğu bildirilmektedir.
İslâm birliğini hedefleyen Mevlây Muhammed adalet ve eğitim alanında önemli ıslahatlar gerçekleştirmiş, ilmî hayatı canlandırmak için başta Karaviyyîn Medresesi olmak üzere eğitim kurumlarında yeni düzenlemeler yapmıştır. Eğitimde aslî kaynaklara başvurulmasını, Selef akîdesinin öğretilmesini öngörürken kelâm kitaplarının okutulmasını yasaklamıştır. Özellikle hadis ve sünnete karşı bağlılığı vardı. Bundan dolayı Rabat’ta inşa ettirdiği camiye Câmiu’s-sünne adını vermiştir. Onun zamanında ulemâ yönetime olan yakınlığına göre siyasî ve maddî imtiyazlardan faydalanırken devletten uzak duran tasavvuf çevreleri belirgin bir şekilde güçlerini kaybetmiştir. Mevlây Muhammed, Berberîler’i kışkırtan Murâbıtlar’ı şiddetle cezalandırdığı gibi zâviyeleri denetim altına alıp Ebü’l-Ca‘d Zâviyesi şeyhi Ebû Abdullah Sîdî Muhammed el-Arabî (Derkāvî tarikatı şeyhi) gibi Murâbıtlar’ı etkisiz hale getirmiştir.
Eserleri. Mevlây Muhammed kaleme aldığı çok sayıdaki eserle aynı zamanda bir ilim adamı olduğunu göstermiştir. Telif ettiği kitaplardan bazıları şunlardır: 1. Mesânîdü’l-eʾimmeti’l-erbaʿa (nşr. Ferîd el-Bustânî, Arâîş 1941). Eserde sırasıyla dört mezhep imamının, üç mezhep imamının, iki mezhep imamının ittifak ettiği hadisler toplanmış, sonunda da mezhep imamlarının tek olarak naklettiği hadislere yer verilmiştir. 2. el-Fütûḥâtü’l-ilâhiyye fî eḥâdîs̱i ḫayri’l-beriyye. İmam Mâlik’in el-Muvaṭṭaʾı, Ebû Hanîfe, Şâfiî ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’in Müsned’leri ile Ṣaḥîḥayn’dan derlenen hadisleri ihtiva eder (Rabat 1364/1945, 1400/1980). Bu eserin el-Fütûḥâtü’l-ilâhiyyetü’ṣ-ṣuġrâ diye anılan küçük bir versiyonu daha vardır (el-Hizânetü’l-Haseniyye, nr. 602). 3. Ṭabaḳu’l-erṭâb fî ma’ḳteṭafnâhü min mesânidi’l-eʾimme ve kütübi meşâhîri’l-Mâlikiyye ve’l-İmâm el-Ḥaṭṭâb (nşr. Abdullah b. İdrîs b. Ebû Bekir Mîgā, Muhammediye 1420/1999). Mâlikî fıkhına göre ibadet konularını anlatan bir eserdir. 4. Mevâhibü’l-mennân bimâ yeteʿekked ʿale’l-muʿallimîne taʿlîmühû li’ṣ-ṣıbyân (Rabat, el-Hizânetü’l-âmme, nr. 795 K; el-Hizânetü’l-Haseniyye, nr. 3747; diğer eserleri için bk. Ṭabaḳu’l-erṭâb, neşredenin girişi, s. 71-79).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, MD, nr. 187, s. 8, 10; TSMA, nr. E. 4034, 4994; Mevlây Muhammed, Ṭabaḳu’l-erṭâb fî ma’ḳteṭafnâhü min mesânidi’l-eʾimme ve kütübi meşâhîri’l-Mâlikiyye ve’l-İmâm el-Ḥaṭṭâb (nşr. Abdullah b. İdrîs b. Ebû Bekir Mîgā), Muhammediye 1420/1999, neşredenin girişi, s. 63-108; Muhammed b. Abdüsselâm ed-Duayyif er-Rabâtî, Târîḫ (nşr. Muhammed Bûzeydî eş-Şeyhî), Dârülbeyzâ 1408/1988, I, 297-375; Cevdet, Târih, II, 251 vd., 256, 366; III, 272; IV, 9, 51 vd.; Selâvî, el-İstiḳṣâ, VII,181-197; VIII, 3-86; R. Montagne, Les berberes et le makhzen dans le sud du Maroc, Paris 1930, s. 103-106; İbn Zeydân, İtḥâfü aʿlâmi’n-nâs, Rabat 1349-50/1931-32, III, 178-366; IV, 267-268; Aziz Samih İlter, Şimali Afrikada Türkler, İstanbul 1937, II, 42-45; H. Terrasse, Histoire du Maroc, Casablanca 1950, II, 291-302; Muhammed Dâvûd, Târîḫu Tıṭvân, Tıtvân 1963, III/1, s. 31-34; III/2, s. 281-283; Faik Reşit Unat, Osmanlı Sefirleri ve Sefâretnâmeleri (nşr. Bekir Sıtkı Baykal), Ankara 1968, s. 137-141, 148-149; Bosworth, İslâm Devletleri Tarihi, s. 48-50; İbrâhim Harekât, el-Maġrib ʿabre’t-târîḫ, Dârülbeyzâ 1405/1985, III, 84-122, 402, 461, 500, 541, 557, 560-566; Hasan es-Sâlih, el-Ḥaḍâretü’l-İslâmiyye fi’l-Maġrib, Dârülbeyzâ 1406/1986, s. 364-371; Roger le Tourneau, Fâs ḳable’l-ḥimâye (trc. ve nşr. Muhammed Haccî – Muhammed el-Ahdar), Beyrut 1406/1986, I, 128-132; Yûsuf el-Kettânî, Meʿâlim İslâmiyye, Rabat 1407/1987, s. 93-96; Hüseyin Mûnis, Târîḫu’l-Maġrib ve ḥaḍâretüh, Beyrut 1412/1992, III/2, s. 298-308; Necîb Zebîb, el-Mevsûʿatü’l-ʿâmme li-târîḫi’l-Maġrib ve’l-Endelüs, Beyrut 1415/1995, IV, 135-145; Abdullah Kennûn, Mevsûʿatü meşâhîri ricâli’l-Maġrib, Beyrut, ts., IV, 9-26; “Muḥammad (III) b. ʿAbd Allāh”, EI2 (Fr.), VII, 388-389.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 456-457 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.