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MEVLÂY SÜLEYMAN Skip to content Ebü’r-Rebî‘ Mevlây Süleymân b. Muhammed b. Abdillâh el-Hasenî el-Alevî (ö. 1238/1822)
Alevî (Filâlî) sultanı (1792-1822).
1180’de (1766) doğdu. Mevlây III. Muhammed’in oğludur. Gençliğini siyasetten uzak olarak Sicilmâse’de öğrenimle geçirdi ve şehrin önemli âlimlerinden ders okudu. Kardeşleri arasında ilmî kimliği ve dindarlığı ile meşhur oldu. Mevlây Muhammed’in yerine geçen isyancı oğlu Mevlây Yezîd ile Merakeş halkı tarafından sultan ilân edilen kardeşi Hişâm arasındaki taht kavgası Yezîd’in ölümüyle sona ermişti. Ardından Süleyman ve diğer kardeşi Mesleme de taht mücadelesine katıldı. Merakeş ve civarı Hişâm’a bağlı kalırken Mesleme Kuzeybatı Fas’ta sultan oldu. Bu sırada en önemli gelişme Mevlây Süleyman’ın bulunduğu Fas şehrinde yaşandı. Buradaki Abîd alayları ve halkın desteğiyle Mevlây Süleyman sultan ilân edildi (17 Receb 1206 / 12 Mart 1792). Miknâs halkının, bir ay sonra da Selâ ve Rabat halkının desteğini kazanan Süleyman kardeşleri içinde en güçlü konuma geldi.
Mevlây Süleyman önce Mesleme’nin üzerine gitti ve Sebû nehri kıyısında yapılan savaşta onu yendi. Yakınlarıyla birlikte Tilimsân’a sığınan kardeşine ait bölgeyi hâkimiyeti altına aldı. Hâkimiyet alanını ülkenin kuzeybatı kesiminde hızlı bir şekilde genişletti ve bölgede çıkan bazı isyanları bastırdı. Ardından Merakeş Sultanı Mevlây Hişâm ile mücadeleye başladı. Merakeş’e gönderdiği kuvvetler geri çekilmek zorunda kaldıysa da şartlar giderek onun lehine döndü. Hişâm’ı istemeyen bazı kabileler onu Merakeş’ten çıkarıp kardeşlerden Hüseyin’i sultan ilân etmişlerdi. Hişâm ile Hüseyin arasında yapılan savaşlarda iki taraf da büyük kayıplar verdi. Bu durum karşısında harekete geçen iki taraftaki kabile liderleri Süleyman’ı Merakeş’e çağırıp ona itaat edeceklerini açıkladılar. Merakeş’e gelen Süleyman halktan biat aldı (1211/1797). Ardından bölgedeki diğer merkezler de ona katıldı. Bir süre orada kalan ve Safî’yi de itaat altına alan Süleyman artık Fas’ın tamamını hâkimiyeti altında toplamıştı. Kardeşi Tayyib’i Merakeş’te bırakıp Fas şehrine döndü.
Daha sonra devletinin sınırlarını emniyet altına almaya çalıştı. Beş yıl süren karışıklıklar sırasında Türkler tarafından ele geçirilen Vecde (Vücde) üzerine bir ordu gönderdi. Ticâniyye tarikatının kurucusu Seyyid Ahmed et-Ticânî’nin desteği sayesinde şehir geri alındı (1212/1797). 1213 (1798-99) yılında Merakeş civarında ortaya çıkan, Mevlây Süleyman’ın dört kardeşiyle veziri Osman el-Miknâsî’nin de öldüğü veba salgını büyük can ve mal kaybına yol açmıştı. Doğu sınırlarını kontrol altına alan Mevlây Süleyman bu defa Berberî kabilelerinin isyanlarıyla karşılaştı. 1213-1223 (1798-1808) yılları arasında Sûs bölgesindeki Âyt Umâlû, Orta Atlaslar’daki Âyt İdrâsen ve Sahrâ bölgesindeki diğer bazı kabilelerin isyanlarını bastırmakla uğraştı ve sonunda bunu başardı. 1226’da (1811) bütün ülkede istikrarı sağlamış, gücünün zirvesine ulaşmıştı. Bu arada kıtlık sebebiyle yardımına başvuran Tunus Beyi Hammûde Paşa’ya erzak gönderdi. Aynı yıl içinde Vehhâbî Emîri Abdullah b. Suûd’un kendisini Vehhâbîliğe davet etmesi üzerine oğlu İbrâhim’i bir grup âlimle birlikte Vehhâbîlik hakkında bilgi edinmeleri için hacca yolladı. Ancak sağlanan istikrar kısa sürede tekrar bozuldu. Tâze Geçidi civarında ve Miknâs’ın güneyinde kalan Fâzâz bölgesinde iki Berberî kabilesi arasında şiddetli bir mücadele başladı. Âyt Umâlû kabilesi sultanın desteklediği Âyt İdrâsen’i ağır bir hezimete uğrattı. Sultanın gönderdiği birlikler de hükümetin otoritesini sarsan bir yenilgiye mâruz kaldı (1227/1812).
Mevlây Süleyman bundan sonra Rif bölgesinde hıristiyanlara hububat satılması yasağına uymayan kabilelerle uğraştı. Ardından Tâmesnâ, Dükkâle ve Abda’da çıkan isyanları bastırdı (1230/1815). 1233-1235 (1818-1820) yıllarında ortaya çıkan veba salgını ve kıtlık isyanları alevlendirdi. Bu sırada bilhassa Orta Atlas Berberîleri’nden Sanhâce ve Fâzâz bölgesindeki Âyt Umâlû kabileleri isyan etti. Mevlây Süleyman, Fas’taki oğlu İbrâhim’i büyük bir orduyla onların üzerine gönderdi. İsyancılar karşısında ağır bir yenilgiye uğrayan İbrâhim kısa süre sonra öldü. Oğlunun ölümü ve isyancıların başarısı sultanın otoritesini sarsarken Berberîler’e cesaret vermiş ve Berberî milliyetçiliğini körüklemişti. İsyancı kabileler 1819’da Miknâs ve civarını yağmaladılar. Ardından Merakeş’i kuşatıp genel bir ayaklanma başlattılar. Ebû Bekir Mehâviş liderliğinde bölgedeki Araplar’a savaş açan Berberîler, Mevlây Süleyman’la pazarlığa girerek Miknâs’ta tutuklu liderlerinin serbest bırakılması karşılığında barış teklif ettiler. Ancak teklifleri kabul edilince verdikleri sözü tutmadılar ve yeniden saldırılara başladılar. Bu sırada Fas halkının baş kaldırdığını duyan Mevlây Süleyman Miknâs’tan Fas şehrine hareket etti. Oraya giderken peşini bırakmayan isyancılarla savaşmak zorunda kaldı. Fas’ta durumu kontrol altına aldıktan sonra Merakeş’e yöneldi (1235/1820). Fakat ordusundaki Abîd alayları sultanı takipte ağır davranıp ona ait eşyaları yağmaladılar ve Miknâs’a döndüler. Öte yandan Fas’ta kalan Vedâye birlikleri şehri yağmalamış, şehir halkı onlara karşı Berberîler’den yardım istemek zorunda kalmıştı. Yardıma gelen Berberî liderleri, Vezzâniyye ve Derkāviyye tarikatlarının şeyhleriyle birlikte Mevlây Süleyman’ın yerine Mevlây Yezîd’in oğlu Mevlây İbrâhim’i sultan ilân ettiler (24 Muharrem 1236 / 1 Kasım 1820). Mevlây İbrâhim kırk yedi gün sonra Tıtvân’da ölünce yerine kardeşi Mevlây Saîd geçti. Bu gelişmeleri takip eden Mevlây Süleyman Merakeş’ten Fas şehrine hareket etti. İki taraf arasında uzun süren çatışmaların ardından şehirde kontrolü eline geçirdi (Receb 1237 / Nisan 1822). Bu arada Tıtvân ve itaatten ayrılan diğer merkezler üzerine birlikler sevketti. Ülkenin güneyindeki isyanları bastırdıktan sonra Merakeş’e gitti. Merakeş civarında oturan bazı Arap kabileleri baş kaldırınca onlara karşı yürüdü. Çatışmalar sırasında ordusunun dağılması yüzünden geri çekilmek zorunda kalan sultan bu esnada isyancıların eline esir düştü. İsyancılar ona iyi davranıp kendisini serbest bıraktılar. Çok yorgun ve üzgün olan Mevlây Süleyman Merakeş’e döndüğünde otoritesinin zayıfladığını kesin olarak anlamıştı. Bu sebeple tahtını yeğeni Mevlây Abdurrahman b. Hişâm’a bırakmaya karar verdi. Vekili sıfatıyla Fas’a gönderdiği Abdurrahman’ı 4 Rebîülevvel 1238’de (19 Kasım 1822) veliaht tayin etti. Ancak dokuz gün sonra bu kararını uygulamaya koyamadan Merakeş’te öldü (13 Rebîülevvel 1238 / 28 Kasım 1822) ve Mevlây Ali eş-Şerîf Türbesi’ne defnedildi. Yerine Mevlây Abdurrahman b. Hişâm geçti.
Otuz yıl hüküm süren Mevlây Süleyman ince ruhlu, dindar, ilme ve ilim adamlarına büyük değer veren, âdil ve sabırlı bir sultandı. İdarede Hz. Ömer’i örnek almış ve hükümdarlık görüntülerinden uzak sade bir hayat sürmüştür. Şer‘î olmayan vergileri kaldırmış, haksız alınan malları sahiplerine iade etmiştir. Kabilelere karşı şehir halkını, sûfîlere karşı ulemâyı desteklemiştir. Birbirine düşen Arap ve Berberîler’in arasını bulabilmek için din kardeşliğini kuvvetlendirmeye çalışmıştır. Vehhâbîliği benimsememesine rağmen Vehhâbîler’in etkisinde kalarak 1227’den (1812) itibaren velîler için yapılan merasimlere ve türbe ziyaretlerine karşı tavır almıştır.
Mevlây Süleyman arkası kesilmeyen isyanlara, birkaç defa meydana gelen kıtlık ve salgın hastalıklara rağmen babası Mevlây Muhammed’in kurmaya çalıştığı ekonomik yapıyı geliştirmiştir. Ülkenin imarına büyük önem vermiş, çok sayıda cami, medrese, köprü, resmî bina, kale ve sur inşa ettirmiştir. Onun döneminin dikkat çeken özelliklerinden biri de Fas’ın içine kapanık bir ülke haline gelmesidir. Dinî sebeplere dayandırarak ihracatı yasaklaması ve ithalâtta % 50 vergi arttırımına gitmesi dolayısıyla Avrupa ile ticarî ilişkileri zayıflatan sultan, Avrupa ülkeleriyle ihtilâftan kaçınma siyaseti yüzünden dış ilişkilerini asgariye indirmiştir. 1214’te (1799) İspanya ile bir barış antlaşması imzalayan Mevlây Süleyman, 1223’te (1808) İngiltere’nin Mağrib üzerindeki nüfuzundan rahatsız olan Fransa’nın ittifak teklifini karşılıksız bırakmayı tercih etmiştir. 1815 yılında düzenlenen Viyana Kongresi’nde alınan korsanlığın kaldırılması kararına uymuş ve ülkesinde bununla ilgili gerekli tedbirleri almıştır. Bununla birlikte IV. Mustafa döneminde çıkan Osmanlı-Rus savaşı esnasında Osmanlı tarafını tutarak Cebelitârık Boğazı’nı Rus gemilerine kapatma sözü vermekten çekinmemiştir. Muhammed el-Mansûr, Mevlây Süleyman dönemi hakkında bir doktora tezi hazırlamıştır (Morocco in the Reign of Mawlāy Sulaymān, Wisbech 1990).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Zeyyânî, et-Tercümânetü’l-kübrâ fî aḫbâri’l-maʿmûr berren ve baḥren (nşr. Abdülkerîm el-Fîlâlî), Rabat 1412/1991, bk. İndeks; Selâvî, el-İstiḳṣâ, VIII, 86-174; A. Cour, L’établissement des dynasties des chérifs au Maroc et leur rivalité avec les Turcs de la régence d’Alger, 1509-1830 , Paris 1904, s. 219-248; Aziz Samih İlter, Şimali Afrikada Türkler, İstanbul 1937, II, 42-46; Muhammed Dâvûd, Târîḫu Tıṭvân, Tıtvân 1957, III, 191-196, 203-204, 222-231; D. Eustache, Corpus des monnaies ‘alawites, Rabat 1984, VI, 217-240; İbrâhim Harekât, el-Maġrib ʿabre’t-târîḫ, Dârülbeyzâ 1985, III, 120-172, 411, 500, 556-557, 564-566; Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period, Cambridge 1987, s. 24-25, 241-247; Hüseyin Mûnis, Târîḫu’l-Maġrib ve ḥaḍâretüh, Beyrut 1412/1992, II/3, s. 310-318; İsmail Yiğit, Siyasî-Dinî-Kültürel-Sosyal İslâm Tarihi: Endülüs (Gırnata) Beni Ahmer Devleti ve Kuzey Afrika İslâm Devletleri , İstanbul 1995, s. 467-470; Muhammed el-Fâsî, “el-Kâtibü’l-vezîr Muḥammed b. ʿOs̱mân el-Miknâsî”, Mecelletü Tıṭvân, sy. 5, Rabat 1960, s. 27-31; Georges S. Colin, “Süleyman”, İA, XI, 97-98; H. Terrasse, “ʿAlawīs”, EI2 (Fr.), I, 366-369; Ch. de la Véronne, “Sulaymān”, a.e., IX, 855; Muhammed Razûk, “Filâlîler”, DİA, XIII, 72.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 462-463 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.