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MİHNE Skip to content Bazı Abbâsî halifeleri döneminde halku’l-Kur’ân konusunda bazı âlimlerin sorguya çekilip eziyet edilmesine ilişkin olaylara verilen ad.
Sözlükte “sorguya çekmek, çetin imtihana tâbi tutmak, eziyet etmek” mânalarındaki mahn kökünden türeyen mihne “sorguya çekip eziyete mâruz bırakma” demektir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “mḥn” md.). Abbâsî halifeleri devrinde bazı muhafazakâr âlimlerin sorguya çekilmesi ve bir kısmına eziyet edilmesine ilişkin olaylarla yönetimin bu tutumu mihne diye anılmıştır. Mihne olayı Abbâsî halifelerinden Me’mûn tarafından başlatılmıştır. Me’mûn, 218 (833) yılı baharında Bağdat Valisi İshak b. İbrâhim’e yazdığı ilk mektubunda kadıları ve Abdurrahman b. Yûnus, Yahyâ b. Maîn, Züheyr b. Harb gibi önde gelen hadis âlimlerini, ilk defa Dımaşk’ta Ca‘d b. Dirhem tarafından ortaya atılan Kur’an’ın yaratılmışlığı (halku’l-Kur’ân ) konusunda sorguya çekmesini, beyan ettikleri görüşleri kendisine bildirmesini, ayrıca Kur’an’ın mahlûk olduğunu benimsemeyenlere resmî görev verilmemesini ve şahitliklerinin kabul edilmemesini istemiştir. Bunun üzerine vali kadıları ve ehl-i hadîs zümresine dahil olan bu âlimleri sorguya çekmiş, kadı ve âlimlerin hemen hepsi halifenin isteği doğrultusunda cevap verince serbest bırakılmıştır. Me’mûn, ikinci bir mektup yazarak başka isimlerin dahil olduğu âlimler grubunu sorgulamasını emretmiştir. Bunlar arasında Affân b. Müslim, Ali b. Medînî, Ubeydullah b. Muhammed, Ahmed b. Hanbel, Muhammed b. Sa‘d, Kuteybe b. Saîd, Yezîd b. Hârûn, Züheyr b. Harb, İsmâil b. Dâvûd, Kavârîrî, Hasan b. Hammâd es-Seccâde el-Bağdâdî, Ebû Hassân ez-Zeyyâdî, Bişr b. Velîd el-Kindî, İbn Uleyye, İbnü’l-Bekkâ, Muhammed b. Nûh, Velîd b. Şücâ‘, Âsım b. Ali, Zeyyâl b. Heysem gibi devrin ünlü âlimleri yer alıyordu. Sorgulanan âlimlerin çoğu Kur’an’ın mahlûk olduğu görüşünü benimsediğini söylemiş, ancak Ahmed b. Hanbel, Muhammed b. Nûh, Seccâde ve Kavârîrî bunun aksini savunmuşlardır. Bu dört âlim İshak b. İbrâhim tarafından zincire vurularak yeniden sorgulanmış, Ahmed b. Hanbel ile Muhammed b. Nûh görüşlerinde ısrar etmiş, diğer ikisi resmî görüşü benimseyip kurtulmuştur. Ahmed b. Hanbel ve Muhammed b. Nûh zincire bağlanmış olarak o sırada Me’mûn’un bulunduğu Tarsus’a gönderilmiştir (Taberî, VIII, 631-645). Me’mûn’un ölmesi üzerine Bağdat’a geri gönderilen iki kişiden Muhammed b. Nûh yolda ölmüş, Ahmed b. Hanbel ise Bağdat’ta hapse atılmıştır. Me’mûn’dan sonra halife olan Mu‘tasım-Billâh devrinde halktan gelen tepkiler üzerine o da hapisten çıkarılmıştır (Ahmed Emîn, III, 180; Özafşar, s. 59-61).
Mihneye ilişkin tâlimat sadece Bağdat ile sınırlı olmayıp dönemin Mısır valisine de gönderilmiş, Nasr b. Abdullah diye tanınan Vali Keydür âlimleri halku’l-Kur’ân konusunda sorguya çekmiş, Kur’an’ın mahlûk olduğu görüşünü benimsemeyenleri şahitlik hakkından mahrum bırakmışsa da şiddete başvurmamıştır. Mihne olayı Mısır’da uzun süre devam etmiştir. Mihnenin Basra, Kûfe, Dımaşk ve Medine gibi diğer belli başlı merkezlerde de uygulandığına dair bilgiler mevcuttur (Kindî, s. 193). Mihne, Me’mûn dönemindeki sertlikte olmamakla birlikte Halife Mu‘tasım ve Vâsiḳ dönemlerinde de sürmüştür. Bu devirde uygulanan baskı ve şiddete karşı bazı tepkiler de ortaya çıkmıştır. Ahmed b. Nasr el-Huzâî öncülüğündeki başarısız bir isyan hareketi bunlardan biridir. Yakalanan Ahmed b. Nasr idam edilmiştir (Taberî, IX, 135-139). Mihne uygulaması Halife Vâsiḳ-Billâh’ın ölümünden sonra gevşemekle birlikte Mütevekkil döneminde birkaç yıl devam etmesinin ardından 234’te (849) halku’l-Kur’ân tartışmalarının yasaklanmasıyla sona ermiştir. Ancak mihne devrinin tam anlamıyla son bulması ve izlerinin silinmesi, Başkadı İbn Ebû Duâd’ın görevinden azledilmesi ve mihne mağdurlarının serbest bırakılmasıyla 237 (851-52) yılında gerçekleşmiştir (Taberî, VIII, 648; Sübkî, II, 59; İbnü’l-Murtazâ, s. 126).
Mihne olayına dair bilgi veren kaynaklarda konu daha çok Ahmed b. Hanbel ve ona yönelik eziyetler etrafında işlenmiştir. Menâkıb kitapları, yapılan eziyetlere rağmen Ahmed b. Hanbel’in Kur’an’ın mahlûk olduğuna ilişkin görüşü reddettiğini belirtmekle birlikte Câhiz, Ya‘kūbî ve İbn Hallikân gibi müellifler onun eziyetlere dayanamadığından Kur’an’ın mahlûk olduğunu söyleyerek işkenceden kurtulduğunu kaydeder. Fakat daha sonra Ahmed b. Hanbel hakkında yapılan araştırmalarda onun Kur’an’ın mahlûk olmadığı görüşünde direndiği tesbit edilmiştir (Yavuz, s. 34-35).
Mu‘tezilî olmayan fakihlerin ve ehl-i hadîsin inanç ve düşünceleri üzerinde baskı ve şiddet uygulamaktan kaynaklanan mihne siyasetinin ortaya çıkışında Mu‘tezile kelâmcılarının Abbâsî halifesini etkilemesinin rol oynadığı genellikle kabul edilir (Patton, s. 52, 127). Ancak Merv’in hilâfet merkezi olarak seçilmesi ve Fazl b. Sehl’in vezir yapılmasında olduğu gibi İran asıllı kişilerin yönetimde etkin oluşunun yanı sıra Me’mûn’un bazı uygulamalarının başta Bağdat olmak üzere çeşitli vilâyetlerde ayaklanmalara sebep olduğu, Ali evlâdının da bazı vilâyetlerde iktidarı ele geçirmek için isyan etmesi gibi hususlar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda mihne siyasetinin kaynağını yalnızca bir inanç kaygısına indirgemenin mümkün olmadığı görülür (bk. ME’MÛN ).
Mihne olayı, ülkeyi iç savaşın eşiğine getiren söz konusu gelişmelerin hilâfetin otoritesini tehdit edecek boyutlara vardığı da dikkate alınıp yönetimin dinî gelişmeleri kontrol altına almak suretiyle toplumdaki bölünme tehlikesini ortadan kaldırma girişimi olarak da değerlendirilmiştir. Nitekim Me’mûn’un Mu‘tezile’yi, Sünnî çoğunlukla Şîa arasındaki ihtilâflarda denge unsuru olabileceği kanaatiyle benimsediğini düşünenlerin görüşü de bu durumda anlamlı hale gelmektedir (Sourdel, REI , XXX [1962], s. 38-48). Mihne olayı, hilâfetin dinî yetkisinin vurgulanması yanında siyasî otoriteden bağımsız ve ona karşı tavır alan, bazan da halifenin gücünü dengeleyecek şekilde halk üzerinde nüfuza sahip bulunan ehl-i hadîsin ve fakihlerin bastırılmasını -özellikle de Bağdat’taki âlimlerin gücünün sınırlanmasını- amaçlayan otorite ile çevresel güçler arasındaki mücadele şeklinde de görülmüştür (Gibb, s. 11; Fehmî Ced‘ân, s. 79, 189, 280, 284; Özafşar, s. 56; Lapidus, VI/4 [1975], s. 379).
W. Montgomery Watt ise mihne siyasetinin yukarıdaki gerekçelerine katılmakla birlikte Abbâsî halifelerinin, ahkâmın kaynağını teşkil eden Kur’an lafızlarının ilâhî menşeli olmadığı, böylece Kur’an’ın hükümlerinin içtimaî ve siyasî şartlara göre değiştirilmesi ve bu yolla Sünnî âlimlerinin direniş ve nüfuzunun kırılması mümkün olacağı için Kur’an’ın yaratılmışlığı anlayışını benimsediğini belirtmiştir (Islamic Philosophy and Theology , s. 34-35). Ancak Kur’an’ın yaratılmışlığı tartışmalarının ilâhî kelâmın epistemolojik değeri değil ontolojik mahiyeti üzerinde gerçekleştiği bilindiğinden Watt’ın yorumu tutarlı görünmemektedir (bk. HALKU’l-KUR’ÂN ).
Mihne olayının zuhuruna ilişkin söz konusu tezleri reddetmeyi gerektirecek açık bilgiler kaynaklarda mevcut değildir. Bunlardan her birinin mihne devrinin oluşmasına tesir ettiğini söylemek mümkündür. Bununla birlikte Me’mûn, kendi dönemine rastlayan bazı mehdî rivayetlerinin etkisi (Nuaym b. Hammâd, vr. 91a ) ve bir kısım çevrelerin teşvikiyle müslümanlar arasındaki ihtilâfları çözümleyip birliği sağlamak gibi bir misyon yüklenmiş olabilir. Me’mûn’a “mehdî” unvanının verildiğini bildiren rivayetlerin bulunması da bu ihtimali kuvvetlendirmektedir.
Bu olay çeşitli araştırmalara konu olmuştur. Abdülazîz b. Yahyâ el-Kinânî’nin Kitâbü’l-Ḥayde (Beyrut 1412/1992), Walter M. Patton’un Ahmad Ibn Hanbal and the Mihna (Leiden 1897), Ahmed Abdülcevâd ed-Dûmî’nin Aḥmed b. Ḥanbel: Beyne miḥneti’d-dîn ve miḥneti’d-dünyâ (Beyrut, ts.), Abdülganî b. Abdülvehhâb el-Makdisî’nin Miḥnetü’l-İmâm Aḥmed b. Muḥammed b. Ḥanbel (Kahire 1407/1987), Hâlis Celebî’nin Ẓâhiretü’l-miḥne (Amman 1989), Fehmî Ced‘ân’ın el-Miḥne: Baḥs̱ fî cedeliyyeti’d-dînî ve’s-siyâsî fi’l-İslâm (Amman 1989) adlı eserleri bunlar arasında zikredilebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 26-28 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.