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Mezhep Mensubiyetinin Tefsire Etkisi: Rec‘at İnancıyla İlişkilendirilen Ayetlere İmâmî ve Sünnî Alimlerin Yaptığı Tefsirler Bağlamında Bir İnceleme Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 492 – 519, 30.06.2024
Ümit Toru
https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1431846
Öz Mezhepler tarafından tarihsel süreçte inşa edilen epistemik ve teolojik çerçeve, mensuplarına belli bir din ve dünya algısı sunar. Bu da onların gerek ilmî gerekse toplumsal tüm faaliyetlerini etkiler. Mezhebî aidiyetin etkin olduğu ilmî uğraşların başında ise tefsir gelmektedir. Ne var ki tefsir faaliyeti, çoğu defa toplumsal çerçevenin ve müfessirin bu çerçeve içerisinde durduğu yerin bir ürünü olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Mezhep olgusu bu noktada en başat etkenlerden birisidir. Zira Müslümanların ayet yorumlarını ve Kur’an algılarını şekillendiren önemli bir çerçeve vazifesi görmektedir. Çoğu defa dinî bir muhteva taşımasa ve aslı itibariyle sosyopolitik rekabetin ürünü olsa bile birçok konuda mezhep mensupları, görüşlerini Kur’an ile gerekçelendirme yoluna başvurmaktadır. Bu kapsamda nasslar, mezhep mensupları tarafından mezhebin amaçlarını gerekçelendirecek şekilde yeniden inşa edilebilmekte, mezhebin din anlayışı ekseninde ötekinden farklı yorumlara tabi tutulabilmektedir. Tefsir, kelam ve fıkıh kitapları, bu minvaldeki onlarca ayet ve hadis yorumuyla doludur. Aynı ayet ve hadis, farklı mezhep mensupları tarafından çok farklı yorumlarla mensuplarına sunulabilmiştir. Kur’an dilinin bazı inançları mezhep aidiyeti doğrultusunda gerekçelendirmeye müsait yapısı ise mezhep mensuplarının işini kolaylaştırmıştır. Bu makale, doğrudan ya da dolaylı bir şekilde rec‘at ile ilişkilendirilen bazı ayetlerin farklı yorumlanma biçimleri üzerinden bahsi geçen soyut hususları somutlaştırmaya çalışmıştır. Bu kapsamda İmâmî ve Sünnî âlimlerin yorumları örnek olarak seçilmiş, aynı ayetin mezhep mensubiyetinin etkisiyle nasıl farklı yorumlara tabi tutulabildiği analiz edilmiştir. Ayyâşî, Ebü’l-Hasan el-Kummî, Ebû Cafer et-Tûsî, Ebû Ali et-Tabersî, Şeyh Sadûk ve Şeyh Müfîd, rec‘at konusundaki yorumları üzerine odaklanılan İmâmî âlimlerdir. Ehl-i Sünnet’ten de Ebû Mansûr el-Mâtürîdî ve Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin yorumları analiz edilmiştir. Rec‘at konusunda İmâmiyye’yi ayetler üzerinden eleştiren Sünnî âlimin sayısının çok az olması, bizi bu iki âlimin yorumlarına ağırlık vermeye sevk etmiştir. Bununla birlikte biz bu konuda görüş beyan eden az sayıdaki diğer âlimlerin de yorumlarını tespit etmeye ve bu konuda daha bütüncül bir tablo ortaya koymaya gayret ettik. Bir makale boyutunun sınırlarını zorlamamak adına da konuyu sadece bu konuda fikir beyan eden ilk alimlerle sınırlı tuttuk. İmâmî ve Sünnî ulemanın rec‘at inanışlarına Kur’an’dan delil getirmek için “ayetleri mezheplerinin görüşünü destekleyen daha başka ayetlerle ilişkilendirmek, sıhhati tartışmalı hadisler üzerinden geçmiş ile bugün arasında mutlak özdeşlik kurmak, ön kabuller çerçevesinde dilsel, bağlamsal ve tarihsel analizler yapmak, sübjektif çıkarımlarla ayetlerin manasını genişletmek ya da daraltmak” gibi çeşitli yollara müracaat ettiği görülmüştür. Hem Sünnî hem de İmâmî ulemanın rec‘at konusundaki mezhebî görüşlerini Kur’an ile meşrulaştırmak için en sık kullandıkları delil, Kur’an’ın Kur’an ile tefsiri metodu olmuştur. Ne var ki iki mezhebin de âlimleri “ayetlerin kendi iç bütünlüğüne dikkat etmemek, ayetin sadece bir kısmını almak, ayetlerin siyak ve sibakına bakmamak, ilişkili daha başka ayetleri görmezden gelmek, bazen aynı konuyla alakalı olmadığı halde ayetleri birbiriyle ilişkilendirmek” gibi çok ciddi metodolojik hatalar yapmışlardır. Ayetin hadis ile tefsir edilmesi metodunda da benzer sorunlar gözlemlenmiştir. Sıhhati tartışmalı hadisleri delil olarak kullanmışlar, hadisi sözel ve tarihsel bağlamından kopartmışlardır. Gerek İmâmî gerekse Sünnî ulema, rec‘at konusunda kendilerini haklı çıkartmak adına zaman zaman ayetin lafzî delâletinin dışına çıkmakta da bir sakınca görmemişlerdir. Yani ayetin delalet ettiği manayla mezhebin savunduğu görüşler çeliştiğinde her iki mezhebin de âlimleri kendi mezheplerinin görüşlerini merkeze koymuşlar, ayeti kendi sistemlerine adapte etmeye çalışmışlardır.
Anahtar Kelimeler İslam Mezhepleri Tarihi, Tefsir, Şia, İmâmiyye, Ehl-i Sünnet, Mâtürîdî, Fahreddin er-Râzî, Rec‘at
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Impact of Sectarian Loyalty on Tafsīr: A Study in the Context of Commentaries of Imāmite and Sunnite Scholars on Verses Related to the Belief in Raj'a Yıl 2024, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 492 – 519, 30.06.2024
Ümit Toru
https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1431846
Öz The epistemological and theological framework constructed by the sect in the historical process offers its members a certain perception of religion and the world. This perception affects all of their intellectual and social activities. Tafsīr is one of the scholarly activities in which sectarian affiliation is effective. However, the activity of tafsīr often emerges as a product of the social framework and the mufassir’s position within it. The phenomenon of sect is one of the most dominant factors at this point. Because it serves as an important framework that shapes Muslims’ interpretation of verses and their perception of the Qur’an. The members of the sects resort to justifying their views on many issues with the Qur’an, even if they often do not carry a religious content and are essentially the product of sociopolitical rivalry. In this context the verses can be reconstructed by the members of the sect in a way that justifies the goals of the sect and can be subjected to different interpretations from other on the axis of the sect’s understanding of religion. Tafsīr, theology (kalam) and fiqh books are filled with dozens of interpretations of verses and hadiths in this context. The same verse and hadith can be presented to members of different sects with very different interpretations. The structure of the Qur’anic language, which is suitable for justifying some beliefs in line with sectarian affiliation, has made the work of sectarians easier. However, in our opinion, the main problem in this matter is the determining effect of sectarian affiliation rather than the structure of the verses that can be understood differently. This article has tried to concretise the abstract issues mentioned above through the different interpretations of some verses associated with raj’a directly or indirectly. In this context, Imamite and Sunnite scholars were chosen as examples, and it was analysed how the same verse could be subjected to different interpretations by them due to the influence of sectarian affiliation. Ayyāshī, Abū al-Hasan al-Qummī, Abū Jaʿfar al-Tūsī, Abū ‘Ali al-Tabersī, Shaykh Sadūq and Shaykh al-Mufīd are the Imamite scholars whose interpretations about raj‘a are focused on. From Ahl al-Sunnah, the interpretations of Abū Mansūr al-Maturīdī and Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī have been analyzed. The fact that the number of Sunnī scholars who criticize the Imāmiyya with verses on the issue of raj‘a is very small has led us to focus more on the interpretations of these two scholars. However, we have also tried to identify the interpretations of the few other scholars who have expressed an opinion on this issue and to present a more holistic picture. It has been observed that both the Imāmī and Sunnī scholars have resorted to various means to provide Qur’ānic evidence for their beliefs in the recʿa, such as “associating some verses with other verses that support their views, establishing an absolute uniformity between the past and the present through hadiths of questionable authenticity, conducting linguistic, contextual, and historical analyses within the framework of presuppositions, and expanding or narrowing the meanings of verses through subjective inferences.” The most common evidence used by both Sunnī and Imāmī scholars to legitimize their sectarian views on the raj‘a with the Qur’ān is exegesis of the Qur’ān with the Qur’ān. However, the scholars of both sects made serious methodological mistakes such as not paying attention to the internal unity of the verses, taking only a part of the verse, not looking at the siyāq and sibāq of the verses, ignoring other related verses, and sometimes linking verses to each other even though they are not related to the same subject. Similar problems were observed in the method of interpreting the verse with hadith. They used hadiths of doubtful authenticity as evidence and detached the hadith from its verbal and historical context. Both the Imāmī and Sunnī scholars have seen no harm in going beyond the literal meaning of the verse from time to time in order to justify themselves on the issue of raj‘a. In other words, when the meaning of the verse contradicted the views advocated by a sect, the scholars of both sects put the views of their sects at the center and tried to adapt the verse to their own systems.
Anahtar Kelimeler History of Islamic Sects, Tafsīr, Shi’ism, Imāmiyya, Ahl al-Sunna, Māturīdī, Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, Raj‘a.
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İstanbul: İslami İlimler Araştırma Vakfı, 1993. Hakyemez, Cemil. Şia’da Gaybet İnancı ve Gaip On İkinci İmam el-Mehdî. Ankara: İSAM Yayınları, 2017. Hayyât, Ebü’l-Hüseyin Abdurrahmân b. Muhammed b. Osmân. Kitâbu’l-intisâr ve’r-redd alâ İbni’r-Râvendî. Beyrut: el-Matbaatu’l-Kâsûlîkiyye, 1957. İsfehânî, Râgıb. el-Müfredât fî garîbi’l-Kur’ân. thk. Safvân Adnân ed-Dâvudî. Dımaşk: Dâru’l-Kalem, 1992. Kartaloğlu, Habip. “Şîa: Doğuşu ve Teşekülü”. İslam Mezhepleri Tarihi. ed. M. Saffet Sarıkaya-Mehmet Ümit. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları, 2020. Korkmaz, Sıddık. İmam Mâtürîdî ve Mezhep Eleştirileri. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2017. Kubat, Mehmet. İslam Mezhepleri Tarihi. İstanbul: Kitap Dünyası Yayınları, 2014. Kummî, Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. İbrâhim. Tefsîru’l-Kummî. thk. Tayyib el-Mûsevî el-Cezâirî. Kum: Müessesetü Dâri’l- Kütüb, 1984. Kummî-Nevbahtî. Şiî Fırkalar. çev. Hasan Onat vd. Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları, 2004. Kurt, Emrullah. Ebû Ca’fer et-Tûsî’nin et-Tibyân fî Tefsiri’l-Kur’ân ve Feyz-i Kâşânî’nin Tefsiru’s-Sâfî Adlı Tefsirleri Bağlamında İmâmiyye-İsnaaşeriyye Akaidinin Kur’an Tefsirindeki Yansımaları. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2021. Malatî, Ebü’l-Hüseyin Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Abdurrahman el-Malatî. et-Tenbîh ve’r-redd alâ ehli’l-ehvâ ve’l-bide‘i. thk. Muhammed Zâhid el-Kevserî. Mısır: el-Mektebetü’l-Ezheriyye, ts. Mâtürîdî, Ebû Mansûr Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Mâtürîdî es-Semerkandî.Te’vîlâtü Ehli’s-Sünne. thk. Fâtıma Yûsuf el-Haymî. Beyrut: Müessesetü’r-Risâle, 2004. Mâtürîdî, Ebû Mansûr Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Mâtürîdî es-Semerkandî. Te’vîlâtü’l-Kur’ân Tercümesi. çev. Bekir Topaloğlu. İstanbul: Ensar Yayınları, 2015. Mertoğlu, Mehmet Sait. “Ayyâşî, Muhammed b. Mes‘ûd”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. EK-1/151-152. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2020. Nesefî, Ebü’l-Muîn Meymûn b. Muhammed. Bahru’l-Kelâm (Mâtürîdî Akâidi). çev. Ramazan Biçer. İstanbul: Gelenek Yayınları, 2010. Kummî, Ebû Halef Sa‘d b. Abdillâh. Kitâbu’l-makâlât ve’l-fırak. thk. Muhammed Cevâd Meşkûr. Tahran: Matbaatu Haydarî, 1963. Onat, Hasan. Emevîler Devri Şiî Hareketleri ve Günümüz Şiîliği. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 1993. Öztürk, Mustafa. “Şia’da Rec‘at İnancının Muhtemel Kökenleri ve Sözde Dinî Temelleri”. Çukurova Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 8/1 (2008), 43-63. Öz, Mustafa. Başlangıçtan Günümüze Şiîlik ve Kolları. İstanbul: Ensar Yayınları, 2011. Pekcan, Ali. “İslâm Hukuku Literatüründe Fıkhın Genel Kurallarına Dair İlk Risale (Kerhî’nin el-Usûl Adlı Risalesinin Çeviri ve Değerlendirilmesi)”. İslâmî Araştırmalar Dergisi 16/2 (2003), 293-307. Fazlurrahman. İslam. çev. Mehmet Dağ-Mehmet Aydın. İstanbul: Selçuk Yayınları, 1981. Râzî, Fahredddin. Tefsîru’l-Fahri’r-Râzî. Lübnan: Dâru’l-Fikr, 1981. Râzî, Fahredddin. Tefsîr-i Kebîr (Mefâtîhu’l-gayb). çev. Suat Yıldırım vd. İstanbul: Huzur Yayınevi, ts. Seksekî, Ebû’l-Fazl Abbas b. Mansûr. el-Burhân fî ma‘rifeti ‘akâidi ehli’l-edyân. Ürdün: Mektebetü’l-Menâr, 1988. Şehristânî, Ebü’l-Feth Muhammed b. Abdulkerim. Kitâbu’l-milel ve’n-nihal. thk Muhammed Seyyid Keylânî. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Ma‘rife, 1975. Şerîf el-Murtazâ, Ebü’l-Kâsım Ali b. Hüseyin. Resâilü’l-Murtazâ. thk. Seyyid Ahmed el-Hüseynî. Kum: Dâru’l-Kur’âni’l-Kerîm, 1985. Şerîf el-Murtazâ, Ebü’l-Kâsım Ali b. Hüseyin. el-Fusûlu’l-muhtâra. b.y.: el-Mü’temerü’l-âlemî lielfiyeti’ş-Şeyhi’l-Müfîd, 1992. Şeyh Müfîd, Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Numân el-Ukberî. Evâilü’l-makâlât. thk. İbrahim el-Ensârî. by.: el-Mü’temerü’l-Âlemî li-Elfiyeti’ş-Şeyhi’l-Müfîd, 1992. Şeyh Müfîd, Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Numân el-Ukberî. el-Mesâilü’s-sereviyye. thk. Sâib Abdülhamid. by.: el-Mü’temerü’l-Âlemî li-Elfiyeti’ş-Şeyhi’l-Müfîd, 1992. Şeyh Müfîd, Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Numân el-Ukberî. Tashîhu’l-i‘tikâdâti’l-İmâmiyye. b.y.: el-Mü’temerü’l-Âlemî li-Elfiyeti’ş-Şeyhi’l-Müfîd, 1992. Şeyh Sadûk, Ebû Ca‘fer Muhammed b. Ali İbn Bâbeveyh el-Kummî. Risaletü’l-i‘tikâdâti’l-İmamiyye. çev. E. Ruhi Fığlalı. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, 1978. Şeyh Sadûk, Ebû Ca‘fer Muhammed b. Ali b. Bâbeveyh el-Kummî. Kemâlü’d-dîn ve temâmü’n-ni‘me. thk. Hüseyin el-A‘lemî. Beyrut: Müessesetü’l-A‘lemî, 1991. Şeyh Sadûk, Ebû Ca‘fer Muhammed b. Ali İbn Bâbeveyh el-Kummî. Kitâbu men lâ yahduruhu’l-fakîh. Beyrut: Müessesetü’l-a‘lâ li’l-matbûât, 1986. Taberânî, Ebü’l-Kâsım Süleyman b. Ahmed b. Eyyûb eş-Şâmî. el-Mu‘cemü’l-kebîr. 25 cilt. thk. Hamdî b. Abdülmecîd es-Selefî. Kahire: Mektebetü İbn Teymiyye, ts. Taberî, Ebû Ca‘fer Muhammed b. Cerîr b. Yezîd. Tefsîru’t-Taberî (Câmi‘u'l-Beyân an Tefsîri Âyi’l-Kur’ân). thk. Abdullah b. Abdu’l-Muhsin et-Türkî. Kahire: Dâru Hicr, 2001. Tabersî, Ebû Ali b. Fazl b. Hasan. Mecme‘u’l-beyân fî tefsîri’l-Kur’ân. Beyrut: Dâru’l-‘Ulûm, 2005. Tirmizî, Ebû İsa Muhammed b. İsa b. Sevre. el-Câmi‘u’s-sahîh (Sünenü’t-Tirmizî). thk. İbrahim Atva Ivaz. Mısır: Matbaatu Mustafa el-Bâbî el-Halebî, 1965. Tûsî, Ebû Ca‘fer Muhammed b. Hasan. et-Tibyân fî tefsîri’l-Kur’ân. Beyrut: Dâru İhyâi Turâsi’l-Arabî, ts. Watt, W. Montgomery. İslam Nedir. çev. Elif Rıza. İstanbul: Birleşik Yayınları, 1993. Yatğın, Abdulkerim. İslâm Fırkalarında Rec'at. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2009. Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular İslam Mezhepleri, Tefsir Bölüm Makaleler Yazarlar Ümit Toru AMASYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, İLAHİYAT FAKÜLTESİ 0009-0007-3458-2351 Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Şubat 2024 Kabul Tarihi 10 Mayıs 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1
Kaynak Göster ISNAD Toru, Ümit. “Mezhep Mensubiyetinin Tefsire Etkisi: Rec‘at İnancıyla İlişkilendirilen Ayetlere İmâmî Ve Sünnî Alimlerin Yaptığı Tefsirler Bağlamında Bir İnceleme”. Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi 23/1 (Haziran 2024), 492-519. https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1431846.
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