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MİHALOĞULLARI Skip to content Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuruluş devrinde ve Rumeli’nin fethinde yararlılık gösteren akıncı ailesi.
Osmanlı tarih geleneğine göre ailenin atası olan Köse Mihal, Osman Bey zamanında Bizans’a bağlı Harmankaya tekfuru iken zamanla beyin silâh arkadaşları arasına girmiş, muhtemelen 713’te (1313) Osmanlılar’a tâbi olarak İslâmiyet’i kabul etmiştir. Müslüman olduktan sonra Abdullah Mihal adını aldığı, Osman Bey’in bütün savaşlarına katıldığı ve Sakarya havzasında yapılan akınlarda da Osmanlı ordusuna rehberlikte bulunduğu belirtilir. Ayrıca yine onun Bursa’nın fethinde yer aldığı, fetih öncesinde Bizans tekfuru ile Orhan Bey arasındaki müzakereleri yürüttüğü ifade edilir. Ona atfedilen mezar Bilecik’te Söğüt’e bağlı Gazimihal nahiyesindeki Harman köyündedir. Gölpazarı’nda bir zâviye ile hamam yaptırdığı anlaşılan Köse Mihal’in türbesi 1885’te II. Abdülhamid tarafından yeniden inşa ettirilmiştir.
Köse Mihal’in soyundan gelenler, daha sonra Rumeli’nin fethiyle birlikte Avrupa kıtasına geçerek akıncı beyi olarak görev yaptılar. Köse Mihal’in Aziz Paşa, Balta Bey ve Gazi Ali Bey adlarında üç oğlunun bulunduğu ve bunların Rumeli’de sınır boylarında faaliyet gösterdikleri kabul edilmektedir. Ancak hem onların hem de oğulları olarak gösterilenlerin faaliyetleri hakkında kaynaklardaki bilgiler oldukça karışıktır.
Köse Mihal’in oğlu Aziz Paşa’nın Vize Kalesi’nin fethinde bulunduğu ve 806’da (1403) vefat ettiği, onun oğlunun ise Gazi Mihal Bey olduğu belirtilir. Ailenin ilk tanınmış şahsiyeti olduğu anlaşılan Gazi Mihal Bey, I. Mehmed ve II. Murad dönemlerinde Rumeli’deki askerî faaliyetlerde başarılı olmuş, özellikle Bulgaristan’ın fethinde büyük yararlılık göstermiştir. Mihal Bey 839’da (1435) Edirne’de vefat etmiş olup türbesi Gazi Mihal Bey Camii hazîresindedir. Mihal Bey, kahramanlığı dolayısıyla bazı tarihçiler tarafından Mihaloğulları’nın atası olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bazı araştırmacılar, Harmankaya tekfuru Köse Mihal efsanesinin Âşıkpaşazâde metnine özellikle eklendiği ve uydurma olduğu tezini benimseyerek Mihaloğulları’nın Rumeli kökenine işaret ederler. Harmankaya’nın aslında Mihaloğlu Ali Bey tarafından satın alındığını, onunla tanışıklığı olan Âşıkpaşazâde’nin de bu olayı bildiği için ailenin menşeini Harmankaya’ya ve daha sonraki Mihal Bey’in adından hareketle uydurduğu Köse Mihal’e bağladığını ileri sürerler (Imber, s. 291-293). Öte yandan ailenin ilk tanınmış şahsiyeti Mihal Bey’in Şam’dan geldiğine dair Enverî’nin kaydı da (Düstûrnâme, s. 90) bu konudaki bilgileri iyice karışıklığa düşürmektedir. Bu bakımdan ailenin ilk şahsiyetinin kimliği hususunda kaynak eksikliği sebebiyle kesin bir hükme varmak zor görünmektedir.
Mevcut bilgilerden hareketle Mihal Bey’in Mehmed, Yahşi (Bahşı), Aziz, Hızır ve Yûsuf adlarında beş oğlu olduğu belirtilir. Bunlardan Mehmed ve Yahşi Bey, Yıldırım Bayezid devrinde Osmanlı ordusunda hizmet etmişlerdir. Yahşi Bey 816’da (1413) ölmüş, Mehmed Bey ise Mûsâ Çelebi zamanında ona tâbi olmuş ve Rumeli beylerbeyiliği yapmıştır. Bu sebeple Mehmed Bey, Mûsâ Çelebi’nin öldürülmesinin ardından kısa bir süre Tokat Kalesi’nde tutuklanmışsa da sonra serbest bırakılmıştır. Ancak 819 (1416) yılında meydana gelen Şeyh Bedreddin Simâvî isyanı sırasında şeyhin tarafını tutması dolayısıyla tekrar Tokat’ta hapse atılan Mihaloğlu Mehmed Bey, II. Murad zamanında padişaha karşı yapılan Düzmece Mustafa hareketinde Rumeli beylerini Murad tarafına çekmesi için serbest bırakılmış ve Rumeli beylerbeyiliğine getirilmiştir. Ulubat Köprüsü önünde Mehmed Bey’in telkinleri sonunda akıncı beyleri II. Murad’ın safına geçmiş, böylece II. Murad tahtını koruyabilmiştir. 825’te (1422) meydana gelen Şehzade Küçük Mustafa isyanının bastırılmasında da Mihaloğlu Mehmed Bey’in rolü olmuştur. Ancak İstanbul’a iltica eden Şehzade Mustafa’nın oradan İznik’e gelerek tekrar faaliyete geçmesi üzerine Mehmed Bey şehri kuşatmış, fakat hücum esnasında yaralanıp 826’da (1423) Tâceddinoğlu Mehmed tarafından öldürülmüştür. Cenazesi yurt olarak yerleştiği Plevne’ye götürülerek orada bulunan türbesine gömülmüştür.
Gazi Mihal Bey’in diğer oğlu Hızır Bey de Mihaloğulları arasında büyük şöhrete kavuşmuştu. Kardeşi Mehmed Bey gibi Plevne’de yerleşmiş olan Hızır Bey burada Abdullah, Bâlî, Ali, İskender ve Fîruz isimlerindeki oğulları ve torunlarıyla birlikte uzun süre yaşamıştır. Şehzade Mustafa’nın isyanında oğlu Gazi Fîruz Bey’le birlikte Eflak sınırını ve Silistre Kalesi’ni muhafaza etmiştir. Fîruz Bey daha sonra Tırnova’ya yerleşmiş ve burada Mihaloğulları’nın yeni bir kolunu kurmuştur. 856’da (1452) ölen Hızır Bey’in öteki oğulları İskender, Bâlî ve Gazi Ali beyler de II. Mehmed (Fâtih) devrinde yapılan savaşlarda ön plana çıkmışlardır. Bu beyler arasında bilhassa Gazi Ali Bey, Mihaloğulları’nın en ünlü beyi idi. 866 (1462) yılında yapılan Eflak seferinde, Osmanlılar tarafından Kazıklı Voyvoda olarak bilinen III. Vlad’ı yenilgiye uğrattıktan sonra onu Erdel’e (Transilvanya) kadar takip etmiştir. Bu sefere katılmış olan Sûzî Çelebi, Mihaloğlu Ali Bey’in akınlarını, kahramanlıklarını manzum olarak yazmış olduğu Gazavatnâme adlı eserinde anlatmıştır. Daha sonra Bosna’ya akınlar düzenleyen Gazi Ali Bey, bir ara Fâtih Sultan Mehmed tarafından Anadolu’da devletin doğu sınırını korumakla görevlendirilmiş, kendisine Sivas eyaleti, kardeşi İskender Bey’e Kayseri sancağı ve diğer kardeşi Bâlî Bey’e de Niksar subaşılığı verilmiştir. Otlukbeli Savaşı’ndan sonra 878’de (1474) tekrar Rumeli’ye dönen Gazi Ali Bey, kardeşleri İskender ve Bâlî beylerle birlikte Macaristan ve Arnavutluk üzerine akınlar düzenlemiş, onun zamanında Osmanlı akıncıları en uç noktalara kadar ulaşmıştır. Gazi Ali Bey, II. Bayezid döneminde de akınlarını sürdürmüştür. 906’da (1500) Plevne’de vefat etmiş ve burada yaptırdığı mescidin yanında bulunan türbeye gömülmüştür.
Gazi Ali Bey’in kardeşi İskender Bey de Rumeli’de akıncı olmuş, 868’de (1464) İzvornik muhafızlığı yapmıştır. İskender Bey, II. Bayezid devrinde yapılan Osmanlı-Mısır savaşları sırasında Kayseri sancak beyliğine getirilmiş, bu sırada Memlükler’le mücadele eden Dulkadıroğlu Şahbudak Bey’e yardıma gitmiş, ancak 895 (1490) yılında meydana gelen bir savaşta oğlunu kaybetmiş, kendisi de esir edilerek Mısır’a gönderilmiştir. Yapılan antlaşmalar sonucunda ertesi yıl serbest bırakılan İskender Bey’in ülkesine döndükten sonraki faaliyetleri hakkında bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Onun Yahşi ve Mahmud Bey isimlerindeki oğulları ile Yahşi Bey’in üç oğlu da ataları gibi akıncılık yapmışlardır.
Gazi Ali Bey’in Gazi Hasan, Ahmed, Mehmed, Hızır ve Mustafa adlarında beş oğlu vardı, bunlar da XVI. yüzyılın ilk yarısında akıncı beyleri olarak ün yapmışlardı. Hepsi savaşlarda şehid olan bu beylerden Mehmed Bey, Çaldıran Savaşı’na öncü birliklerinin kumandanı olarak katılmış, 923’te (1517) Bosna, 926’da (1520) Hersek sancak beyi olmuştur. Gazi Ali Bey’in oğlu Hızır Bey ise 949’da (1542) Segedin sancak beyi idi.
Rumeli’deki Mihaloğulları’nın bir kolu da İhtiman’da yerleşen Köse Mihaloğlu Balta Bey soyundan gelenler tarafından kurulmuştur. İhtiman’da Gazi Mihaloğlu Mahmud Bey Camii mevcuttur. Bu kolun daha sonraki faaliyetleri hakkında fazla bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Bununla birlikte XIX. yüzyılda Mehmed Safiyyüddin Bey, XX. yüzyılda Halid Şâzi Bey, Nureddin Şâzi Kösemihal, Mustafa Ragıp Bey ve Mahmut Ragıp Gazimihal gibi şahsiyetlerin bu koldan geldiği tesbit edilebilmektedir.
Mihaloğulları, Rumeli’de olduğu gibi Anadolu’da da önemli hizmetler yapmışlardır. Köse Mihal’in oğlu Gazi Ali Bey’in soyundan gelenler Bursa ve Amasya’da yerleşmişler, idarî görevlerde bulunmuşlardır. II. Murad devri başında Amasya valisi bulunan Yörgüç Paşa’nın Mihaloğulları’ndan Gazi Ali Bey’in soyundan geldiği vakfiye kayıtlarından anlaşılmaktadır. Bu koldan gelen Mihaloğulları günümüze kadar sürmüştür.
Akıncılık geleneğinin XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren önemini kaybetmesiyle birlikte etki ve nüfuzları azalan Mihaloğulları ailesine mensup olanlar bilim ve kültüre de önem vermişlerdir. Bunun yanında ailenin fertleri özellikle Harmankaya, Gölpazarı, Bursa, Amasya, Vize, Edirne, İhtiman, Plevne ve Tırnova’da birçok cami, zâviye, medrese, çeşme ve köprü gibi mimari eserler yaptırmışlar, vakıflar kurmuşlardır. Gazi Mihal Bey 825’te (1422) Edirne’de bir cami, daha sonra iki köprü (bk. GAZİ MİHAL BEY CAMİİ; GAZİ MİHAL KÖPRÜSÜ), Eskişehir Seyitgazi’de de hayır eserleri yaptırmıştır. Tırnova’da bulunan Mihaloğlu Fîruz Bey burada bir cami inşa ettirmiş, Gazi Ali Bey ise Plevne’de cami, türbe, medrese, mektep, tekke, çeşme ve saray; Niğbolu’da cami, Vidin’de hamam yaptırmıştır. Bugün Balkanlar’da ayakta kalmayı başarmış olan Osmanlı eserlerinden bir kısmı Mihaloğulları’na aittir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Âşıkpaşazâde, Târih, s. 12-13, 15-16, 23-24, 29-31, 178; Oruç b. Âdil, Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân, s. 9-10, 12, 128 vd.; Enverî, Düstûrnâme, s. 90 vd.; Neşrî, Cihannümâ (Unat), I, 90-92, 97-105, 118-120; İbn Kemal, Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân, I. Defter, s. 159-160; Hadîdî, Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân (nşr. Necdet Öztürk), İstanbul 1991, s. 33-35; Hoca Sâdeddin, Tâcü’t-tevârîh , I, 86, 267, 297, 311, 488-495, 529, 561; II, 72-73; Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme, III, 305; Mehmed Nüzhet Paşa, Ahvâl-i Mihal Gazi, İstanbul 1315; Mehmed Safiyyüddin Bey, Gazi Mihal Bey ve Evlâd ve Ahfâdının Devlet-i Aliyye’ye Hıdemât-ı Mesbukaları, İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 4610; Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi, I, 518; II, 571, 573; a.mlf., “Köse-Mihal”, İA, VI, 914-915; Yaşar Gökçek, Kösemihaloğulları (mezuniyet tezi 1950), İÜ Ed. Fak., Tarih Seminer Kitaplığı, nr. 508; Levend, Gazavatnâmeler, s. 181-361; C. Imber, “İlk Dönem Osmanlı Tarihinde Dustûr ve Düzmece”, Söğüt’ten İstanbul’a (der. Oktay Özel – Mehmet Öz), İstanbul 2000, s. 291-293; H. Lowry, The Nature of the Early Ottoman State, New York 2003, s. 59-70; Mehmed Zeki, “Köse Mihal ve Mihalgazi Aynı Adam mıdır”, TOEM, sy. 11 (88), 15. sene (1341), s. 327-335; Mahmut R. Gazimihal, “İstanbul Muhasaralarında Mihâloğulları ve Fatih Devrine Ait Bir Vakıf Defterine Göre Harmankaya Mâlikânesi”, VD, IV (1958), s. 125-138; Faruk Sümer, “Osman Gazi’nin Silah Arkadaşlarından Mihal Gazi”, Türk Dünyası Tarih Dergisi, sy. 50, İstanbul 1991, s. 3-8; Fahamettin Başar, “Osmanlı Devleti’nin Kuruluş Döneminde Hizmeti Görülen Akıncı Aileleri I: Mihaloğulları”, a.e., sy. 63 (1992), s. 20-26; O. Sabev, “The Legend of Köse Mihal Additional Notes”, Turcica, XXXIV, Paris 2002, s. 241-252; M. Tayyib Gökbilgin, “Mihaloğlulları”, İA, VIII, 285-292; Fr. Babinger, “Mīk̲h̲ālog̲h̲lu”, EI2 (İng.), VII, 34-35.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 24-25 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.