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MİĞFER Skip to content Savaşlarda başı korumak için, ayrıca törenlerde ihtişam arttırıcı bir unsur olarak takılan başlık.
Sözlükte “örtmek, gizlemek, korumak” gibi anlamlara gelen gafr kökünden alet ismi olan miğfer çok eski tarihlerden beri kullanılmaktadır. Savaşlarda savaşçının başını ve başın özellikle alın, ense, burun gibi kısımlarını dışarıdan gelecek kılıç, mızrak, ok vb. darbelere karşı koruması bakımından önem taşıyan miğferi Araplar öteden beri bilmekteydi. Genellikle zırhın bütünleyici bir parçası olarak değerlendirilen miğfer demir vb. metallerden yahut kalın ve dayanıklı deriden yapılırdı. Miğferin üzerine sarık sarılır veya külâh giyilirdi. Arapça’da miğfer için genellikle beyza ve hûze isimleri kullanılmaktadır. Bunların yanında haydaa, devmas, rebîa, imâme, arme ve terke gibi kelimeler de zikredilmektedir.
Hz. Peygamber’in “müveşşah” ve “sebûğ” (zü’s-sebûğ) adı verilen iki miğferi bulunmaktaydı. Uhud Gazvesi’nde zırhını giyip miğferini takan (İbn Sa‘d, II, 39) Resûl-i Ekrem’in miğferindeki halkalardan ikisi yüzüne batmış ve yanağını yaralamıştı. Aynı gazvede Resûlullah’ın attığı harbe ile ölümcül yara alan Übey b. Halef’in çok kaliteli zırhı, kılıcı ve miğferi ele geçirildi. Hz. Peygamber’in Mekke’nin fethinde şehre girdiği sırada başında miğfer bulunduğu birçok kaynakta zikredilmektedir. Miğfer daha sonra Ortadoğu’dan Endülüs’e kadar birçok İslâm devletinde ordu teçhizatı arasında yer almıştır.
Çin yazılı kaynaklarından edinilen bazı bilgiler miğfer kullanımının Türkler arasındaki önemine işaret etmektedir. Hatta bu kaynaklara göre Türk kelimesinin “tulga”dan (miğfer) geldiği, Türkler’in Altaylar’da tulga şeklindeki bir altın dağda demircilik yapmasından dolayı bu adı aldığı belirtilir (Orkun, s. 28; Esin, TK, VI/70 [1968], s. 783). Kuzey Asya kaya resimlerinde görülen bazı asker ve süvari tasvirlerindeki miğfere benzer başlıklar dışında bilinen en eski Türk koruyucu silâh buluntuları milâttan önce IV-III. yüzyıllara tarihlenen Pazırık kazılarında ele geçmiştir. Daha sonra Hunlar, Göktürkler, Uygurlar, Tatarlar ve Moğollar tarafından birbirine çok benzeyen miğferler kullanılmış, bunların bazı örnekleri kazılarda ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Buluntularda Göktürk süvarilerinin şaşılacak derecede Osmanlı zırhlı süvarilerine benzediği dikkati çekmektedir. Ancak Moğol miğferlerine bazı eklemeler yapıldığı görülmektedir. IV. yüzyıldan itibaren Avrupa’ya giren Türk boyları kültür varlıklarını da birlikte götürmüştür. Nitekim yapılan kazılarda miğfer örneklerine de rastlanmıştır. Özellikle bugünkü Bulgaristan, Romanya, Macaristan ve dolaylarında örnekler daha fazladır. Bunların bazıları Budapeşte Millî Müzesi’nde sergilenmektedir.
Türk miğferi geleneği İslâmiyet’ten sonra da devam etmiştir. Karahanlılar’da “ışuk/yışuk” adı verilen tulgalar kullanılırdı. Metal başlığın başı acıtmaması için tüyden yapılmış takkeye ise “kedük” denirdi. Gerek yazılı kaynaklar gerekse tasvirler, Anadolu Selçukluları miğferlerinin Osmanlı miğferlerine en yakın örnekler olduğunu göstermektedir. İbn Bîbî’nin verdiği bilgiler, Selçuklu dönemi minyatürlü yazması olan Varaka ve Gülşah’taki tasvirlerle uyum içindedir.
Osmanlı dönemi kayıtlarında “Dâvûdî miğfer, tas, tolga/tulga, togulga, Dâvûdî togulga, derbendî, kallâvî, şehriyârî, zernişanî tulga, serpenâh, şirinkale, zırh külâh” gibi isimlerle yer alan Türk miğferlerini üç formda incelemek mümkündür. Birinci sırada sivri külâh şeklindeki peçelikli miğferler yer alır. Bunların şişkin karınlı etek kısmından sonra birden daralan yalma kısmından oldukça sivri tepelik yükselir. Tepeliklerinde bulunan prizmatik küreciğin ortası bir halka takılmak üzere delik bırakılmıştır. Bu halkaya rütbe veya mevki işareti olarak kullanılan ince kumaş yahut tüy takılırdı. Ancak halkasız olup tepeliği sivri bir çubuk şeklinde uzanan örnekler de vardır. Peçelikli miğferlerde gövde hafif şişkince olup dikey veya kıvrılarak uzanan yivlerle doldurulmuştur. Etek kısmının ön tarafında iki göz oyuğu bulunur. Göz oyuklarının arasında aşağı yukarı hareket ettirilebilen bir burun siperliği yer alır. Miğferin etek kısmını ince bir metal zıh çevreler. Bu zıhtan geçecek şekilde eteğe açılan ince deliklere zincir örgü olarak yapılmış peçelik takılır. Sadece gözleri açıkta bırakacak şekilde bütün boynu ve yüzü örtecek büyüklükteki peçelik burun üstünden veya çene altından bağlanabileceği gibi bir ucundan miğfer gövdesindeki peçelik çengeline takılarak yüz açıkta da bırakılabilirdi.
İkinci grupta siperlikli miğferler bulunur. Bunlarda tepelikler daha basık, gövdeler daha konik olup tepelikleri beyzî küre veya başlık şeklindedir. Etek çevresi enli bir bordür oluşturacak şekilde düzdür. Ön kısımlarında dikey hareketli, tepelik kısmı genellikle yürek biçiminde bir burun siperliği vardır. Siperlikli miğferlerde burun siperliği dışında toplam dört siperlik daha bulunur. Biri önde güneş siperliği, biri arkada ense siperliği, ikisi de yanlarda kulak siperliğidir. Konturları dilimli formda kesilmiş, metal levhalardan oluşan bu siperliklerden öndeki gövdeye sabit perçinlerle birleştirilmiş, diğerleri ise birkaç zincir halkası ile hareketli olacak şekilde gövdeye perçinlenmiştir. Siperlikli miğferlerin bir diğer özelliği de gövdenin ön kısmına perçinle sabitlenmiş, huni şeklindeki sorguç yuvalarıdır. Bu sorguç yuvalarının içine rütbe alâmeti olarak balıkçıl veya sülün tarzı kuş tüyleri yerleştirilirdi.
Üçüncü grupta zırh külâhlar yer alır. Zırh külâhlar, sadece başın üst kısmını örtecek hafif yuvarlak disk şeklinde metal bir parça ve buna perçinlenen, gözler açıkta kalmak üzere bütün boynu ve yüzü örterek omuzlara inen peçelikten ibarettir. Diğer miğferler tek başına da takılmasına rağmen zırh külâhlar zırh gömlekle takım olacak şekilde birlikte kullanılırdı.
Demir, bakır gibi metallerden deri ve çuha takviyeli olarak imal edilen Osmanlı miğferlerinin özellikle tombak kaplamalı bakır olanlarına altın görünümü kazandırılmıştır. Ana malzemesi metal olan miğferlerin yapımında dövme (çökertme/yükseltme), kesme, perçin, döküm, zincir örme gibi teknikler kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca süslenmesinde tombaklama tekniğinin yanı sıra özellikle demir örneklerde altın, gümüş ve taş kakma, sıvama ve her iki grupta kazıma, kabartma, kesme/ajur, kakma, kumlama gibi maden süsleme teknikleri uygulanmıştır. Belli süsleme programlarının tatbik edildiği eserlerin üzerinde Türk süsleme sanatına özgü bitkisel, geometrik, sembolik motifler gerek bordürler gerekse kapalı ve serbest kompozisyonlar halinde işlenmiştir. Miğferlerin dekorasyonunda yazılar da önemli bir süsleme unsuru olarak görülür. Bunlar kûfî veya ta‘lik hatlarla yazılmış olup iyi temenniler, sultana övgü ibareleri, besmele ve Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’den âyet ve sûreler şeklindedir.
Osmanlı miğferleri Akkoyunlular, Şirvanşahlar, Memlükler, Timurlular ve Safevîler’in miğferleriyle bazı küçük farklılıklar dışında paralellik gösterir. Ayrıca Rus, Alman, Macar, Romen ve Bulgar miğferlerinin bazı örneklerinde de Osmanlı miğferlerindeki özellikleri görmek mümkündür. Bu miğferler literatüre “Türk tipi” olarak geçmiştir. Bu durum, kısmen Osmanlı döneminin etkileşimi olarak değerlendirilse de büyük oranda kökleri daha eski tarihlere dayanan bir geleneğin ve etkileşimin sonucu olmalıdır.
Miğferler koruyucu silâh olmakla beraber dikkat çekici görünüşleriyle devlet törenlerinde ve askerî merasimlerde ihtişamı arttırıcı bir unsur olarak da kullanılmıştır. Üzerlerindeki bazı sembolik unsurlar tören içindeki hiyerarşi, askerî başarı ve rütbe derecesini ortaya koyacak şekilde biçimlenmiştir. Malzemeleri, yapım ve süsleme teknikleri, süsleme programları, sembolik anlamları ile Türk sanatı kapsamında değerlendirilen miğferler bu özellikleriyle diğer kültürlere ait örneklerden ayrılır. Miğfer yaklaşık XVII. yüzyılda kullanım süresini tamamlamış ve ateşli silâhların yaygınlaşması ile birlikte fonksiyonunu kaybederek ortadan kalkmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Buhârî, “Cihâd”, 169; Tirmizî, “Cihâd”, 18; Vâkıdî, el-Meġāzî, I, 246, 250, 253; II, 497; İbn Hişâm, es-Sîre2 , III, 80; İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt, II, 39; İbn Bîbî, Anadolu Selçukî Devleti Tarihi (trc. M. Nuri Gencosman), Ankara 1941, tür.yer.; Nüveyrî, Nihâyetü’l-ereb, VI, 240-241; H. Namık Orkun, Türk Sözünün Aslı, Ankara 1946, tür.yer.; T. T. Rice, The Seljuks in Asia Minor, New York 1961, tür.yer.; R. Ettinghausen, “Chinese Representations of Central Asian Turks”, Beiträge zur Kunstgeschichte Asiens, İstanbul 1963, s. 208-222; Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal, V, 432-433; Emel Esin, İslâmiyetten Önceki Türk Kültür Tarihi ve İslâma Giriş, İstanbul 1978, tür.yer.; a.mlf., “Alp Şahsiyetinin Türk Sanatında Görünüşü”, TK, VI/70 (1968), s. 775-803; E. Nowgorodowa, Alte Kunst der Mongolei, Leipzig 1980, tür.yer.; Kemal Akişev, Kazakistan’ın Köhne Altını, Alma-Ata 1983, tür.yer.; G. Laszlo – I. Racz, The Treasure of Nagyszentmiklos, Budapest 1984, tür.yer.; A. Daneshvari, Animal Symbolism in Warqa wa Gülşah, Oxford 1986, tür.yer.; Köksal, İslâm Tarihi (Medine), XI, 170-171; Bahaeddin Ögel, İslâmiyetten Önce Türk Kültür Tarihi, Ankara 1988, tür.yer.; Özden Süslü, Tasvirlere Göre Anadolu Selçuklu Kıyafetleri, Ankara 1989, tür.yer.; A. Pálóczi-Horváth, Pechenegs, Cumans, Iasians, Budapest 1989, tür.yer.; Mustafa Zeki Terzi, Hz. Peygamber ve Hulefâ-i Râşidîn Döneminde Askerî Teşkilat, Samsun 1990, s. 133; I. Bona, Das Hunnen-Reich, Budapest 1991, tür.yer.; T. Nejat Eralp, Tarih Boyunca Türk Toplumunda Silâh Kavramı ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Kullanılan Silâhlar, Ankara 1993, s. 153-157, ayrıca bk. rs. 57-63; Ahmet Taşağıl, Gök-Türkler, Ankara 1995, tür.yer.; Tülin Çoruhlu, Osmanlı Koruyucu Silahlarında Süslemeler ve Teknikler (doktora tezi, 1995), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; M. Gorelik, Armii Mongola-Tatar BB, Moskva 2002, s. X-XIV; Yaşar Çoruhlu, “Göktürk Sanatı”, Türkler, Ankara 2002, IV, 91-99; Abdülhay el-Kettânî, Hz. Peygamber’in Yönetimi: et-Terâtîbu’l-idâriyye (trc. Ahmet Özel), İstanbul 2003, I, 520-521; H. Stöcklein, “Ein Türkischer Helm”, JAK, II (1925), s. 163-169; Derviş Karamanoğlu, “Türk Miğferleri”, Tarih Hazinesi, I/3, İstanbul 1950, s. 128-129.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 21-23 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.